小麦产量与土壤养分对水生植物源有机氮替代率的响应
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摘要
制作堆肥是太湖流域水体水生植物残体的主要利用途径之一,本文主要研究了水生植物堆肥对小麦产量及土壤养分的影响以促进水生植物残体的高效利用。在环太湖地区进行4a的田间定位试验,比较在等氮条件下水生植物有机氮不同替代率(0、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%)下小麦产量、氮磷钾吸收量、土壤氮磷钾含量和pH变化。结果表明:与单施尿素相比,当有机氮替代率为20%和40%时,小麦累积产量分别提高了14.0%和13.5%(P<0.05),有机氮替代率继续增加后产量显著下降。与单施尿素相比,有机氮替代率超过60%时小麦籽粒和秸秆氮浓度和吸氮量均显著降低;有机氮配施均显著提高了籽粒磷钾浓度,随着有机氮替代率上升,小麦籽粒磷钾吸收量呈先增后降趋势。连续4 a施用水生植物有机肥后,耕层土壤全氮、有效磷钾含量和土壤pH均随有机肥的替代率增加而升高。兼顾小麦产量和土壤肥力,水生植物有机氮替代率控制在40%较为适宜,可提高小麦产量,增加作物对磷钾养分利用,提高土壤氮磷钾含量,减缓土壤酸化程度,是太湖农作区一项环保型施肥技术。
【Objective】In order to make effective use of aquatic plants wildly growing in the Taihu Lake Valley, composting is an important way. This study is to investigate effects of using aquatic plant compost as manure on wheat yield and soil nutrient status with a view to promoting effective utilization of aquatic plant residues. 【Method】A field experiment was carried out for four years successively from~2012 to 2016 in the Taihu Lake region, preparing compost of aquatic plant residues as manure to substitute part of the N fertilizer(mineral urea) applied to a wheat field to explore effects of the substitution on wheat yield, NPK uptake, contents of soil NPK and soil pH. The field experiment was designed to have six treatments, different in substitution rate(0, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%), but the same in N supply.Grain yield of wheat, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake by the plant, contents of soil total nitrogen, soil available phosphorus, soil readily available potassium and soil pH value in the top soil layer were monitored. 【Result】Results show that compared to Treatment M0 U100(application of mineral urea alone), Treatments M20 U80 and M40 U60(20% and 40% of mineral urea substituted by the compost,respectively) was 14.0% and 13.5%, respectively, higher in total cumulative wheat grain yield, however, the increment decreased in magnitude with the substitution rate increasing over 40%, and Treatment M60 U40 was even significantly lower than Treatment M0 U100 in N content in shoot and N uptake. The substitution significantly increased P and K concentrations in the grain. However, with rising substitution rate, crop uptake of P and K exhibited a trend of rising first and then declining. After four years the practice, the contents of soil total nitrogen, soil available phosphorus and potassium, and soil pH in the plough layer were all higher than in the control, showing a trend of the higher substitution rate, the more significant,the increase. 【Conclusion】In summary, to improve the grain yield of wheat meanwhile maintain the soil fertility, Treatment 40%, that is, to apply compost of aquatic plant residue as manure to substitute 40% of the mineral urea to be applied is the optimal option, which can increase yield and phosphorus and potassium utilization efficiency of the crop, and contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil, and also alleviate soil acidification. Therefore, the practice of applying mineral urea and a proper amount of compost of aquatic plant residue as substitute is an economical and environment-friendly fertilization technology in the Taihu Lake region.
