巧家拉分盆地结构特征及其形成演化过程分析
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摘要
为了探明巧家盆地的性质、成因以及其演化过程,通过详细野外调查,结合区域构造特征对巧家盆地展开了初步的研究.首先基于详细的野外调查工作,掌握了研究区基本地质背景条件以及盆地表面的沉积特征;进而,对盆地中心区域进行了钻孔勘测,得到了盆地内部结构特征,结合区域地质背景和盆地结构特征,对其形成演化过程进行了分析.研究结果表明:巧家盆地为典型的拉分断陷盆地,主要受小江走滑断裂带的控制;盆地内部结构主要包括了5个地层层序,从下到上分别为古河流冲积层、昔格达组地层、静水沉积层、泥石流洪积层以及河流阶地,并解释了各层成因;首次发现在距盆地下游边界3 km处曾发生过大规模堰塞堵江事件;堰塞事件发生于距今3万年左右;初步推测该拉分盆地形成于第三纪晚期,后期又经历了断陷湖沉积、堰塞沉积、泥石流洪积以及河流冲积等作用;区域断块阶段、局部拉分断陷阶段、断陷湖相沉积阶段、堰塞沉积阶段、堰塞消亡阶段以及不均匀升降阶段为盆地形成的6个阶段,与盆地内部土层层序有较好的对应性.
In order to explore the features,formation and evolution process of the Qiaojia Basin,detailed field investigation was carried out. Firstly,based on the investigation,the basic geological background conditions of the study area and the sedimentary characteristics of the basin surface were mastered. Further, the borehole survey was carried out on the central area of the basin,and the internal structural characteristics of the basin were obtained. Combing with the regional geological background and the structural characteristics, the formation and evolution process of the basin was analyzed. The results show that the Qiaojia Basin is a typical pull-apart basin,which is mainly controlled by the Xiaojiang Fault. The internal structure of the basin mainly includes five stratigraphic sequences:the alluvial layer of the ancient river,the hydrostatic sedimentary layers,the debris flow alluvium,and the river terraces. It is first discovered that a large-scale damming event occurred 3 km from the downstream boundary of the basin about 30 000 years ago. It is presumed that the basin formed during the late Tertiary period,and later experienced the effects of pull-apart process,damming process,debris flow events,and alluvial events. Through rigorous analysis and research,the evolution process of the basin was divided into 6 stages: regional dislocation, local pull-apart rifting, rift lake deposition, barrier lake deposition, barrier lake breaking,and uneven lifting.
In order to explore the features,formation and evolution process of the Qiaojia Basin,detailed field investigation was carried out. Firstly,based on the investigation,the basic geological background conditions of the study area and the sedimentary characteristics of the basin surface were mastered. Further, the borehole survey was carried out on the central area of the basin,and the internal structural characteristics of the basin were obtained. Combing with the regional geological background and the structural characteristics, the formation and evolution process of the basin was analyzed. The results show that the Qiaojia Basin is a typical pull-apart basin,which is mainly controlled by the Xiaojiang Fault. The internal structure of the basin mainly includes five stratigraphic sequences:the alluvial layer of the ancient river,the hydrostatic sedimentary layers,the debris flow alluvium,and the river terraces. It is first discovered that a large-scale damming event occurred 3 km from the downstream boundary of the basin about 30 000 years ago. It is presumed that the basin formed during the late Tertiary period,and later experienced the effects of pull-apart process,damming process,debris flow events,and alluvial events. Through rigorous analysis and research,the evolution process of the basin was divided into 6 stages: regional dislocation, local pull-apart rifting, rift lake deposition, barrier lake deposition, barrier lake breaking,and uneven lifting.
引文
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[14]林向东,徐平,武敏捷,等.小江断裂中段及邻区构造应力场分布特征[J].中国地震,2010,26(2):192-200.LIN Xiangdong,XU Ping,WU Minjie,et al.Inversion of stress field in middle section of the Xiaojiang fault and its adjacent area[J].Earthquake Research in China,2010,26(2):192-200.
