施肥方式对水稻‘花优14’干物质积累、产量及肥料利用率的影响
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摘要
基于长期测坑定位试验,连续两年研究了不同施肥方式对上海地区高产杂交水稻‘花优14’干物质积累规律、产量和肥料利用率的影响,以期为上海地区稻田科学的养分管理提供理论依据。试验设置4个处理:不施肥(CK)、单施化肥处理[CT,300 kg(N)×hm~(-2),60 kg(P2O5)?hm~(-2)和60 kg(K2O)?hm~(-2)]、有机无机配施处理(MT,与CT等氮磷钾,80%尿素+20%有机肥,磷钾不足部分以化肥补充)和单施有机肥处理(OT,与CT处理等氮量),分析了不同施肥处理下水稻干物质积累特征、产量结构、肥料利用率和经济效益的差异。结果表明,水稻生育期干物质量积累符合Logistic方程。MT年平均干物质最大积累速率达0.78 kg?hm~(-2)?d~(-1),分别比OT和CK显著高0.17 kg?hm~(-2)?d~(-1)和0.19 kg?hm~(-2)?d~(-1),与CT之间无显著差异。MT灌浆期同化物输入对籽粒贡献率为76.3%,与CT差异不显著,但比OT和CK处理分别显著提高9.4%和5.2%。水稻收获后,MT的年平均产量分别比CT、OT和CK处理高3.5%、15.6%和63.4%,氮素农学利用率分别较CT和OT提高9.7%和53.7%。有机肥结合化肥施用能够显著提高水稻干物质积累速率并促进花后同化产物向籽粒的输入,从而提高产量,在保证水稻经济效益的同时减少化肥投入,提高了肥料利用率,是较优的施肥方式。
Rice is one of the most important crops in China. The production of rice has dramatically increased over the last 50 years due to high input of chemical fertilizers. To control the unreasonable application of fertilizers(e.g., more chemical fertilizers, less organic manure or neglect of crop growth curve), we researched the effects of fertilizer application on dry matter accumulation and yield of rice in Shanghai. The objective of the study was to explore a scientific fertilization management for high yield and high fertilizer use efficiency cultivation of rice in Shanghai. To this end, two-year(2014-2015) field Lysimeter experiment was conducted at a typical paddy rice plot in a rural suburb of Shanghai, China. The ‘Huayou-14' rice cultivar, which is widely cultivated in Shanghai, was used in the experiment. A total of four treatments were investigated, including no fertilizer treatment(CK) as the control, receiving neither chemical fertilizer nor manure; sole chemical fertilizer treatment(CT) of 300 kg(N)?hm~(-2) urea, 60 kg(P2 O5)?hm~(-2) calcium superphosphate and 60 kg(K2 O)?hm~(-2) potassium chloride applied according to the practice of local famers in the area; sole organic fertilizer treatment(OT) of poultry manure with total N at the same rate of 300 kg(N)?hm~(-2); and chemical-organic fertilizers mixture(MT) of 80% urea and 20% organic manure based on 300 kg(N)?hm~(-2). The dry matter accumulation characteristics, yield, fertilizer utilization rate and profitability were analyzed for different fertilization treatments. The effects of different fertilization treatments on dry matter accumulation of rice became significant from booting stage, which was higher in MT and CT than in OT and CK. Dry matter accumulation curves of ‘Huayou-14' during growth stage were simulated by Logistic equation Y = Wm/(1+ae-bt), in which t is the days after transplanting, Y is the dry matter accumulation, Wm is the ultimate amount of dry matter. The maximum dry matter accumulation rate under MT increased respectively by 0.17 kg?hm~(-2)?d~(-1) and 0.19 kg?hm~(-2)?d~(-1) compared with OT and CK, but no significant difference compared with CT. Photosynthate accumulation at grain filling stage contributed mainly to rice yield. The contribution rate of photosynthate accumulation at grain filling stage to yield under MT was 76.3%, which was 9.4% and 5.2% higher than that under OT and CK, but had no significant difference from that under CT. At harvest, rice yield increased respectively by 15.6% and 63.4% under MT compared with OT and CK. However, no significant difference was observed between MT and CT. Agronomic efficiency of fertilizer significantly improved under MT, which was respectively 9.7% and 53.7% higher than CT and OT. It was possible to improve yield by increasing dry matter accumulation and extending growth period. The combined application of chemical fertilizer and manure was effective for dry matter accumulation as it provided sufficient nutrient supply for growth and dry matter accumulation even after flowering. Thus, it was a useful strategy for improving rice yield, reducing chemical fertilizer input and avoiding excessive waste of resources.
