不同播期冬小麦氮素出籽效率与氮素利用及转运的相关性
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摘要
为探讨不同播期冬小麦氮素出籽效率与氮素利用及转运的关系,在2014—2016年2个生长季,比较了不同播期(S_1:9月24日;S_2:10月1日;S_3:10月8日;S_4:10月15日;S_5:10月22日)冬小麦氮素出籽效率、氮素利用和转运的差异及相互间的关系.结果表明:籽粒产量和单位面积粒数在不同播期处理间未发生显著差异.推迟播期降低了地上部氮素积累量和穗部氮素积累量,从而降低了氮素吸收效率,但明显提高了氮素利用效率和氮素出籽效率.氮素出籽效率与氮素利用效率呈正相关,而与氮素吸收效率呈负相关,与氮素利用率无显著相关关系.氮素营养指数随播期推迟趋于最佳状态,与氮素出籽效率的改善展现出同步性.推迟播期显著降低了花前营养器官氮素转移量和花后氮素积累量,但明显改善了花前营养器官氮素转运效率.氮素出籽效率与氮素转运效率之间存在正相关关系,说明氮素转运效率的改善一定程度上有利于穗部氮素生产籽粒能力的提升.综合来看,适当推迟播期减少了氮素吸收,但提高了氮素利用效率和氮素出籽效率,改善了氮素供应状态.研究结果为本地区冬小麦生产中氮素减施增效的实施提供了理论依据.
To understand the correlation between nitrogen fruiting efficiency and nitrogen utilization and remobilization in winter wheat, the differences and mutual relationships of nitrogen fruiting efficiency, nitrogen utilization and remobilization of winter wheat at different sowing dates(S_1:24 September, S_2:1 October, S_3:8 October, S_4:15 October and S_5:22 October) were analyzed in two growing seasons from 2014 to 2016. The results showed that there was no significant difference in grain yield and grain number per unit area among different sowing dates. Delayed sowing date decreased nitrogen accumulation in both shoots and spikes, and then reduced nitrogen uptake efficiency and increased nitrogen utilization efficiency and nitrogen fruiting efficiency. Nitrogen fruiting efficiency was positively correlated with nitrogen utilization efficiency, negatively correlated with nitrogen uptake efficiency, but not significantly correlated with nitrogen use efficiency. Nitrogen nutrition index tended to be optimum with delayed sowing dates, showed synchronicity with the improvement of nitrogen fruiting efficiency. Pre-anthesis nitrogen remobilization amount in vegetative organs and post-anthesis nitrogen accumulation amount significantly decreased with postpone of sowing dates, but pre-anthesis nitrogen remobilization efficiency remarkably rise. There was a positive correlation between nitrogen fruiting efficiency and nitrogen remobilization efficiency, indicating that the improvement in nitrogen remobilization efficiency facilitated the increment in nitrogen frui-ting efficiency. Taken together, properly delayed sowing date reduced nitrogen uptake, but increased nitrogen utilization efficiency and nitrogen fruiting efficiency and improved nitrogen supply status, which provided a theoretical basis for the implementation of reducing input and improving nitrogen utilization efficiency in wheat production in this region.
To understand the correlation between nitrogen fruiting efficiency and nitrogen utilization and remobilization in winter wheat, the differences and mutual relationships of nitrogen fruiting efficiency, nitrogen utilization and remobilization of winter wheat at different sowing dates(S_1:24 September, S_2:1 October, S_3:8 October, S_4:15 October and S_5:22 October) were analyzed in two growing seasons from 2014 to 2016. The results showed that there was no significant difference in grain yield and grain number per unit area among different sowing dates. Delayed sowing date decreased nitrogen accumulation in both shoots and spikes, and then reduced nitrogen uptake efficiency and increased nitrogen utilization efficiency and nitrogen fruiting efficiency. Nitrogen fruiting efficiency was positively correlated with nitrogen utilization efficiency, negatively correlated with nitrogen uptake efficiency, but not significantly correlated with nitrogen use efficiency. Nitrogen nutrition index tended to be optimum with delayed sowing dates, showed synchronicity with the improvement of nitrogen fruiting efficiency. Pre-anthesis nitrogen remobilization amount in vegetative organs and post-anthesis nitrogen accumulation amount significantly decreased with postpone of sowing dates, but pre-anthesis nitrogen remobilization efficiency remarkably rise. There was a positive correlation between nitrogen fruiting efficiency and nitrogen remobilization efficiency, indicating that the improvement in nitrogen remobilization efficiency facilitated the increment in nitrogen frui-ting efficiency. Taken together, properly delayed sowing date reduced nitrogen uptake, but increased nitrogen utilization efficiency and nitrogen fruiting efficiency and improved nitrogen supply status, which provided a theoretical basis for the implementation of reducing input and improving nitrogen utilization efficiency in wheat production in this region.