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[16]王阎昭,王恩宁,沈正康,等.基于GPS资料约束反演川滇地区主要断裂带现今活动速率[J].中国科学D辑,2008,51(9):1267-1283.WANG Yanzhao,WANG Enning,SHEN Zhengkang,et al.GPS-constrained inversion of present-day slip rates along major faults of the Sichuan-Yunnan region,China[J].Science in China(D),2008,51(9):1267-1283.
[17]钱晓东,秦嘉政.小江断裂带及周边地区强震危险性分析[J].地震研究,2008,31(4):354-362.QIAN Xiaodong,QIN Jiazhen.Study on Recent Tectonic Stress Field in Yunnan Region[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,31(4):354-362.
[18]国家地震局震害防御司.中国历史强震目录[M].北京:地震出版社,1995:24-32.
[19]任治坤.则木河断裂带古地震研究[D].北京:中国地震局地震预测研究所,2007.
[20]闻学泽.四川西部鲜水河-安宁河-则木河断裂带的地震破裂分段特征[J].地震地质,2000,22(3):239-249.WEN Xueze.Character of rupture segmentation of the Xianshuihe-Anninghe-Zemuhe fault zone,western Sichuan[J].Seismology and Geology,2000,22(3):239-249.
[21]徐锡伟,张培震,闻学泽,等.川西及其邻近地区活动构造特征与强震复发模型[J].地震地质,2005,27(3):446-461.XU Xiwei,ZHANG Peizhen,WEN Xueze,et al.Features of active tectonics and recurrence behaviors of strong earthquakes in the western Sichuan province and its adjacent regions[J].Seismology and Geology,2005,27(3):446-461.
[22]张崇立,任金卫.则木河断裂的现今活动方式及其地形变鉴别标志探讨[J].地震地质,1995,17(4):427-431.ZHANG Chongli,REN Jinwei.Recent movement pattern along the Zemuhe fault and deformation indicators for its identification[J].Seismology and Geology,1995,17(4):427-431.
[23]KONG P,GRANGER D E,WU F Y,et al.Cosmogenic nuclide burial ages and provenance of the Xigeda paleo-lake:implications for evolution of the middle Yangtze River[J].Earth&Planetary Science Letters,2009,278(1/2):131-141.
[24]RAHE B,FERRILL D A,MORRIS A P.Physicalanalog modeling of pull-apart basin evolution[J].Tectonophysics,1998,285(1):21-40.
[25]BLAIR T C,BILODEAU W L.Development of tectonic cyclothems in rift,pull-apart,and foreland basins:Sedimentary response to episodic tectonism[J].Geology,1988,16(6):517-520.
[26]HEMPTON M R,NEHER K.Experimental fracture,strain and subsidence patterns over enéchelon strikeslip faults:implications for the structural evolution of pull-apart basins[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1986,8(6):597-605.
[27]BARKA A,AKYüZ H S,COHEN H A,et al.Tectonic evolution of the Niksar and Tasova-Erbaa pullapart basins,north anatolian fault zone:their significance for the motion of the Anatolian block[J].Tectonophysics,2000,322(3/4):243-264.
[28]CEMEN I,WRIGHT L A,DRAKE R E,et al.Cenozoic sedimentation and sequence of deformational events at southeastern end of the furnace creek strikeslip fault zone,Death Valley region,California[M].[S.l.]:Strike-Slip Deformation and Basin Formation,1985:127-141.
[29]姜波,徐嘉炜.一个中生代的拉分盆地--宁芜盆地的形成演化[J].地质科学,1989,14(4):314-322.JIANG Bo,XU Jiawei.Formation and evolution of the ningwu basin as a mesozoic pull-apart basin[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,1989,14(4):314-322.
[30]刘国生,朱光,王道轩,等.郯庐断裂带张八岭隆起段走滑运动与合肥盆地的沉积响应[J].沉积学报,2002,20(2):267-273.LIU Guosheng,ZHU Guang,WANG Daoxuan,et al.Strike-slip movement on the Zhangbaling uplift segment of the Tan-Lu Fault and the depositional response in the Hefei Basin[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2002,20(2):267-273.