【Objective】In order to make effective use of aquatic plants wildly growing in the Taihu Lake Valley, composting is an important way. This study is to investigate effects of using aquatic plant compost as manure on wheat yield and soil nutrient status with a view to promoting effective utilization of aquatic plant residues. 【Method】A field experiment was carried out for four years successively from~2012 to 2016 in the Taihu Lake region, preparing compost of aquatic plant residues as manure to substitute part of the N fertilizer(mineral urea) applied to a wheat field to explore effects of the substitution on wheat yield, NPK uptake, contents of soil NPK and soil pH. The field experiment was designed to have six treatments, different in substitution rate(0, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%), but the same in N supply.Grain yield of wheat, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake by the plant, contents of soil total nitrogen, soil available phosphorus, soil readily available potassium and soil pH value in the top soil layer were monitored. 【Result】Results show that compared to Treatment M0 U100(application of mineral urea alone), Treatments M20 U80 and M40 U60(20% and 40% of mineral urea substituted by the compost,respectively) was 14.0% and 13.5%, respectively, higher in total cumulative wheat grain yield, however, the increment decreased in magnitude with the substitution rate increasing over 40%, and Treatment M60 U40 was even significantly lower than Treatment M0 U100 in N content in shoot and N uptake. The substitution significantly increased P and K concentrations in the grain. However, with rising substitution rate, crop uptake of P and K exhibited a trend of rising first and then declining. After four years the practice, the contents of soil total nitrogen, soil available phosphorus and potassium, and soil pH in the plough layer were all higher than in the control, showing a trend of the higher substitution rate, the more significant,the increase. 【Conclusion】In summary, to improve the grain yield of wheat meanwhile maintain the soil fertility, Treatment 40%, that is, to apply compost of aquatic plant residue as manure to substitute 40% of the mineral urea to be applied is the optimal option, which can increase yield and phosphorus and potassium utilization efficiency of the crop, and contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil, and also alleviate soil acidification. Therefore, the practice of applying mineral urea and a proper amount of compost of aquatic plant residue as substitute is an economical and environment-friendly fertilization technology in the Taihu Lake region.
引文
[1]夏永秋,颜晓元.太湖地区麦季协调农学、环境和经济效益的推荐施肥量.土壤学报,2011,48(6):1210-1218Xia Y Q,Yan X Y.Nitrogen fertilization rate recommendation integrating agronomic,environmental and economic benefits for wheat season in the Taihu Lake region(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2011,48(6):1210-1218
[2]王德建,林静慧,孙瑞娟,等.太湖地区稻麦高产的氮肥适宜用量及其对地下水的影响.土壤学报,2003,40(3):426-432Wang D J,Lin J H,Sun R J,et al.Optimum nitrogen rate for a high productive rice-wheat system and its impact on the groundwater in the Taihu Lake area(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2003,40(3):426-432
[3]Guo J H,Liu X J,Zhang Y,et al.Signif icant acidification in major Chinese croplands.Science,2010,327(5968):1008-1010
[4]李妍,席运官,张弛,等.太湖地区小麦生产氮和磷投入阈值的研究.江西农业学报,2016,28(9):74-78Li Y,Xi Y G,Zhang C,et al.Study on threshold of nitrogen and phosphorus input into wheat production in Taihu Lake area(In Chinese).Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi,2016,28(9):74-78
[5]王西娜,王朝辉,李华,等.旱地土壤中残留肥料氮的动向及作物有效性.土壤学报,2016,53(5):1202-1212Wang X N,Wang Z H,Li H,et al.Dynamics and availability to crops of residual fertilizer nitrogen in upland soil(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,53(5):1202-1212
[6]闫湘,金继运,梁鸣早.我国主要粮食作物化肥增产效应与肥料利用效率.土壤,2017,49(6):1067-1077Yan X,Jin J Y,Liang M Z.Fertilizer use efficiencies and yield-increasing rates of grain crops in China(In Chinese).Soils,2017,49(6):1067-1077