引文
[1] Jiang L-N (姜丽娜), Zhang K (张凯), Song F (宋飞), et al. Effects of nitrogen topdressing at jointing stage on grain yield, benefit, absorption and utilization of nitrogen in winter wheat. Journal of Triticeae Crops (麦类作物学报), 2013, 33(4): 716-721 (in Chinese)
[2] Wang X-M (王小明), Xie Y-X (谢迎新), Wang Y-H (王永华), et al. Effects of nitrogen application patterns on yields of winter wheat and summer maize and nitrogen use efficiency. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2011, 17(3): 578-582 (in Chinese)
[3] He J (何杰), Zhang J-S (张敬昇), Wang C-Q (王昌全), et al. Effects of coated controlled-release nitrogen with urea on yield, nitrogen accumulation and utilization of wheat. Journal of Northwest A&F University (Nature Science) (西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版), 2018, 46(3): 34-42 (in Chinese)
[4] Dhadli HS, Brar BS, Black TA. N2O emissions in a long-term soil fertility experiment under maize-wheat cropping system in Northern India. Geoderma Regional, 2016, 7: 102-109
[5] Ma C (马臣), Liu Y-N (刘艳妮), Liang L (梁路), et al. Effects of combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic manure on wheat yield and leaching of residual nitrate-N in dryland soil. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2018, 29(4): 1240-1248 (in Chinese)
[6] Xiong Y (熊英), Wu J (吴健). Zero growth of fertilizer: Review and revelation. Environmental Protection (环境保护), 2017, 45(18): 57-60 (in Chinese)
[7] Zhang W (张伟), Li L-H (李鲁华), Lyu X (吕新). Effects of nitrogen fertilizer at different levels on spatial and temporal distribution of wheat roots, nitrogen use efficiency and yield in spring wheat under drip irrigation. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica (西北农业学报), 2016, 25(2): 195-202 (in Chinese)
[8] Zhao C (赵城), Zhang M (张敏), Song X-J (宋霄君), et al. Effects of nitrogen rate on dry matter transport from vegetative organ to grain and grain filling characteristics in waxy wheat. Tianjin Agricultural Sciences (天津农业科学), 2016, 22(3): 17-22 (in Chinese)
[9] Guo L (郭丽), Wang L-Y (王丽英), Zhang Y-C (张彦才), et al. Effects of nitrogen amount on nitrogen absorption of wheat and soil NO3--N content under drip fertigation. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica (华北农学报), 2017, 32(3): 207-213 (in Chinese)
[10] Lu Q (陆强), Wang J-S (王继琛), Li J (李静), et al. Effect of straw returning and combined applications of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer on grain yield and nitrogen utilization under rice-wheat rotation system. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University (南京农业大学学报), 2014, 37(6): 66-74 (in Chinese)
[11] Zhou X-H (周晓虎), He M-R (贺明荣), Dai X-L (代兴龙), et al. Effects of sowing time and density on yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of different wheat varieties. Shandong Agricultural Sciences (山东农业科学), 2013, 45(9): 65-69 (in Chinese)
[12] Xu M-J (徐明杰), Dong X-X (董娴娴), Liu H-L (刘会玲), et al. Effects of different management patterns on uptake, distribution and fate of nitrogen in wheat. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2014, 20(5): 1084-1093 (in Chinese)
[13] Zhang D (张迪), Wang H-G (王红光), Jia B (贾彬), et al. Effects of post-sowing soil compaction and pre-winter irrigation on dry matter translocation and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat. Journal of Triticeae Crops (麦类作物学报), 2017, 37(4): 535-542 (in Chinese)
[14] Peltonen-Sainio P, Kangas A, Salo Y, et al. Grain number dominates grain weight in temperate cereal yield determination: Evidence based on 30 years of multi-location trials. Field Crops Research, 2007, 100: 179-188
[15] González FG, Terrile II, Falcón MO. Spike fertility and duration of stem elongation as promising traits to improve potential grain number (and yield): Variation in modern argentinean wheats. Crop Science, 2011, 51: 1693-1702
[16] Fischer RA. Irrigated spring wheat and timing and amount of nitrogen fertilizer. II. Physiology of grain yield response. Field Crops Research, 1993, 33: 57-80
[17] Prystupa P, Slafer GA, Savin R. Grain number and its relationship with dry matter, N and P in the spikes at heading in response to N×P fertilization in barley. Field Crops Research, 2004, 90: 245-254
[18] Wang C-Y (王成雨), Li J-C (李金才), Wei F-Z (魏风珍), et al. Effects of the application of N fertilizer on seed-setting characteristics in spike part of different spike type wheat varieties. Anhui Agricultural Sciences (安徽农业科学), 2007, 35(16): 4789-4790, 4843 (in Chinese)
