施氮量和密度互作对玉米产量和氮肥利用效率的影响
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摘要
【目的】施氮量、种植密度等主要栽培措施的互作效应,往往使氮肥利用效率难以估计和评价,定量分析施氮量和密度互作下玉米产量和氮肥利用效率(NUE)响应的生理过程,对玉米高产氮高效栽培具有参考价值。【方法】以郑单958为材料,在3个种植密度(4.5、7.5和10.5万株/hm2)和3个施氮量(N 0、150和300kg/hm2)条件下进行田间试验。在14叶展期(V14)、吐丝期(R1)、灌浆期(R3)和成熟期(R6)取样,采用长宽系数法测定叶面积后,将样品分为叶片、茎秆(含叶鞘、雄穗)和雌穗(R1、R3);在成熟期,将样品分为茎秆(包括叶片、茎鞘、苞叶、穗轴)和籽粒两部分,记录干质量,测定植株及籽粒全氮含量。分析了玉米碳氮积累与产量形成和氮肥吸收利用的关系。【结果】与N150相比,N300既没有提高玉米群体碳氮积累总量,也没有提高个体生产能力,氮肥利用效率较低;N150和D10.5条件下,玉米产量和氮肥利用效率最高,说明减氮增密是协同提高玉米产量和氮肥利用效率的重要途径。施氮和增密的氮素积累优势主要受V14—R3阶段干物质积累的驱动,且这种关系在花前V14前后就已经建立。V14—R3阶段干物质积累速率与氮素积累速率呈显著正相关,施氮和增密明显促进氮素积累对干物质积累的响应强度。施氮和增密下玉米以花前较低氮浓度获得较高氮积累量,也说明其花前氮积累是以花前大量茎叶干物质积累为前提,花后氮积累则主要取决于雌穗干物质积累。氮密互作对氮收获指数(NHI)无显著影响,而适宜施氮和增密显著提高HI,说明减氮增密获得较高的氮肥利用效率,而与籽粒中氮素分配多少无关,主要取决于籽粒中干物质分配的多少。【结论】施氮量和密度互作通过影响干物质积累量、产量和氮积累量影响氮肥利用效率。合理减氮增密通过促进V14—R3阶段作物生长率和花后物质生产,驱动充足的氮素积累和干物质分配,实现产量与氮肥利用效率的协同提高。
【Objectives】The interaction of N rate and plant density often makes troubles to evaluate the nitrogen use efficiency(NUE) of maize. It is of great importance to analyze the effects of interaction of N rate and plant density on physiological processes of N absorption and utilization and yield formation of maize for revealing mechanism and pathway of enhancing NUE and yield synchronously in maize. 【Methods】Field were conducted using a typical commercial hybrid Zhengdan958 as tested materials in Shulinzhao and Salaqi, Inner Mongolia. The tested plant densities included 45, 75 and 105 thousand plants per hectare(D4.5, D7.5 and D10.5),and N rates included 0, 150 and 300 kg/hm~2(N0, N150 and N300). At the stages of 14-open-leaves(V14), silking(R1), grain filling(R3) and ripening(R6), plant samples were collected, and divided into different parts for measuring biomass, nitrogen contents. The nitrogen use efficiencies were calculated. 【Results】Compared to N150, N300 neither enhanced the total carbon and nitrogen accumulation of maize, nor improved individual plant yield capacity, which induced the low nitrogen use efficiencies under the high N rate. The D10.5 combined with N150 gained the highest yield and NUE, indicated that increased plant density with reduced N rate was an important way to improve maize yield and NUE synchronously. The N accumulation advantage of applying N and increasing plant density was mainly driven by dry matter accumulation during the stage from V14 to R3. N uptake rate was positively correlated with dry matter accumulation rate at the V14-R3 stage, and applying N and increasing plant density remarkably enhanced the response intensity of N accumulation to dry matter accumulation. Under the treatments of applying N and increasing plant density, maize could acquire higher preanthesis N accumulation with lower N concentration, which indicated that pre-anthesis N accumulation primarily depended on shoot dry matter accumulation, while post-anthesis N accumulation was mainly ascribe to ear dry matter accumulation. The interaction of N rate and plant density did not affect the nitrogen harvest index(NHI),but the medium N and high plant density significantly improved HI. This indicated that enhancing NUE by reducing N rate and increasing plant density had nothing to do with nitrogen distribution to grain, but was primarily ascribe to grain dry matter accumulation. 【Conclusions】The interaction of N rate and plant density influences the NUE significantly through affecting dry matter accumulation and N accumulation. Reasonable reduction of N input while increasing plant density could concurrently enhance maize grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency, which physiologically promoted crop growth rate during the bracketing silking and post-anthesis biomass accumulation, and further drove adequate pre-anthesis N accumulation and post-anthesis grain biomass distribution.