[7]郑学博,樊剑波,周静,等.沼液化肥配施对红壤旱地土壤养分和花生产量的影响.土壤学报,2016,53(3):675-684Zheng X B,Fan J B,Zhou J,et al.Effects of combined application of biogas slurry and chemical fertilizer on soil nutrients and peanut yield in upland red soil(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,53(3):675-684
[8]张黛静,张艳艳,王艳杰,等.耕层调控与有机肥处理下麦田土壤和小麦冠层结构特性及其相互关系.应用生态学报,2018,29(2):538-546Zhang D J,Zhang Y Y,Wang Y J,et al.Structure characteristics of soil and canopy and their relationships in wheat field under different tillage and application of organic fertilizer(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2018,29(2):538-546
[9]Naguib N Y M.Organic vs chemical fertilization of medicinal plants:A concise review of researches.Advances in Environmental Biology,2011,5(2):394-400
[10]Abbasi M K,Tahir M M.Economizing nitrogen fertilizer in wheat through combinations with organic manures in Kashmir,Pakistan.Agronomy Journal,2012,104(1):169-177
[11]Yang Z C,Zhao N,Huang F,et al.Long-term effects of different organic and inorganic fertilizer treatments on soil organic carbon sequestration and crop yields on the North China Plain.Soil and Tillage Research,2015,146:47-52
[12]王海候,金梅娟,徐军,等.生物质炭添加量对伊乐藻堆肥过程氮素损失的影响.农业工程学报,2016,32(19):234-240Wang H H,Jin M J,Xu J,et al.Effect of biochar addition amount on nitrogen loss during composting process of Elodea nuttallii(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(19):234-240
[13]陶玥玥,金梅娟,汤云龙,等.水生植物堆肥替代部分氮肥提高水稻产量与稻田土壤肥力.农业工程学报,2017,33(18):196-202Tao Y Y,Jin M J,Tang Y L,et al.Partial nitrogen fertilizer substitution by aquatic plant compost to improve rice yield and paddy soil fertility(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2017,33(18):196-202
[14]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法.北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2000Lu R K.Analytical methods for soil and agro-chemistry(In Chinese).Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2000
[15]SAS Institute.SAS user’s guide:Statistics,version8.2.6th ed.SAS Institute,Cary,NC,2001
[16]邢鹏飞,高圣超,马鸣超,等.有机肥替代部分无机肥对华北农田土壤理化特性、酶活性及作物产量的影响.中国土壤与肥料,2016(3):98-104Xing P F,Gao S C,Ma M C,et al.Impact of organic manure supplement chemical fertilizer partially on soil nutrition,enzyme activity and crop yield in the North China Plain(In Chinese).Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China,2016(3):98-104
[17]吕凤莲,侯苗苗,张弘弢,等.塿土冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系有机肥替代化肥比例研究.植物营养与肥料学报,2018,24(1):22-32LüF L,Hou M M,Zhang H T,et al.Replacement ratio of chemical fertilizer nitrogen with manure under the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in Lou soil(In Chinese).Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers,2018,24(1):22-32
[18]侯红乾,刘秀梅,刘光荣,等.有机无机肥配施比例对红壤稻田水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响.中国农业科学,2011,44(3):516-523Hou H Q,Liu X M,Liu G R,et al.Effect of longterm located organic-inorganic fertilizer application on rice yield and soil fertility in red soil area of China(In Chinese).Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2011,44(3):516-523
[19]Schmidt I K,Jonasson S,Michelsen A.Mineralization and microbial immobilization of N and P in arctic soils in relation to season,temperature and nutrient amendment.Applied Soil Ecology,1999,11(2):147-160
[20]Khaliq A,Abbasi M K,Hussain T.Effects of int egrated use of organic and inorganic nutrient sources with effective microorganism(EM)on seed cotton yield in Pakistan.Bioresource Technology,2006,97(8):967-972
[21]陆景陵.植物营养学.上册.北京:中国农业大学出版社,2003Lu J L.Plant nutrition I(In Chinese).Beijing:China Agricultural University Press,2003
[22]高菊生,黄晶,董春华,等.长期有机无机肥配施对水稻产量及土壤有效养分影响.土壤学报,2014,51(2):314-324Gao J S,Huang J,Dong C H,et al.Effects of longterm combined application of organic and chemical fertilizers on rice yield and soil available nutrients(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2014,51(2):314-324
[23]马力,杨林章,颜廷梅,等.长期施肥水稻土氮素剖面分布及温度对土壤氮素矿化特性的影响.土壤学报,2010,47(2):286-294Ma L,Yang L Z,Yan T M,et al.Profile distribution and mineralization characteristics of nitrogen in relation to temperature in paddy soil under long-term fertilization(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2010,47(2):286-294
