基于AquaCrop模型的有机稻灌溉制度优化
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摘要
随着人们对提高农业生产效率方法的不断探索,水稻生产模式正发生很大变化,并由化肥农药高投入的传统农业向生态环保的有机农业转变,但有机稻需耗水特性及其适宜的灌溉制度研究较少。为揭示有机稻耗水规律及不同降水年型下的灌水与产量关系,2015-2016年在湖北省漳河灌区开展了有机稻灌溉试验研究,统计分析了有机稻与普通稻的需耗水差异,获得了有机稻耗水及其产量特性,提出了基于Aqua Crop模型与熵值法耦合的有机稻灌溉制度多目标多情景优化方法。结果表明:1)有机稻与普通稻需水量无显著差异,但前者的排水量显著高于后者,且前者排水中的氮磷浓度均显著降低。有机稻产量为普通稻产量的84%,但单方灌水产值高28.5%(P<0.05),具有显著的经济效益。2)优化后中国南方灌区有机稻适宜的优化灌溉制度为:枯水年,108%(以RAW计,下同)的土壤含水率控制下限、30 mm的灌水定额、灌水8~9次,平水年113.85%的土壤含水率控制下限、32.31 mm的灌水定额、灌水6~7次;丰水年,116.92%的土壤含水率控制下限、32.31 mm的灌水定额、灌水3~4次。该文为选择节水、高产的有机稻灌溉方案提供参考。
Along with the continuous exploration in enhancing agricultural productivity,the traditional agriculture which needs high input of chemical fertilizer and pesticide is gradually turned into an ecologically and environmentally friendly organic agriculture.However,there are few studies on water consumption characteristics and irrigation schedule of organic rice.To reveal the pattern of water consumption and the relationship between irrigation and yield under different precipitation types,field experiments were carried out during the rice growth period in 2015–2016 in Zhanghe Irrigation District,Hubei Province.In 2015,the same rice variety was cultivated in different modes:1)in traditional mode,the chemical fertilizer was used;2)in organic mode,the manure was used.The irrigation schedule was similar for the both modes:to keep water depth to 20-50 mm.If the rainfall was over the 50 mm,drainage was conducted.Based on the experimental results,we analyzed the difference of water consumption between organic rice and traditional rice,and obtained information on water consumption and yield characteristics of the organic rice.Based on the results of 2015,an optimization experiment of organic rice cultivation was set up:the irrigation amount was 0,50,120,230 and 330 mm,respectively.Then we proposed a multi-objective and multi-scenario optimization method of irrigation scheduling by using AquaCrop model and entropy method.One of the treatments was used for model calibration and the others were for validation.The results showed:1)the evapotranspiration of traditional rice and organic rice from the period of steeping field and reviving to milk ripening were 420 mm and 235 mm,respectively.The drainage of organic rice and traditional rice were 99.61 and 23.75 mm,respectively.The mean TN concentration of water discharge in organic rice were lower than that in traditional rice,and the TP concentration of water discharge in organic rice were also lower than that in traditional rice.2)The yield of organic rice accounted for 84%of the traditional rice yield,plant height were 7.6%higher than that of traditional rice,the empty shell rate were 10.5%higher than of the traditional rice.3)the model measurement and simulation matched well with Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency above 0.7,relative root mean square of error 0.15-0.28,and coefficient of determination higher than 0.7,indicating that the model could simulate the yield well under different conditions.4)After optimization,the irrigation schedule of organic rice in southern China were:in dry year,the lowest limit of soil volume water content were 108%RAW(readily available soil water),irrigation quota were30 mm,frequency of irrigation were 8 to 9 times;in normal year,the lowest limit of soil volume water content were113.85%RAW,irrigation quota were 32.31mm,frequency of irrigation were 6 to 7 times and in wet year,the lowest limit of soil volume water content were 116.92%RAW,irrigation quota were 32.31 mm,frequency of irrigation were 3 to 4 times.The study validated the applicability of AquaCrop model in rice growth simulation and irrigation schedule optimization in China and established a method of optimizing irrigation schedule by coupling AquaCrop model and entropy method,providing technical guidance to organic rice production.