Rice is one of the most important crops in China. The production of rice has dramatically increased over the last 50 years due to high input of chemical fertilizers. To control the unreasonable application of fertilizers(e.g., more chemical fertilizers, less organic manure or neglect of crop growth curve), we researched the effects of fertilizer application on dry matter accumulation and yield of rice in Shanghai. The objective of the study was to explore a scientific fertilization management for high yield and high fertilizer use efficiency cultivation of rice in Shanghai. To this end, two-year(2014-2015) field Lysimeter experiment was conducted at a typical paddy rice plot in a rural suburb of Shanghai, China. The ‘Huayou-14' rice cultivar, which is widely cultivated in Shanghai, was used in the experiment. A total of four treatments were investigated, including no fertilizer treatment(CK) as the control, receiving neither chemical fertilizer nor manure; sole chemical fertilizer treatment(CT) of 300 kg(N)?hm~(-2) urea, 60 kg(P2 O5)?hm~(-2) calcium superphosphate and 60 kg(K2 O)?hm~(-2) potassium chloride applied according to the practice of local famers in the area; sole organic fertilizer treatment(OT) of poultry manure with total N at the same rate of 300 kg(N)?hm~(-2); and chemical-organic fertilizers mixture(MT) of 80% urea and 20% organic manure based on 300 kg(N)?hm~(-2). The dry matter accumulation characteristics, yield, fertilizer utilization rate and profitability were analyzed for different fertilization treatments. The effects of different fertilization treatments on dry matter accumulation of rice became significant from booting stage, which was higher in MT and CT than in OT and CK. Dry matter accumulation curves of ‘Huayou-14' during growth stage were simulated by Logistic equation Y = Wm/(1+ae-bt), in which t is the days after transplanting, Y is the dry matter accumulation, Wm is the ultimate amount of dry matter. The maximum dry matter accumulation rate under MT increased respectively by 0.17 kg?hm~(-2)?d~(-1) and 0.19 kg?hm~(-2)?d~(-1) compared with OT and CK, but no significant difference compared with CT. Photosynthate accumulation at grain filling stage contributed mainly to rice yield. The contribution rate of photosynthate accumulation at grain filling stage to yield under MT was 76.3%, which was 9.4% and 5.2% higher than that under OT and CK, but had no significant difference from that under CT. At harvest, rice yield increased respectively by 15.6% and 63.4% under MT compared with OT and CK. However, no significant difference was observed between MT and CT. Agronomic efficiency of fertilizer significantly improved under MT, which was respectively 9.7% and 53.7% higher than CT and OT. It was possible to improve yield by increasing dry matter accumulation and extending growth period. The combined application of chemical fertilizer and manure was effective for dry matter accumulation as it provided sufficient nutrient supply for growth and dry matter accumulation even after flowering. Thus, it was a useful strategy for improving rice yield, reducing chemical fertilizer input and avoiding excessive waste of resources.