[19] Zhu Y-J (朱云集), Cui J-M (崔金梅), Wang C-Y (王晨阳), et al. Effects of nitrogen application at different wheat growth stages on floret development and grain yield of winter wheat. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2002, 35(11): 1325-1329 (in Chinese)
[20] Ferrante A, Savin R, Slafer GA. Floret development and grain setting differences between modern durum wheats under contrasting nitrogen availability. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2013, 64: 169-184
[21] Abbate PE, Andrade FH, Culot JP. The effects of radiation and nitrogen on number of grains in wheat. Journal of Agricultural Science, 1995, 124: 352-360
[22] Demotes-Mainard S, Jeuffroy MH. Effects of nitrogen and radiation on dry matter and nitrogen accumulation in the spike of winter wheat. Field Crops Research, 2004, 87: 221-233
[23] Sinclair TR, Jamieson PD. Grain number, wheat yield, and bottling beer: An analysis. Field Crops Research, 2006, 98: 60-67
[24] Wall PC. An analysis of factors limiting grain numbers and yield of spring wheat in a low-latitude environment[EB/OL]. [2018-09-15]. http://ethos.bl.uk/orderdetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.476333
[25] Prystupa P, Savin R, Slafer GA. Grain number and its relationship with dry matter, N and P in the spikes at heading in response to N×P fertilization in barley. Field Crops Research, 2004, 90: 245-254
[26] Wen X-P (文祥朋), Ren W (任伟), Sun K-G (孙克刚), et al. Relationship between photosynthate distribution in young ear at floret development stage and grain number per ear of different ear-type wheat varieties. Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi (江西农业学报), 2017, 29(8): 11-14 (in Chinese)
[27] Dai XL, Wang YC, Dong SX, et al. Delayed sowing can increase lodging resistance while maintaining grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in winter wheat. The Crop Journal, 2017, 5: 541-552
[28] Justes E, Mary B, Meynard JM, et al. Determination of a critical nitrogen dilution curve for winter wheat crops. Annals of Botany, 1994, 74: 397-407
[29] Ferrante A, Cartelle J, Savin R, et al. Yield determination, interplay between major components and yield stability in a traditional and a contemporary wheat across a wide range of environments. Field Crops Research, 2017, 203: 114-127
[30] Valvo PJL, Miralles DJ, Serrago RA. Genetic progress in Argentine bread wheat varieties released between 1918 and 2011: Changes in physiological and numerical yield components. Field Crops Research, 2018, 221: 314-321
[31] Li H, Liu L, Wang Z, et al. Agronomic and physiological performance of high-yielding wheat and rice in the lower reaches of Yangtze River of China. Field Crops Research, 2012, 133: 119-129
[32] Romina PL, Abeledo G, Miralles DJ. Identifying the critical period for waterlogging on yield and its components in wheat and barley. Plant and Soil, 2014, 378: 265-277
[33] Zhao B (赵斌), Dong S-T (董树亭), Zhang J-W (张吉旺), et al. Effects of controlled-release fertilizer on yield and nitrogen accumulation and distribution in summer maize. Acta Agronomica Sinica (作物学报), 2010, 36(10): 1760-1768 (in Chinese)
[34] Zhao M-X (赵满兴), Zhou J-B (周建斌), Yang R (杨绒), et al. Characteristics of nitrogen accumulation, distribution and translocation in winter wheat on dryland. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2006, 12(2): 143-149 (in Chinese)
[35] Dai X-L (代兴龙). The Regulation of Crop Community Structure for Improving Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat. Master Thesis. Tai’an: Shandong Agricultural University, 2014 (in Chinese)
[36] Yin L, Dai X, He M. Delayed sowing improves nitrogen utilization efficiency in winter wheat without impacting yield. Field Crops Research, 2018, 221: 90-97
[37] Lemaire G, Gastal F. N Uptake and Distribution in Plant Canopies: Diagnosis of the Nitrogen Status in Crops. Berlin: Springer, 1997: 3-43
[38] Wang D-M (王德梅), Yu Z-W (于振文), Zhang Y-L (张永丽), et al. Changes in nitrogen accumulation, distribution, translocation and nitrogen use efficiency in different wheat cultivars under different irrigation conditions. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2010, 16(5): 1041-1048 (in Chinese)
[39] Huang Y (黄亿), Li T-X (李廷轩), Zhang X-Z (张锡洲), et al. Characteristics of nitrogen transportation and fractions in different organs of barley genotype with high nitrogen utilization efficiency. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2015, 48(6): 1151-1161 (in Chinese)