[24]盛婧,刘红江,陈留根,等.农田施用水葫芦对水稻磷素吸收利用的影响.应用与环境生物学报,2011,17(6):803-808Sheng J,Liu H J,Chen L G,et al.Effect of hyacinth mulching on uptake and utilization of phosphorus by rice plant(Oryza sativa L.)(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology,2011,17(6):803-808
[25]陈留根,刘红江,孙晓强,等.农田施用水葫芦对水稻钾素吸收利用的影响.中国农学通报,2011,27(9):65-71Chen L G,Liu H J,Sun X Q,et al.Effect of Hyacinth mulching on potassium uptake and utilization of rice(Oryza sativa L.)(In Chinese).Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2011,27(9):65-71
[26]刘金光,李孝刚,王兴祥.连续施用有机肥对连作花生根际微生物种群和酶活性的影响.土壤,2018,50(2):305-311Liu J G,Li X G,Wang X X.Effects of successive application of organic fertilizers on rhizosphere microbial populations and enzyme activities of monoculture peanut(In Chinese).Soils,2018,50(2):305-311
[27]王荣萍,廖新荣,李淑仪,等.有机肥对不同母质菜田土壤磷解吸动力学模拟.土壤学报,2014,51(4):734-742Wang R P,Liao X R,Li S Y,et al.Simulation of effect of organic manure on phosphorus desorption kinetics in vegetable garden soils different in parent material(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2014,51(4):734-742
[28]宇万太,姜子绍,马强,等.施用有机肥对土壤肥力的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(5):1057-1064Yu W T,J i a n g Z S,Ma Q,et al.Effects of application of manure on soil fertility(In Chinese).Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2009,15(5):1057-1064
[2]王德建,林静慧,孙瑞娟,等.太湖地区稻麦高产的氮肥适宜用量及其对地下水的影响.土壤学报,2003,40(3):426-432Wang D J,Lin J H,Sun R J,et al.Optimum nitrogen rate for a high productive rice-wheat system and its impact on the groundwater in the Taihu Lake area(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2003,40(3):426-432
[3]Guo J H,Liu X J,Zhang Y,et al.Signif icant acidification in major Chinese croplands.Science,2010,327(5968):1008-1010
[4]李妍,席运官,张弛,等.太湖地区小麦生产氮和磷投入阈值的研究.江西农业学报,2016,28(9):74-78Li Y,Xi Y G,Zhang C,et al.Study on threshold of nitrogen and phosphorus input into wheat production in Taihu Lake area(In Chinese).Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi,2016,28(9):74-78
[5]王西娜,王朝辉,李华,等.旱地土壤中残留肥料氮的动向及作物有效性.土壤学报,2016,53(5):1202-1212Wang X N,Wang Z H,Li H,et al.Dynamics and availability to crops of residual fertilizer nitrogen in upland soil(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,53(5):1202-1212
[6]闫湘,金继运,梁鸣早.我国主要粮食作物化肥增产效应与肥料利用效率.土壤,2017,49(6):1067-1077Yan X,Jin J Y,Liang M Z.Fertilizer use efficiencies and yield-increasing rates of grain crops in China(In Chinese).Soils,2017,49(6):1067-1077
[7]郑学博,樊剑波,周静,等.沼液化肥配施对红壤旱地土壤养分和花生产量的影响.土壤学报,2016,53(3):675-684Zheng X B,Fan J B,Zhou J,et al.Effects of combined application of biogas slurry and chemical fertilizer on soil nutrients and peanut yield in upland red soil(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,53(3):675-684
[8]张黛静,张艳艳,王艳杰,等.耕层调控与有机肥处理下麦田土壤和小麦冠层结构特性及其相互关系.应用生态学报,2018,29(2):538-546Zhang D J,Zhang Y Y,Wang Y J,et al.Structure characteristics of soil and canopy and their relationships in wheat field under different tillage and application of organic fertilizer(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2018,29(2):538-546
[9]Naguib N Y M.Organic vs chemical fertilization of medicinal plants:A concise review of researches.Advances in Environmental Biology,2011,5(2):394-400
[10]Abbasi M K,Tahir M M.Economizing nitrogen fertilizer in wheat through combinations with organic manures in Kashmir,Pakistan.Agronomy Journal,2012,104(1):169-177
[11]Yang Z C,Zhao N,Huang F,et al.Long-term effects of different organic and inorganic fertilizer treatments on soil organic carbon sequestration and crop yields on the North China Plain.Soil and Tillage Research,2015,146:47-52
[12]王海候,金梅娟,徐军,等.生物质炭添加量对伊乐藻堆肥过程氮素损失的影响.农业工程学报,2016,32(19):234-240Wang H H,Jin M J,Xu J,et al.Effect of biochar addition amount on nitrogen loss during composting process of Elodea nuttallii(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(19):234-240