【Objectives】The interaction of N rate and plant density often makes troubles to evaluate the nitrogen use efficiency(NUE) of maize. It is of great importance to analyze the effects of interaction of N rate and plant density on physiological processes of N absorption and utilization and yield formation of maize for revealing mechanism and pathway of enhancing NUE and yield synchronously in maize. 【Methods】Field were conducted using a typical commercial hybrid Zhengdan958 as tested materials in Shulinzhao and Salaqi, Inner Mongolia. The tested plant densities included 45, 75 and 105 thousand plants per hectare(D4.5, D7.5 and D10.5),and N rates included 0, 150 and 300 kg/hm~2(N0, N150 and N300). At the stages of 14-open-leaves(V14), silking(R1), grain filling(R3) and ripening(R6), plant samples were collected, and divided into different parts for measuring biomass, nitrogen contents. The nitrogen use efficiencies were calculated. 【Results】Compared to N150, N300 neither enhanced the total carbon and nitrogen accumulation of maize, nor improved individual plant yield capacity, which induced the low nitrogen use efficiencies under the high N rate. The D10.5 combined with N150 gained the highest yield and NUE, indicated that increased plant density with reduced N rate was an important way to improve maize yield and NUE synchronously. The N accumulation advantage of applying N and increasing plant density was mainly driven by dry matter accumulation during the stage from V14 to R3. N uptake rate was positively correlated with dry matter accumulation rate at the V14-R3 stage, and applying N and increasing plant density remarkably enhanced the response intensity of N accumulation to dry matter accumulation. Under the treatments of applying N and increasing plant density, maize could acquire higher preanthesis N accumulation with lower N concentration, which indicated that pre-anthesis N accumulation primarily depended on shoot dry matter accumulation, while post-anthesis N accumulation was mainly ascribe to ear dry matter accumulation. The interaction of N rate and plant density did not affect the nitrogen harvest index(NHI),but the medium N and high plant density significantly improved HI. This indicated that enhancing NUE by reducing N rate and increasing plant density had nothing to do with nitrogen distribution to grain, but was primarily ascribe to grain dry matter accumulation. 【Conclusions】The interaction of N rate and plant density influences the NUE significantly through affecting dry matter accumulation and N accumulation. Reasonable reduction of N input while increasing plant density could concurrently enhance maize grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency, which physiologically promoted crop growth rate during the bracketing silking and post-anthesis biomass accumulation, and further drove adequate pre-anthesis N accumulation and post-anthesis grain biomass distribution.
引文
[1]石红良.我国不同年代玉米品种及其亲本自交系产量和氮效率的变化趋势[D].北京:中国农业科学院博士学位论文,2014.Shi H L.The trend of yield and nitrogen efficiency of maize inbred lines and their parents in different years in China[D].Beijing:PhD Dissertation of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2014.
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[3]Wei M,Kohut A P,Kalyn D,et al.Occurrence of nitrate in groundwater,Grand Forks,British Columbia[J].Quaternary International,1993,20:39-49.
[4]Dobermann A,Cassman K G.Cereal area and nitrogen use efficiency are drivers of future nitrogen fertilizer consumption[J].Science in China,2005,48(S2):745-754.
[5]Moll R H,Kamprath E J,Jackson W A.Analysis and interpretation of factors which contribute to efficiency of nitrogen utilization[J].Agronomy Journal,1982,74(3):562-564.
[6]Coque M,Gallais A.Genetic variation among European maize varieties for nitrogen use efficiency under low and high nitrogen fertilization[J].Maydica,2007,52(4):383-397.
[7]曹胜彪,张吉旺,杨今胜,等.密度对高产夏玉米产量和氮素利用效率的影响[J].玉米科学,2012,20(5):106-110,120.Cao S B,Zhang J W,Yang J S,et al.Effects of density on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of high yield summer maize[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2012,20(5):106-110,120.
[8]夏来坤,陶洪斌,许学彬,等.不同施氮时期对夏玉米干物质积累及氮肥利用的影响[J].玉米科学,2009,17(5):138-140.Xia L K,Tao H B,Xu X B,et al.Effects of different nitrogen application periods on dry matter accumulation and nitrogen use in summer maize[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2009,17(5):138-140.
[9]冯尚宗,王世伟,彭美祥,等.不同种植密度对夏玉米产量、叶面积指数和干物质积累的影响[J].江西农业学报,2015,(3):1-5.Feng S Z,Wang S W,Peng M X,et al.Effects of different planting density on yield,leaf area index and dry matter accumulation of summer maize[J].Jiangxi Journal of Agriculture,2015,(3):1-5.