引文
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[3]李旭毅,孙永健,程洪彪,等.两种生态条件下氮素调控对不同栽培方式水稻干物质积累和产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(4):773–781LI X Y,SUN Y J,CHENG H B,et al.Effects of nitrogen regulation on dry matter accumulation and grain yield of rice under different cultivation models and two kinds of ecological conditions[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2011,17(4):773–781
[4]宋珍霞,高明,关博谦,等.硼对烤烟干物质积累和养分吸收的动态模拟[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(4):565–570SONG Z X,GAO M,GUAN B Q,et al.Simulating the dynamics of dry matter and nutrient accumulation of flue-cured tobacco under different boron concentration[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2006,12(4):565–570
[5]TILMAN D,CASSMAN K G,MATSON P A,et al.Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices[J].Nature,2002,418(6898):671–677
[6]黄丽芬,张蓉,余俊,等.有机栽培对杂交粳稻产量和品质的影响[J].作物学报,2015,41(3):458–467HUANG L F,ZHANG R,YU J,et al.Effects of organic farming on yield and quality of hybrid japonica rice[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2015,41(3):458–467
[7]AMIRI M E,FALLAHI E.Impact of animal manure on soil chemistry,mineral nutrients,yield,and fruit quality in‘golden delicious’apple[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition,2009,32(4):610–617
[8]OKAZAKI K,SHINANO T,OKA N,et al.Metabolite profiling of Raphanus sativus L.to evaluate the effects of manure amendment[J].Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,2010,56(4):591–600
[9]冯蕾,童成立,石辉,等.不同氮磷钾施肥方式对水稻碳、氮累积与分配的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(10):2615–2621FENG L,DONG C L,SHI H,et al.Effects of different nitrogen,phosphorous,and potassium fertilization modes on carbon-and nitrogen accumulation and allocation in rice plant[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(10):2615–2621
[10]谢小兵,周雪峰,蒋鹏,等.低氮密植栽培对超级稻产量和氮素利用率的影响[J].作物学报,2015,41(10):1591–1602XIE X B,ZHOU X F,JIANG P,et al.Effect of low nitrogen rate combined with high plant density on grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in super rice[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2015,41(10):1591–1602
[11]GEHL D T,BAILEY L D,GRANT C A,et al.Effects of incremental n fertilization on grain yield and dry matter accumulation of six spring wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)cultivars in southern manitoba[J].Canadian Journal of Plant Science,1990,70(1):51–60
[12]马冬云,郭天财,王晨阳,等.施氮量对冬小麦灌浆期光合产物积累、转运及分配的影响[J].作物学报,2008,34(6):1027–1033MA D Y,GUO T C,WANG C Y,et al.Effects of nitrogen application rates on accumulation,translocation,and partitioning of photosynthate in winter wheat at grain filling stage[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2008,34(6):1027–1033
[13]田中伟,王方端,戴廷波,等.小麦品种改良过程中物质积累转运特性与产量的关系[J].中国农业科学,2012,45(4):801–808TIAN Z W,WANG F R,DAI T B,et al.Characteristics of dry matter accumulation and translocation during the wheat genetic improvement and their relationship to grain yield[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2012,45(4):801–808
[14]MA B L,DWYER L M.Nitrogen uptake and use of two contrasting maize hybrids differing in leaf senescence[J].Plant and Soil,1998,199(2):283–291
[15]YU Q,LIU J D,ZHANG Y Q,et al.Simulation of rice biomass accumulation by an extended logistic model including influence of meteorological factors[J].International Journal of Biometeorology,2002,46(4):185–191
[16]李国强,汤亮,张文宇,等.不同株型小麦干物质积累与分配对氮肥响应的动态分析[J].作物学报,2009,35(12):2258–2265LI G Q,TANG L,ZHANG W Y,et al.Dynamic analysis on response of dry matter accumulation and partitioning to nitrogen fertilizer in wheat cultivars with different plant types[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2009,35(12):2258–2265
[17]张翔,毛家伟,黄元炯,等.不同施肥处理对烤烟干物质积累与分配的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2011,(3):31–34ZHANG X,MAO J W,HUANG Y J,et al.Effects of various fertilizer application structures on dry matter accumulation and distribution of flue-cured tobacco[J].Soils and Fertilizers Sciences in China,2011,(3):31–34
