美国工程伦理规范的历史进路
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摘要
工程伦理规范作为工程职业制度的重要内容,已成为工程师职业道德理想和工程职业行为的重要原则。美国工程伦理规范经过百余年发展,始终以工程职业自治为目标,围绕个体自主、商业利益、技术效率追求与公众安全和环境保护等利益与价值冲突为主题,形成了工程伦理规范生成、调整与发展的内在动力与运行机制。研究美国工程伦理规范发展历程与经验、揭示工程职业自治的文化与制度因素,有利于推进我国工程伦理规范的制定和现代工程职业的形成、培养工程职业精神,推动创新创造发展。
As an important element in the institutional professionalization of the engineering profession, a Code of Ethics for Engineers is a statement of the cardinal principles upholding the moral ideals and behaviors of the profession. Throughout its development for more than 100 years, the Code of Ethics for American Engineers has always upheld professional autonomy as its goal, focusing on such issues as individual autonomy, commercial interests, and addressing such issues as conflicts between interests and values as that between the pursuit of technical efficiency and public safety and environmental protection. In doing so, it has produced the internal motivation and operating mechanism for the formation, modification, and development of engineering ethical codes. Studying the developmental history and experience of American engineering ethical codes will reveal the cultural and institutional factors affecting engineering professional autonomy, and thus contribute to the establishing of Chinese engineering ethical codes and the formation of a modern engineering profession, so as to cultivate our engineering professionalism and innovative development.
As an important element in the institutional professionalization of the engineering profession, a Code of Ethics for Engineers is a statement of the cardinal principles upholding the moral ideals and behaviors of the profession. Throughout its development for more than 100 years, the Code of Ethics for American Engineers has always upheld professional autonomy as its goal, focusing on such issues as individual autonomy, commercial interests, and addressing such issues as conflicts between interests and values as that between the pursuit of technical efficiency and public safety and environmental protection. In doing so, it has produced the internal motivation and operating mechanism for the formation, modification, and development of engineering ethical codes. Studying the developmental history and experience of American engineering ethical codes will reveal the cultural and institutional factors affecting engineering professional autonomy, and thus contribute to the establishing of Chinese engineering ethical codes and the formation of a modern engineering profession, so as to cultivate our engineering professionalism and innovative development.
引文
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[10]Bates,O.'The Status of the Civil Engineers’Profession in the United States of American'[J].Trans.ASCE,1909,(64):567-580.
[11]Levy,R.M.The Professionalization of American Architects and Civil Engineers[D].University of California,1980.
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[13]'Professional Ethics and Etiquette-I'[J].Eng.Record,1892,a(27):1.
[14]AIEE Code of Ethics(1912),http://ethics.iit.edu/ecodes/node/5068.
[15]ASCE Code of Ethics(1914),http://ethics.iit.edu/ecodes/node/4093.
[16]Flores,A.,Baum,R.J.Ethical Problems in Engineering[M].Troy:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,1978.
[17]Baron,M.The Moral Status of Loyalty[M].Dubuque:Kendall/Hunt,1984.
[18]Davis,M.Profession,Code,and Ethics[M].Burlington:Ashgate,2002,99-119.
[19]Martin,M.W.Schinzinger,R.Ethics in Engineering[M].The Mc Graw-Hill Companies,2005,67-68.
[20]IEEE.Code of Ethics(1979),http://ethics.iit.edu/ecodes/node/3244.
[21]ASCE Code of Ethics(1977),http://ethics.iit.edu/ecodes/node/4048.
[22]Luegenbiehl,H.C.,Davis,M.'Engineering Codes of Ethics:Analysis and Applications'[R].http://ethics.iit.edu/publication/CODE--Exxon%20Module.pdf.
[23]NSPE Code of Ethics(1981),http://ethics.iit.edu/ecodes/node/3272.
[24]Pugh,E.W.'Creating the IEEE Code of Ethics,History of Technical Societies'[J].2009 IEEE Conference on the date 5-7 Aug,2009,54(8):1-13.
[25]Vesilind,P.A.'Evolution of the American Society of Civil Engineers Code of Ethics'[J].Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice,1995,(1):4-1.
[2]Mitcham,C.'A Historico-ethical Perspective on Engineering Education:From Use and Convenience to Policy Engagement'[J].Engineering Studies,2009,1(1):35-53.
[3]Sarah,K.A.'Depending on Character:ASCE Shapes Its First Code of Ethics'[J].Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice,2003,129(1):21-31.
[4]Layton,E.T.The Revolt of the Engineers:Social Responsibility and the American Engineering Profession[M].Baltimore and London:The Johns Hopkins University Press,1986,476.
[5]Hunt,W.C.Historical Sketch of the American Society of Civil Engineers[M].ASCE,New York,1897,12.
[6]Merritt,R.H.Engineering and American Culture,1850-1875[D].University of Minnesota,1968,153-157.
[7]Newell,F.H.'Ethics of the Engineering Profession'[J].The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,1922,101(1):76-85.
[8]Condit,C.W.,Lee,A.,Skramstad,H.A Biographical Dictionary of American Civil Engineers,Vol.I.[M].ASCE,New York,1972,108.
[9]Moore,R.'The Engineer of the Twentieth Century'[J]Trans.ASCE,1902,(48):227-234.
[10]Bates,O.'The Status of the Civil Engineers’Profession in the United States of American'[J].Trans.ASCE,1909,(64):567-580.
[11]Levy,R.M.The Professionalization of American Architects and Civil Engineers[D].University of California,1980.
[12]'Professional Ethics and Etiquette-V'[J].Eng.Record,1893,(27):110.
[13]'Professional Ethics and Etiquette-I'[J].Eng.Record,1892,a(27):1.
[14]AIEE Code of Ethics(1912),http://ethics.iit.edu/ecodes/node/5068.
[15]ASCE Code of Ethics(1914),http://ethics.iit.edu/ecodes/node/4093.
[16]Flores,A.,Baum,R.J.Ethical Problems in Engineering[M].Troy:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,1978.
[17]Baron,M.The Moral Status of Loyalty[M].Dubuque:Kendall/Hunt,1984.
[18]Davis,M.Profession,Code,and Ethics[M].Burlington:Ashgate,2002,99-119.
[19]Martin,M.W.Schinzinger,R.Ethics in Engineering[M].The Mc Graw-Hill Companies,2005,67-68.
[20]IEEE.Code of Ethics(1979),http://ethics.iit.edu/ecodes/node/3244.
[21]ASCE Code of Ethics(1977),http://ethics.iit.edu/ecodes/node/4048.
[22]Luegenbiehl,H.C.,Davis,M.'Engineering Codes of Ethics:Analysis and Applications'[R].http://ethics.iit.edu/publication/CODE--Exxon%20Module.pdf.
[23]NSPE Code of Ethics(1981),http://ethics.iit.edu/ecodes/node/3272.
[24]Pugh,E.W.'Creating the IEEE Code of Ethics,History of Technical Societies'[J].2009 IEEE Conference on the date 5-7 Aug,2009,54(8):1-13.
[25]Vesilind,P.A.'Evolution of the American Society of Civil Engineers Code of Ethics'[J].Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice,1995,(1):4-1.