[10]Boomsma C R,Santini J B,Tollenaar M,et al.Maize per-plant and canopy-level morpho-physiological responses to the simultaneous stresses of intense crowding and low nitrogen availability[J].Agronomy Journal,2009,101:1426-1452.
[11]肖万欣,刘晶,史磊,等.氮密互作对不同株型玉米形态、光合性能及产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(19):3690-3701.Xiao W X,Liu J,Shi L,et al.Effect of nitrogen and density interaction on morphological traits,photosynthetic property and yield of maize hybrid of different plant types[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(19):3690-3701.
[12]胡富亮,郭德林,高杰,等.种植密度对春玉米干物质、氮素积累与转运及产量的影响[J].西北农业学报,2013,22(6):60-66.Hu F L,Guo D L,Gao J,et al.Effects of planting densities on dry matter,nitrogen accumulation and grain yield in spring maize[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica,2013,22(6):60-66.
[13]张经廷,刘云鹏,李旭辉,等.夏玉米各器官氮素积累与分配动态及其对氮肥的响应[J].作物学报,2013,39(3):506-514.Zhang J T,Liu Y P,Li X H,et al.Dynamics of nitrogen accumulation and distribution in different organs of summer maize and their responses to nitrogen fertilizer[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2013,39(3):506-514.
[14]Wang Z G,Gao J L,Ma B L.Concurrent improvement in maize yield and nitrogen use efficiency with integrated agronomic management strategies[J].Agronomy Journal,2014,106(4):1243-1250.
[15]申丽霞,王璞,兰林旺,等.氮密互作对夏玉米物质生产及氮素利用的影响[J].华北农学报,2007,22(1):137-140.Shen L X,Wang P,Lan L W,et al.Effect of nitrogen supply on dry matter productivity and kernel set in summer maize(Zea mays L.)with different plant populations[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2007,22(1):137-140.
[16]盛耀辉,王庆祥,齐华,等.种植密度和氮肥水平对春玉米产量及氮素效率的影响[J].作物杂志,2010,(6):58-61.Sheng Y H,Wang Q X,Qi H,et al.Effects of planting density and nitrogen fertilizer level on yield and nitrogen efficiency of spring maize[J].Crops,2010,(6):58-61.
[17]葛均筑,李淑娅,钟新月,等.施氮量与地膜覆盖对长江中游春玉米产量性能及氮肥利用效率的影响[J].作物学报,2014,40(6):1081-1092.Ge J Z,Li S Y,Zhong X Y,et al.Effects of nitrogen application rate and plastic film mulching on yield,performance and nitrogen use efficiency of spring maize in the middle reaches of Yangtze River[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2014,40(6):1081-1092.
[18]Ma B L,Dwyer L M,Tollenaar M,et al.Stem infusion of nitrogen-15 to quantify nitrogen remobilization in maize[J].Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,1998,29(3/4):305-317.
[19]赵营,同延安,赵护兵.不同供氮水平对夏玉米养分累积、转运及产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(5):622-627.Zhao Y,Tong Y A,Zhao H B.Effects of different N rates on nutrients accumulation,transformation and yield of summer maize[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2006,12(5):622-627.
[20]Echarte L,Andrade F H,Vega C R C,et al.Kernel number determination in Argentinean maize hybrids released between 1965 and 1993[J].Crop Science,2004,44:1654-1661.
[21]Tollenaar M,Lee E A.Dissection of physiological processes underlying grain yield in maize by examining genetic improvement and heterosis[J].Maydica,2006,51:399-408.
[22]Ciampitti A,Vyn T J.A comprehensive study of plant density consequences on nitrogen uptake dynamics of maize plants from vegetative to reproductive stages[J].Field Crops Research,2011,121(1):2-18.
[2]王进军,黄瑞冬.玉米氮效率及其研究进展[J].玉米科学,2005,13(1):89-92.Wang J J,Huang R D.Nitrogen efficiency of maize and its research progress[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2005,13(1):89-92.
[3]Wei M,Kohut A P,Kalyn D,et al.Occurrence of nitrate in groundwater,Grand Forks,British Columbia[J].Quaternary International,1993,20:39-49.
[4]Dobermann A,Cassman K G.Cereal area and nitrogen use efficiency are drivers of future nitrogen fertilizer consumption[J].Science in China,2005,48(S2):745-754.
[5]Moll R H,Kamprath E J,Jackson W A.Analysis and interpretation of factors which contribute to efficiency of nitrogen utilization[J].Agronomy Journal,1982,74(3):562-564.
[6]Coque M,Gallais A.Genetic variation among European maize varieties for nitrogen use efficiency under low and high nitrogen fertilization[J].Maydica,2007,52(4):383-397.