[18]彭耀林,朱俊英,唐建军,等.有机无机肥长期配施对水稻产量及干物质生产特性的影响[J].江西农业大学学报,2004,26(4):485–490PENG Y L,ZHU J Y,TANG J J,et al.Effects of long-term mixed application of organic-inorganic fertilizers on the yield and dry matter producing characters of rice[J].Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis,2004,26(4):485–490
[19]姜佰文,李贺,王春宏,等.有机无机肥料配合施用对水稻干物质积累及运转的影响[J].东北农业大学学报,2013,44(5):10–13JIANG B W,LI H,WANG C H,et al.Effect of mixed application of organic-inorganic fertilizers on dry matter accumu-lation and translocation of rice[J].Journal of Northeast Agricultural University,2013,44(5):10–13
[20]宋桂云,杨恒山,徐寿军,等.氮肥运筹对科尔沁地区粮饲兼用玉米金山10产量、干物质及氮素积累的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(2):289–296SONG G Y,YANG H S,XU S J,et al.Effects of nitrogen fertilizer management on yield,dry matter and N accumulation of maize cultivar Jinshan 10 used for both grain and feed purpose in Keerqin[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2017,23(2):289–296
[21]HUANG J H,LIU M Q,CHEN X Y,et al.Effects of intraspecific variation in rice resistance to aboveground herbivore,brown planthopper,and rice root nematodes on plant yield,labile pools of plant,and rhizosphere soil[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2015,51(4):417–425
[22]李文娟,何萍,高强,等.不同氮效率玉米干物质形成及氮素营养特性差异研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(1):51–57LI W J,HE P,GAO Q,et al.Dry matter formation and nitrogen uptake in two maize cultivars differing in nitrogen use efficiency[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2010,16(1):51–57
[23]王宜伦,李潮海,谭金芳,等.氮肥后移对超高产夏玉米产量及氮素吸收和利用的影响[J].作物学报,2011,37(2):339–347WANG Y L,LI C H,TAN J F,et al.Effect of postponing N application on yield,nitrogen absorption and utilization in super-high-yield summer maize[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2011,37(2):339–347
[24]ZHAO Z,SHA Z M,LIU Y B,et al.Modeling the impacts of alternative fertilization methods on nitrogen loading in rice production in Shanghai[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,566/567:1595–1603
[2]易琼,赵世诚,张秀芝,等.实时实地氮素管理对水稻产量和氮素吸收利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18(4):777–785YI Q,ZHAO S C,ZHANG X Z,et al.Yield and nitrogen use efficiency as influenced by real time and site specific nitrogen management in two rice cultivars[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2012,18(4):777–785
[3]李旭毅,孙永健,程洪彪,等.两种生态条件下氮素调控对不同栽培方式水稻干物质积累和产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(4):773–781LI X Y,SUN Y J,CHENG H B,et al.Effects of nitrogen regulation on dry matter accumulation and grain yield of rice under different cultivation models and two kinds of ecological conditions[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2011,17(4):773–781
[4]宋珍霞,高明,关博谦,等.硼对烤烟干物质积累和养分吸收的动态模拟[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(4):565–570SONG Z X,GAO M,GUAN B Q,et al.Simulating the dynamics of dry matter and nutrient accumulation of flue-cured tobacco under different boron concentration[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2006,12(4):565–570
[5]TILMAN D,CASSMAN K G,MATSON P A,et al.Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices[J].Nature,2002,418(6898):671–677
[6]黄丽芬,张蓉,余俊,等.有机栽培对杂交粳稻产量和品质的影响[J].作物学报,2015,41(3):458–467HUANG L F,ZHANG R,YU J,et al.Effects of organic farming on yield and quality of hybrid japonica rice[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2015,41(3):458–467
[7]AMIRI M E,FALLAHI E.Impact of animal manure on soil chemistry,mineral nutrients,yield,and fruit quality in‘golden delicious’apple[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition,2009,32(4):610–617
[8]OKAZAKI K,SHINANO T,OKA N,et al.Metabolite profiling of Raphanus sativus L.to evaluate the effects of manure amendment[J].Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,2010,56(4):591–600
[9]冯蕾,童成立,石辉,等.不同氮磷钾施肥方式对水稻碳、氮累积与分配的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(10):2615–2621FENG L,DONG C L,SHI H,et al.Effects of different nitrogen,phosphorous,and potassium fertilization modes on carbon-and nitrogen accumulation and allocation in rice plant[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(10):2615–2621