Along with the continuous exploration in enhancing agricultural productivity,the traditional agriculture which needs high input of chemical fertilizer and pesticide is gradually turned into an ecologically and environmentally friendly organic agriculture.However,there are few studies on water consumption characteristics and irrigation schedule of organic rice.To reveal the pattern of water consumption and the relationship between irrigation and yield under different precipitation types,field experiments were carried out during the rice growth period in 2015–2016 in Zhanghe Irrigation District,Hubei Province.In 2015,the same rice variety was cultivated in different modes:1)in traditional mode,the chemical fertilizer was used;2)in organic mode,the manure was used.The irrigation schedule was similar for the both modes:to keep water depth to 20-50 mm.If the rainfall was over the 50 mm,drainage was conducted.Based on the experimental results,we analyzed the difference of water consumption between organic rice and traditional rice,and obtained information on water consumption and yield characteristics of the organic rice.Based on the results of 2015,an optimization experiment of organic rice cultivation was set up:the irrigation amount was 0,50,120,230 and 330 mm,respectively.Then we proposed a multi-objective and multi-scenario optimization method of irrigation scheduling by using AquaCrop model and entropy method.One of the treatments was used for model calibration and the others were for validation.The results showed:1)the evapotranspiration of traditional rice and organic rice from the period of steeping field and reviving to milk ripening were 420 mm and 235 mm,respectively.The drainage of organic rice and traditional rice were 99.61 and 23.75 mm,respectively.The mean TN concentration of water discharge in organic rice were lower than that in traditional rice,and the TP concentration of water discharge in organic rice were also lower than that in traditional rice.2)The yield of organic rice accounted for 84%of the traditional rice yield,plant height were 7.6%higher than that of traditional rice,the empty shell rate were 10.5%higher than of the traditional rice.3)the model measurement and simulation matched well with Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency above 0.7,relative root mean square of error 0.15-0.28,and coefficient of determination higher than 0.7,indicating that the model could simulate the yield well under different conditions.4)After optimization,the irrigation schedule of organic rice in southern China were:in dry year,the lowest limit of soil volume water content were 108%RAW(readily available soil water),irrigation quota were30 mm,frequency of irrigation were 8 to 9 times;in normal year,the lowest limit of soil volume water content were113.85%RAW,irrigation quota were 32.31mm,frequency of irrigation were 6 to 7 times and in wet year,the lowest limit of soil volume water content were 116.92%RAW,irrigation quota were 32.31 mm,frequency of irrigation were 3 to 4 times.The study validated the applicability of AquaCrop model in rice growth simulation and irrigation schedule optimization in China and established a method of optimizing irrigation schedule by coupling AquaCrop model and entropy method,providing technical guidance to organic rice production.
引文
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[6]董心普.广西有机稻产业化发展研究[D].南宁:广西大学,2013.Dong Xinpu.Research on Development of Organic Rice Industry in Guangxi Province[D].Nanning:Guangxi University,2013.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[10]陈淑峰,孟凡乔,吴文良,等.东北典型稻区不同种植模式下稻田氮素径流损失特征研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2012,20(6):728-733.Chen Shufeng,Meng Fangqiao,Wu Wenliang,et al.Nitrogen loss characteristics via runoff in typical rice planting area in Northeast China under different planting managements[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2012,20(6):728-733(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[12]岳玉波,沙之敏,赵峥,等.不同水稻种植模式对氮磷流失特征的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2014,22(12):1424-1432.Yue Yubo,Sha Zhimin,Zhao Zheng,et al.Effects of rice cultivation patterns on nitrogen and phosphorus leaching and runoff losses[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2014,22(12):1424-1432(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]孙向平,李国学,孟凡乔,等.新疆伊犁垦区有机水稻生产养分平衡及氮素污染风险分析[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(增刊2):158-162.Sun Xiangping,Li Guoxue,Meng Fanqiao,et al.Nutrients balance and nitrogen pollution risk analysis for organic rice production in Yili reclamation area of Xinjiang[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2011,27(Supp.2):158-162.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]李亚龙,崔远来,李远华,等.基于ORYZA 2000模型的旱稻生长模拟及氮肥管理研究[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(12):141-146.Li Yalong,Cui Yuanlai,Li Yuanhua,et al.Growth simulation of aerobic rice and its nitrogen management on the basis of ORYZA2000[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2005,21(12):141-146.(in Chinese with English abstract).
[15]李会,刘钰,蔡甲冰,等.AquaCrop模型的适用性及应用初探[J].灌溉排水学报,2011,30(3):28-33.Li Hui,Liu Yu,Cai Jiabing,et al.The Applicability and Application of AquaCrop Model[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2011,30(3):28-33.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]Geerts S,Raes D,Garcia M.Using AquaCrop to derive deficit irrigation schedules[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,98(1):213-216.
[17]Geerts,S,Raes,D.Deficit irrigation as an on-farm strategy to maximize crop water productivity in dry areas.[J].Agricultural Water Management,2009,96(9):1275-1284.
[18]杨宁,孙占祥,张立桢,等.基于改进AquaCrop模型的覆膜栽培玉米水分利用过程模拟与验证[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(增刊1):122-132.Yang Ning,Sun Zhanxiang,Zhang Lizhen,et al.Simulation of water use process by film mulched cultivated maize based on improved Aqua Crop model and its verification[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(Supp.1):122-132.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]Mainuddin M,Kirby M,Chu T H.Adaptation to climate change for food security in the lower Mekong Basin[J].Food Security,2011,3(4):433-450.
[20]Shrestha N,Raes D,Vanuytrecht E,et al.Cereal yield stabilization in Terai(Nepal)by water and soil fertility management modeling[J].Agricultural Water Management,2013,122(2):53-62.
[21]于芷婧,尚松浩.华北轮作农田灌溉制度多目标优化模型及应用[J].水利学报,2016,47(9):1188-1196.Yu Zhijing,Shang Songhao.Multi-objective optimization method for irrigation scheduling of crop rotation system and its application in North China[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2016,47(9):1188-1196.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]杨士红,彭世彰,徐俊增,等.不同水氮管理下稻田氨挥发损失特征及模拟[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(11):99-104.Yang Shihong,Peng Shizhang,Xu Junzeng,et al.Characteristics and simulation of ammonia volatilization from paddy fields under different water and nitrogen management[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(11):99-104.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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