[7]曹胜彪,张吉旺,杨今胜,等.密度对高产夏玉米产量和氮素利用效率的影响[J].玉米科学,2012,20(5):106-110,120.Cao S B,Zhang J W,Yang J S,et al.Effects of density on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of high yield summer maize[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2012,20(5):106-110,120.
[8]夏来坤,陶洪斌,许学彬,等.不同施氮时期对夏玉米干物质积累及氮肥利用的影响[J].玉米科学,2009,17(5):138-140.Xia L K,Tao H B,Xu X B,et al.Effects of different nitrogen application periods on dry matter accumulation and nitrogen use in summer maize[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2009,17(5):138-140.
[9]冯尚宗,王世伟,彭美祥,等.不同种植密度对夏玉米产量、叶面积指数和干物质积累的影响[J].江西农业学报,2015,(3):1-5.Feng S Z,Wang S W,Peng M X,et al.Effects of different planting density on yield,leaf area index and dry matter accumulation of summer maize[J].Jiangxi Journal of Agriculture,2015,(3):1-5.
[10]Boomsma C R,Santini J B,Tollenaar M,et al.Maize per-plant and canopy-level morpho-physiological responses to the simultaneous stresses of intense crowding and low nitrogen availability[J].Agronomy Journal,2009,101:1426-1452.
[11]肖万欣,刘晶,史磊,等.氮密互作对不同株型玉米形态、光合性能及产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(19):3690-3701.Xiao W X,Liu J,Shi L,et al.Effect of nitrogen and density interaction on morphological traits,photosynthetic property and yield of maize hybrid of different plant types[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(19):3690-3701.
[12]胡富亮,郭德林,高杰,等.种植密度对春玉米干物质、氮素积累与转运及产量的影响[J].西北农业学报,2013,22(6):60-66.Hu F L,Guo D L,Gao J,et al.Effects of planting densities on dry matter,nitrogen accumulation and grain yield in spring maize[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica,2013,22(6):60-66.
[13]张经廷,刘云鹏,李旭辉,等.夏玉米各器官氮素积累与分配动态及其对氮肥的响应[J].作物学报,2013,39(3):506-514.Zhang J T,Liu Y P,Li X H,et al.Dynamics of nitrogen accumulation and distribution in different organs of summer maize and their responses to nitrogen fertilizer[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2013,39(3):506-514.
[14]Wang Z G,Gao J L,Ma B L.Concurrent improvement in maize yield and nitrogen use efficiency with integrated agronomic management strategies[J].Agronomy Journal,2014,106(4):1243-1250.
[15]申丽霞,王璞,兰林旺,等.氮密互作对夏玉米物质生产及氮素利用的影响[J].华北农学报,2007,22(1):137-140.Shen L X,Wang P,Lan L W,et al.Effect of nitrogen supply on dry matter productivity and kernel set in summer maize(Zea mays L.)with different plant populations[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2007,22(1):137-140.
[16]盛耀辉,王庆祥,齐华,等.种植密度和氮肥水平对春玉米产量及氮素效率的影响[J].作物杂志,2010,(6):58-61.Sheng Y H,Wang Q X,Qi H,et al.Effects of planting density and nitrogen fertilizer level on yield and nitrogen efficiency of spring maize[J].Crops,2010,(6):58-61.
[17]葛均筑,李淑娅,钟新月,等.施氮量与地膜覆盖对长江中游春玉米产量性能及氮肥利用效率的影响[J].作物学报,2014,40(6):1081-1092.Ge J Z,Li S Y,Zhong X Y,et al.Effects of nitrogen application rate and plastic film mulching on yield,performance and nitrogen use efficiency of spring maize in the middle reaches of Yangtze River[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2014,40(6):1081-1092.
[18]Ma B L,Dwyer L M,Tollenaar M,et al.Stem infusion of nitrogen-15 to quantify nitrogen remobilization in maize[J].Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,1998,29(3/4):305-317.
[19]赵营,同延安,赵护兵.不同供氮水平对夏玉米养分累积、转运及产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(5):622-627.Zhao Y,Tong Y A,Zhao H B.Effects of different N rates on nutrients accumulation,transformation and yield of summer maize[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2006,12(5):622-627.
[20]Echarte L,Andrade F H,Vega C R C,et al.Kernel number determination in Argentinean maize hybrids released between 1965 and 1993[J].Crop Science,2004,44:1654-1661.
[21]Tollenaar M,Lee E A.Dissection of physiological processes underlying grain yield in maize by examining genetic improvement and heterosis[J].Maydica,2006,51:399-408.
[22]Ciampitti A,Vyn T J.A comprehensive study of plant density consequences on nitrogen uptake dynamics of maize plants from vegetative to reproductive stages[J].Field Crops Research,2011,121(1):2-18.