[2]KEN M,BONORA M.Analog models of restraining stepovers in strike-slip fault systems[J].AAPGBulletin,2001,85(2):233-260.
[3]朱志澄,韦必则,张旺生.构造地质学[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1999:195-197.
[4]王义天,李继亮.走滑断层作用的相关构造[J].地质科技情报,1999,18(3):30-34.
[5]王虎,冉勇康,李彦宝,等.则木河断裂上古地震破裂与小型三角状拉分盆地演化[J].中国科学:地球科学,2013(7):1106-1114.WANG Hu,RAN Yongkang,LI Yanbao,et al.Paleoseismic ruptures and evolution of a small triangular pull-apart basin on the Zemuhe fault[J].Science China:Earth Sciences,2013(7):1106-1114.
[6]HURWITZ S,GARFUNKEL Z,BEN-GAI Y,et al.The tectonic framework of a complex pull-apart basin:seismic reflection observations in the sea of Galilee,Dead Sea transform[J].Tectonophysics,2002,359(3):289-306.
[7]周建波,程日辉,刘建辉.郯庐断裂中段管帅拉分盆地的确定及其构造意义[J].地质科学,2005,40(4):486-498.ZHOU Jianbo,CHENG Rihui,LIU Jianhui.Determination of Guanshuai pull-apart basin along the middle sector of Tan-Lu fault and its tectonic implications[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,2005,40(4):486-498.
[8]陈杰,史正涛,苏怀,等.巧家盆地黄土的粒度特征及其成因分析[J].云南地理环境研究,2009,21(3):46-52.CHEN Jie,SHI Zhengtao,SU Huai,et al.Analysis on loess’s grain size features and cause of formation in Qiaojia basin[J].Yunnan Geographic EnvironmentResearch,2009,21(3):46-52.
[9]朱创业.云南巧家-石屏盆地早震旦世充填序列及构造演化[J].成都地质学院学报,1990,17(3):76-83.ZHU Chuangye.The sequences of filling and tectonic evolution of Qiaojia shiping basin,Yunnan during early Sinian[J].Journal Of Chengdu College Of Geology,1990,17(3):76-83.
[10]YASUTAKA I,MASAYOSHI T,MASAYOSHI T,et al.Newly-generated Daliangshan fault zone-shortcutting on the central section of Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system[J].Science China:Earth Sciences,2008,51(9):1248-1258.
[11]四川省地质矿产局.中华人民共和国地质图说明书1:50000(巧家幅G-48-38-B)[M].出版地不详:攀西地质印刷厂,1995:5-25.
[12]王绍晋,龙晓帆,余庆坤.昆明地区现代构造应力场分析[J].地震研究,2005,28(2):178-184.WANG Shaojin,LONG Xiaofan,YU Qingkun.Analysis on recent tectonic stress field in the Yunnan region[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2005,28(2):178-184.
[13]荆振杰,杜义,谢富仁.昆明周边地区活动断层滑动与现代构造应力场[J].地震学报,2008,30(3):230-239.JING Zhenjie,DU Yi,XIE Furen.Contemporary tectonic stress in Kunming basin and surrounding regions deduced from fault slip in version[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2008,30(3):230-239.
[14]林向东,徐平,武敏捷,等.小江断裂中段及邻区构造应力场分布特征[J].中国地震,2010,26(2):192-200.LIN Xiangdong,XU Ping,WU Minjie,et al.Inversion of stress field in middle section of the Xiaojiang fault and its adjacent area[J].Earthquake Research in China,2010,26(2):192-200.
[15]俞维贤,刘玉权,何蔚.云南小江断裂带现今地壳形变特征与地震[J].地震地质,1997,19(1):17-21.YU Weixian,LIU Yuquan,HE Wei.Characters of recent crustal deformation and earthquakes on the Xiaojiang Fault zong in Yunnan province[J].Seismology and Geology,1997,19(1):17-21.