[2] Wang X-M (王小明), Xie Y-X (谢迎新), Wang Y-H (王永华), et al. Effects of nitrogen application patterns on yields of winter wheat and summer maize and nitrogen use efficiency. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2011, 17(3): 578-582 (in Chinese)
[3] He J (何杰), Zhang J-S (张敬昇), Wang C-Q (王昌全), et al. Effects of coated controlled-release nitrogen with urea on yield, nitrogen accumulation and utilization of wheat. Journal of Northwest A&F University (Nature Science) (西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版), 2018, 46(3): 34-42 (in Chinese)
[4] Dhadli HS, Brar BS, Black TA. N2O emissions in a long-term soil fertility experiment under maize-wheat cropping system in Northern India. Geoderma Regional, 2016, 7: 102-109
[5] Ma C (马臣), Liu Y-N (刘艳妮), Liang L (梁路), et al. Effects of combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic manure on wheat yield and leaching of residual nitrate-N in dryland soil. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2018, 29(4): 1240-1248 (in Chinese)
[6] Xiong Y (熊英), Wu J (吴健). Zero growth of fertilizer: Review and revelation. Environmental Protection (环境保护), 2017, 45(18): 57-60 (in Chinese)
[7] Zhang W (张伟), Li L-H (李鲁华), Lyu X (吕新). Effects of nitrogen fertilizer at different levels on spatial and temporal distribution of wheat roots, nitrogen use efficiency and yield in spring wheat under drip irrigation. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica (西北农业学报), 2016, 25(2): 195-202 (in Chinese)
[8] Zhao C (赵城), Zhang M (张敏), Song X-J (宋霄君), et al. Effects of nitrogen rate on dry matter transport from vegetative organ to grain and grain filling characteristics in waxy wheat. Tianjin Agricultural Sciences (天津农业科学), 2016, 22(3): 17-22 (in Chinese)
[9] Guo L (郭丽), Wang L-Y (王丽英), Zhang Y-C (张彦才), et al. Effects of nitrogen amount on nitrogen absorption of wheat and soil NO3--N content under drip fertigation. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica (华北农学报), 2017, 32(3): 207-213 (in Chinese)
[10] Lu Q (陆强), Wang J-S (王继琛), Li J (李静), et al. Effect of straw returning and combined applications of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer on grain yield and nitrogen utilization under rice-wheat rotation system. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University (南京农业大学学报), 2014, 37(6): 66-74 (in Chinese)
[11] Zhou X-H (周晓虎), He M-R (贺明荣), Dai X-L (代兴龙), et al. Effects of sowing time and density on yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of different wheat varieties. Shandong Agricultural Sciences (山东农业科学), 2013, 45(9): 65-69 (in Chinese)
[12] Xu M-J (徐明杰), Dong X-X (董娴娴), Liu H-L (刘会玲), et al. Effects of different management patterns on uptake, distribution and fate of nitrogen in wheat. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2014, 20(5): 1084-1093 (in Chinese)
[13] Zhang D (张迪), Wang H-G (王红光), Jia B (贾彬), et al. Effects of post-sowing soil compaction and pre-winter irrigation on dry matter translocation and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat. Journal of Triticeae Crops (麦类作物学报), 2017, 37(4): 535-542 (in Chinese)
[14] Peltonen-Sainio P, Kangas A, Salo Y, et al. Grain number dominates grain weight in temperate cereal yield determination: Evidence based on 30 years of multi-location trials. Field Crops Research, 2007, 100: 179-188
[15] González FG, Terrile II, Falcón MO. Spike fertility and duration of stem elongation as promising traits to improve potential grain number (and yield): Variation in modern argentinean wheats. Crop Science, 2011, 51: 1693-1702
[16] Fischer RA. Irrigated spring wheat and timing and amount of nitrogen fertilizer. II. Physiology of grain yield response. Field Crops Research, 1993, 33: 57-80
[17] Prystupa P, Slafer GA, Savin R. Grain number and its relationship with dry matter, N and P in the spikes at heading in response to N×P fertilization in barley. Field Crops Research, 2004, 90: 245-254
[18] Wang C-Y (王成雨), Li J-C (李金才), Wei F-Z (魏风珍), et al. Effects of the application of N fertilizer on seed-setting characteristics in spike part of different spike type wheat varieties. Anhui Agricultural Sciences (安徽农业科学), 2007, 35(16): 4789-4790, 4843 (in Chinese)