[13]陶玥玥,金梅娟,汤云龙,等.水生植物堆肥替代部分氮肥提高水稻产量与稻田土壤肥力.农业工程学报,2017,33(18):196-202Tao Y Y,Jin M J,Tang Y L,et al.Partial nitrogen fertilizer substitution by aquatic plant compost to improve rice yield and paddy soil fertility(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2017,33(18):196-202
[14]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法.北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2000Lu R K.Analytical methods for soil and agro-chemistry(In Chinese).Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2000
[15]SAS Institute.SAS user’s guide:Statistics,version8.2.6th ed.SAS Institute,Cary,NC,2001
[16]邢鹏飞,高圣超,马鸣超,等.有机肥替代部分无机肥对华北农田土壤理化特性、酶活性及作物产量的影响.中国土壤与肥料,2016(3):98-104Xing P F,Gao S C,Ma M C,et al.Impact of organic manure supplement chemical fertilizer partially on soil nutrition,enzyme activity and crop yield in the North China Plain(In Chinese).Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China,2016(3):98-104
[17]吕凤莲,侯苗苗,张弘弢,等.塿土冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系有机肥替代化肥比例研究.植物营养与肥料学报,2018,24(1):22-32LüF L,Hou M M,Zhang H T,et al.Replacement ratio of chemical fertilizer nitrogen with manure under the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in Lou soil(In Chinese).Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers,2018,24(1):22-32
[18]侯红乾,刘秀梅,刘光荣,等.有机无机肥配施比例对红壤稻田水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响.中国农业科学,2011,44(3):516-523Hou H Q,Liu X M,Liu G R,et al.Effect of longterm located organic-inorganic fertilizer application on rice yield and soil fertility in red soil area of China(In Chinese).Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2011,44(3):516-523
[19]Schmidt I K,Jonasson S,Michelsen A.Mineralization and microbial immobilization of N and P in arctic soils in relation to season,temperature and nutrient amendment.Applied Soil Ecology,1999,11(2):147-160
[20]Khaliq A,Abbasi M K,Hussain T.Effects of int egrated use of organic and inorganic nutrient sources with effective microorganism(EM)on seed cotton yield in Pakistan.Bioresource Technology,2006,97(8):967-972
[21]陆景陵.植物营养学.上册.北京:中国农业大学出版社,2003Lu J L.Plant nutrition I(In Chinese).Beijing:China Agricultural University Press,2003
[22]高菊生,黄晶,董春华,等.长期有机无机肥配施对水稻产量及土壤有效养分影响.土壤学报,2014,51(2):314-324Gao J S,Huang J,Dong C H,et al.Effects of longterm combined application of organic and chemical fertilizers on rice yield and soil available nutrients(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2014,51(2):314-324
[23]马力,杨林章,颜廷梅,等.长期施肥水稻土氮素剖面分布及温度对土壤氮素矿化特性的影响.土壤学报,2010,47(2):286-294Ma L,Yang L Z,Yan T M,et al.Profile distribution and mineralization characteristics of nitrogen in relation to temperature in paddy soil under long-term fertilization(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2010,47(2):286-294
[24]盛婧,刘红江,陈留根,等.农田施用水葫芦对水稻磷素吸收利用的影响.应用与环境生物学报,2011,17(6):803-808Sheng J,Liu H J,Chen L G,et al.Effect of hyacinth mulching on uptake and utilization of phosphorus by rice plant(Oryza sativa L.)(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology,2011,17(6):803-808
[25]陈留根,刘红江,孙晓强,等.农田施用水葫芦对水稻钾素吸收利用的影响.中国农学通报,2011,27(9):65-71Chen L G,Liu H J,Sun X Q,et al.Effect of Hyacinth mulching on potassium uptake and utilization of rice(Oryza sativa L.)(In Chinese).Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2011,27(9):65-71
[26]刘金光,李孝刚,王兴祥.连续施用有机肥对连作花生根际微生物种群和酶活性的影响.土壤,2018,50(2):305-311Liu J G,Li X G,Wang X X.Effects of successive application of organic fertilizers on rhizosphere microbial populations and enzyme activities of monoculture peanut(In Chinese).Soils,2018,50(2):305-311
[27]王荣萍,廖新荣,李淑仪,等.有机肥对不同母质菜田土壤磷解吸动力学模拟.土壤学报,2014,51(4):734-742Wang R P,Liao X R,Li S Y,et al.Simulation of effect of organic manure on phosphorus desorption kinetics in vegetable garden soils different in parent material(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2014,51(4):734-742
[28]宇万太,姜子绍,马强,等.施用有机肥对土壤肥力的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(5):1057-1064Yu W T,J i a n g Z S,Ma Q,et al.Effects of application of manure on soil fertility(In Chinese).Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2009,15(5):1057-1064