[16]王阎昭,王恩宁,沈正康,等.基于GPS资料约束反演川滇地区主要断裂带现今活动速率[J].中国科学D辑,2008,51(9):1267-1283.WANG Yanzhao,WANG Enning,SHEN Zhengkang,et al.GPS-constrained inversion of present-day slip rates along major faults of the Sichuan-Yunnan region,China[J].Science in China(D),2008,51(9):1267-1283.
[17]钱晓东,秦嘉政.小江断裂带及周边地区强震危险性分析[J].地震研究,2008,31(4):354-362.QIAN Xiaodong,QIN Jiazhen.Study on Recent Tectonic Stress Field in Yunnan Region[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,31(4):354-362.
[18]国家地震局震害防御司.中国历史强震目录[M].北京:地震出版社,1995:24-32.
[19]任治坤.则木河断裂带古地震研究[D].北京:中国地震局地震预测研究所,2007.
[20]闻学泽.四川西部鲜水河-安宁河-则木河断裂带的地震破裂分段特征[J].地震地质,2000,22(3):239-249.WEN Xueze.Character of rupture segmentation of the Xianshuihe-Anninghe-Zemuhe fault zone,western Sichuan[J].Seismology and Geology,2000,22(3):239-249.
[21]徐锡伟,张培震,闻学泽,等.川西及其邻近地区活动构造特征与强震复发模型[J].地震地质,2005,27(3):446-461.XU Xiwei,ZHANG Peizhen,WEN Xueze,et al.Features of active tectonics and recurrence behaviors of strong earthquakes in the western Sichuan province and its adjacent regions[J].Seismology and Geology,2005,27(3):446-461.
[22]张崇立,任金卫.则木河断裂的现今活动方式及其地形变鉴别标志探讨[J].地震地质,1995,17(4):427-431.ZHANG Chongli,REN Jinwei.Recent movement pattern along the Zemuhe fault and deformation indicators for its identification[J].Seismology and Geology,1995,17(4):427-431.
[23]KONG P,GRANGER D E,WU F Y,et al.Cosmogenic nuclide burial ages and provenance of the Xigeda paleo-lake:implications for evolution of the middle Yangtze River[J].Earth&Planetary Science Letters,2009,278(1/2):131-141.
[24]RAHE B,FERRILL D A,MORRIS A P.Physicalanalog modeling of pull-apart basin evolution[J].Tectonophysics,1998,285(1):21-40.
[25]BLAIR T C,BILODEAU W L.Development of tectonic cyclothems in rift,pull-apart,and foreland basins:Sedimentary response to episodic tectonism[J].Geology,1988,16(6):517-520.
[26]HEMPTON M R,NEHER K.Experimental fracture,strain and subsidence patterns over enéchelon strikeslip faults:implications for the structural evolution of pull-apart basins[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1986,8(6):597-605.
[27]BARKA A,AKYüZ H S,COHEN H A,et al.Tectonic evolution of the Niksar and Tasova-Erbaa pullapart basins,north anatolian fault zone:their significance for the motion of the Anatolian block[J].Tectonophysics,2000,322(3/4):243-264.
[28]CEMEN I,WRIGHT L A,DRAKE R E,et al.Cenozoic sedimentation and sequence of deformational events at southeastern end of the furnace creek strikeslip fault zone,Death Valley region,California[M].[S.l.]:Strike-Slip Deformation and Basin Formation,1985:127-141.
[29]姜波,徐嘉炜.一个中生代的拉分盆地--宁芜盆地的形成演化[J].地质科学,1989,14(4):314-322.JIANG Bo,XU Jiawei.Formation and evolution of the ningwu basin as a mesozoic pull-apart basin[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,1989,14(4):314-322.
[30]刘国生,朱光,王道轩,等.郯庐断裂带张八岭隆起段走滑运动与合肥盆地的沉积响应[J].沉积学报,2002,20(2):267-273.LIU Guosheng,ZHU Guang,WANG Daoxuan,et al.Strike-slip movement on the Zhangbaling uplift segment of the Tan-Lu Fault and the depositional response in the Hefei Basin[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2002,20(2):267-273.