[19] Zhu Y-J (朱云集), Cui J-M (崔金梅), Wang C-Y (王晨阳), et al. Effects of nitrogen application at different wheat growth stages on floret development and grain yield of winter wheat. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2002, 35(11): 1325-1329 (in Chinese)
[20] Ferrante A, Savin R, Slafer GA. Floret development and grain setting differences between modern durum wheats under contrasting nitrogen availability. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2013, 64: 169-184
[21] Abbate PE, Andrade FH, Culot JP. The effects of radiation and nitrogen on number of grains in wheat. Journal of Agricultural Science, 1995, 124: 352-360
[22] Demotes-Mainard S, Jeuffroy MH. Effects of nitrogen and radiation on dry matter and nitrogen accumulation in the spike of winter wheat. Field Crops Research, 2004, 87: 221-233
[23] Sinclair TR, Jamieson PD. Grain number, wheat yield, and bottling beer: An analysis. Field Crops Research, 2006, 98: 60-67
[24] Wall PC. An analysis of factors limiting grain numbers and yield of spring wheat in a low-latitude environment[EB/OL]. [2018-09-15]. http://ethos.bl.uk/orderdetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.476333
[25] Prystupa P, Savin R, Slafer GA. Grain number and its relationship with dry matter, N and P in the spikes at heading in response to N×P fertilization in barley. Field Crops Research, 2004, 90: 245-254
[26] Wen X-P (文祥朋), Ren W (任伟), Sun K-G (孙克刚), et al. Relationship between photosynthate distribution in young ear at floret development stage and grain number per ear of different ear-type wheat varieties. Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi (江西农业学报), 2017, 29(8): 11-14 (in Chinese)
[27] Dai XL, Wang YC, Dong SX, et al. Delayed sowing can increase lodging resistance while maintaining grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in winter wheat. The Crop Journal, 2017, 5: 541-552
[28] Justes E, Mary B, Meynard JM, et al. Determination of a critical nitrogen dilution curve for winter wheat crops. Annals of Botany, 1994, 74: 397-407
[29] Ferrante A, Cartelle J, Savin R, et al. Yield determination, interplay between major components and yield stability in a traditional and a contemporary wheat across a wide range of environments. Field Crops Research, 2017, 203: 114-127
[30] Valvo PJL, Miralles DJ, Serrago RA. Genetic progress in Argentine bread wheat varieties released between 1918 and 2011: Changes in physiological and numerical yield components. Field Crops Research, 2018, 221: 314-321
[31] Li H, Liu L, Wang Z, et al. Agronomic and physiological performance of high-yielding wheat and rice in the lower reaches of Yangtze River of China. Field Crops Research, 2012, 133: 119-129
[32] Romina PL, Abeledo G, Miralles DJ. Identifying the critical period for waterlogging on yield and its components in wheat and barley. Plant and Soil, 2014, 378: 265-277
[33] Zhao B (赵斌), Dong S-T (董树亭), Zhang J-W (张吉旺), et al. Effects of controlled-release fertilizer on yield and nitrogen accumulation and distribution in summer maize. Acta Agronomica Sinica (作物学报), 2010, 36(10): 1760-1768 (in Chinese)
[34] Zhao M-X (赵满兴), Zhou J-B (周建斌), Yang R (杨绒), et al. Characteristics of nitrogen accumulation, distribution and translocation in winter wheat on dryland. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2006, 12(2): 143-149 (in Chinese)
[35] Dai X-L (代兴龙). The Regulation of Crop Community Structure for Improving Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat. Master Thesis. Tai’an: Shandong Agricultural University, 2014 (in Chinese)
[36] Yin L, Dai X, He M. Delayed sowing improves nitrogen utilization efficiency in winter wheat without impacting yield. Field Crops Research, 2018, 221: 90-97
[37] Lemaire G, Gastal F. N Uptake and Distribution in Plant Canopies: Diagnosis of the Nitrogen Status in Crops. Berlin: Springer, 1997: 3-43
[38] Wang D-M (王德梅), Yu Z-W (于振文), Zhang Y-L (张永丽), et al. Changes in nitrogen accumulation, distribution, translocation and nitrogen use efficiency in different wheat cultivars under different irrigation conditions. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2010, 16(5): 1041-1048 (in Chinese)
[39] Huang Y (黄亿), Li T-X (李廷轩), Zhang X-Z (张锡洲), et al. Characteristics of nitrogen transportation and fractions in different organs of barley genotype with high nitrogen utilization efficiency. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2015, 48(6): 1151-1161 (in Chinese)