[10]谢小兵,周雪峰,蒋鹏,等.低氮密植栽培对超级稻产量和氮素利用率的影响[J].作物学报,2015,41(10):1591–1602XIE X B,ZHOU X F,JIANG P,et al.Effect of low nitrogen rate combined with high plant density on grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in super rice[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2015,41(10):1591–1602
[11]GEHL D T,BAILEY L D,GRANT C A,et al.Effects of incremental n fertilization on grain yield and dry matter accumulation of six spring wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)cultivars in southern manitoba[J].Canadian Journal of Plant Science,1990,70(1):51–60
[12]马冬云,郭天财,王晨阳,等.施氮量对冬小麦灌浆期光合产物积累、转运及分配的影响[J].作物学报,2008,34(6):1027–1033MA D Y,GUO T C,WANG C Y,et al.Effects of nitrogen application rates on accumulation,translocation,and partitioning of photosynthate in winter wheat at grain filling stage[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2008,34(6):1027–1033
[13]田中伟,王方端,戴廷波,等.小麦品种改良过程中物质积累转运特性与产量的关系[J].中国农业科学,2012,45(4):801–808TIAN Z W,WANG F R,DAI T B,et al.Characteristics of dry matter accumulation and translocation during the wheat genetic improvement and their relationship to grain yield[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2012,45(4):801–808
[14]MA B L,DWYER L M.Nitrogen uptake and use of two contrasting maize hybrids differing in leaf senescence[J].Plant and Soil,1998,199(2):283–291
[15]YU Q,LIU J D,ZHANG Y Q,et al.Simulation of rice biomass accumulation by an extended logistic model including influence of meteorological factors[J].International Journal of Biometeorology,2002,46(4):185–191
[16]李国强,汤亮,张文宇,等.不同株型小麦干物质积累与分配对氮肥响应的动态分析[J].作物学报,2009,35(12):2258–2265LI G Q,TANG L,ZHANG W Y,et al.Dynamic analysis on response of dry matter accumulation and partitioning to nitrogen fertilizer in wheat cultivars with different plant types[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2009,35(12):2258–2265
[17]张翔,毛家伟,黄元炯,等.不同施肥处理对烤烟干物质积累与分配的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2011,(3):31–34ZHANG X,MAO J W,HUANG Y J,et al.Effects of various fertilizer application structures on dry matter accumulation and distribution of flue-cured tobacco[J].Soils and Fertilizers Sciences in China,2011,(3):31–34
[18]彭耀林,朱俊英,唐建军,等.有机无机肥长期配施对水稻产量及干物质生产特性的影响[J].江西农业大学学报,2004,26(4):485–490PENG Y L,ZHU J Y,TANG J J,et al.Effects of long-term mixed application of organic-inorganic fertilizers on the yield and dry matter producing characters of rice[J].Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis,2004,26(4):485–490
[19]姜佰文,李贺,王春宏,等.有机无机肥料配合施用对水稻干物质积累及运转的影响[J].东北农业大学学报,2013,44(5):10–13JIANG B W,LI H,WANG C H,et al.Effect of mixed application of organic-inorganic fertilizers on dry matter accumu-lation and translocation of rice[J].Journal of Northeast Agricultural University,2013,44(5):10–13
[20]宋桂云,杨恒山,徐寿军,等.氮肥运筹对科尔沁地区粮饲兼用玉米金山10产量、干物质及氮素积累的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(2):289–296SONG G Y,YANG H S,XU S J,et al.Effects of nitrogen fertilizer management on yield,dry matter and N accumulation of maize cultivar Jinshan 10 used for both grain and feed purpose in Keerqin[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2017,23(2):289–296
[21]HUANG J H,LIU M Q,CHEN X Y,et al.Effects of intraspecific variation in rice resistance to aboveground herbivore,brown planthopper,and rice root nematodes on plant yield,labile pools of plant,and rhizosphere soil[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2015,51(4):417–425
[22]李文娟,何萍,高强,等.不同氮效率玉米干物质形成及氮素营养特性差异研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(1):51–57LI W J,HE P,GAO Q,et al.Dry matter formation and nitrogen uptake in two maize cultivars differing in nitrogen use efficiency[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2010,16(1):51–57
[23]王宜伦,李潮海,谭金芳,等.氮肥后移对超高产夏玉米产量及氮素吸收和利用的影响[J].作物学报,2011,37(2):339–347WANG Y L,LI C H,TAN J F,et al.Effect of postponing N application on yield,nitrogen absorption and utilization in super-high-yield summer maize[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2011,37(2):339–347
[24]ZHAO Z,SHA Z M,LIU Y B,et al.Modeling the impacts of alternative fertilization methods on nitrogen loading in rice production in Shanghai[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,566/567:1595–1603