长江源区沙化高寒草地植被群落特征及其与地形因子的关系
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摘要
草地沙化与植物群落演替关系对高寒草地生态系统功能和结构的维持具有重要的意义。以长江源区七渡口沙化高寒草地为研究对象,基于野外植物群落物种组成及地形因子调查数据,运用数量分类与排序等方法,探究了沙化高寒草地植物群落特征及其与微地形环境因子的关系。结果表明:60个调查样方中出现29个植物种,隶属16科,27属。赖草、细叶亚菊、绳虫实等植物种的出现指示高寒草地沙化处于进展之中,植被群落向旱生方向演替。物种标准频度分布在不同微地形表现各异,总体上优势种比例低于稀有种,植被群落处于高度演替阶段。TWINSPAN将沙化高寒草地划分为7个群丛类型:Ⅰ赖草+阿尔泰狗娃花+牛耳风毛菊Leymus secalinus+Heteropappus altaicus+Saussurea woodiana,Ⅱ赖草+喜马拉雅嵩草+绳虫实Leymus secalinus+Kobresia royleana+Corispermum declinatum,Ⅲ赖草+披碱草+细叶亚菊Leymus secalinus+Elymus dahuricu+Ajania tenuifolia,Ⅳ赖草+高山野决明Leymus secalinus+Thermopsis alpina,Ⅴ老芒麦+早熟禾Elymus sibiricus+Poa annua,Ⅵ老芒麦+批碱草Elymus sibiricus+Elymus dahuricus,Ⅶ绳虫实Corispermum declinatum。7个群丛在DCA排序图上的分布呈现一定的规律性。CCA排序结果表明,坡度和坡向是沙化高寒草地物种分布的微地貌主导因子。
Sandy alpine grasslands are an important community type in source regions of the Yangtse and Yellow rivers,which affect the progress and reversal of desertification. Our objective was to determine sandy alpine grassland characteristics and the relationship between plant distribution and microtopography. Typical sandy alpine grassland distributed in hilly sloped lands,floodplains,foothills,and gully areas were selected as four sampling locations and sampled using four sampling lines for a total of 60 samples. Analyses were performed by using winTwin 2.3,Canoco 5.0,and Excel 2013 software. The species composition of the investigated community was simple,with 29 species grouped into27 genera and 16 families. The occurrence of Leymus secalinus,Heteropappus altaicus,and Corispermum declinatum indicated that desertification of alpine grassland is in progress,and the vegetation community was successional to the direction of xeric. Species standard frequency distribution varied with different microtopography,the proportion of dominant species was generally lower than that of rare species,and the vegetation community was in a highly successional stage. We identified seven associations through TWINSPAN: Ass Ⅰ. L. secalinus + H. altaicus + Saussurea woodiana,Ass Ⅱ. L.secalinus+Kobresia royleana + C. declinatum,AssⅢ. L. secalinus+Elymus dahuricus+Ajania tenuifolia,AssⅣ. L. secalinus+Thermopsis alpine,AssⅤ. E. sibiricus +Poa annua,AssⅥ. Elymus sibiricus + E. dahuricus,AssⅦ. C. declinatum. The distribution of the seven associations in the DCA ordination graph showed certain regularity. The results of the CCA ordination reflected that slope and aspect are the dominant factors among microtopography in the species distribution of sandy alpine grassland.
Sandy alpine grasslands are an important community type in source regions of the Yangtse and Yellow rivers,which affect the progress and reversal of desertification. Our objective was to determine sandy alpine grassland characteristics and the relationship between plant distribution and microtopography. Typical sandy alpine grassland distributed in hilly sloped lands,floodplains,foothills,and gully areas were selected as four sampling locations and sampled using four sampling lines for a total of 60 samples. Analyses were performed by using winTwin 2.3,Canoco 5.0,and Excel 2013 software. The species composition of the investigated community was simple,with 29 species grouped into27 genera and 16 families. The occurrence of Leymus secalinus,Heteropappus altaicus,and Corispermum declinatum indicated that desertification of alpine grassland is in progress,and the vegetation community was successional to the direction of xeric. Species standard frequency distribution varied with different microtopography,the proportion of dominant species was generally lower than that of rare species,and the vegetation community was in a highly successional stage. We identified seven associations through TWINSPAN: Ass Ⅰ. L. secalinus + H. altaicus + Saussurea woodiana,Ass Ⅱ. L.secalinus+Kobresia royleana + C. declinatum,AssⅢ. L. secalinus+Elymus dahuricus+Ajania tenuifolia,AssⅣ. L. secalinus+Thermopsis alpine,AssⅤ. E. sibiricus +Poa annua,AssⅥ. Elymus sibiricus + E. dahuricus,AssⅦ. C. declinatum. The distribution of the seven associations in the DCA ordination graph showed certain regularity. The results of the CCA ordination reflected that slope and aspect are the dominant factors among microtopography in the species distribution of sandy alpine grassland.
引文
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[7]赵改红,旦增塔庆,魏学红.青藏高原高寒草地沙化特征的研究进展.草原与草坪,2012,32(5):83-89.
[8]赵哈林,周瑞莲,王进,赵学勇,张铜会.呼伦贝尔沙质草地植被的沙漠化演变规律及其机制.干旱区研究,2011,28(4):565-571.
[9]徐永明,吕世海.风蚀沙化对草原植被生物多样性的影响---以呼伦贝尔草原为例.干旱区资源与环境,2011,25(4):133-137.
[10]方楷,宋乃平,魏乐,安慧.荒漠草原不同地形条件下土壤水分和地上生物量的时空分异.干旱区研究,2012,29(4):641-647.
[11]张萍,康经理,袁瑱,汤京,郝利霞,靳磊.两类植物型沙丘上植物群落的异同及其对沙丘形态的响应.生态学报,2017,37(23):7920-7927.
[12]乌仁其其格,张德平,武晓东,闫瑞瑞,黄学文.呼伦贝尔沙质草甸草原洼地植物群落变化分析.中国沙漠,2008,28(6):1125-1129.
[13]王秀梅,刘志民,刘博,闫守刚.流动沙丘区和固定沙丘区丘间低地植物种间关联关系.生态学杂志,2010,29(1):16-21.
[14]Wang X M.Sandy desertification:borne on the wind.Chinese Science Bulletin,2013,58(20):2395-2403.
[15]徐新良,王靓,李静,蔡红艳.三江源生态工程实施以来草地恢复态势及现状分析.地球信息科学学报,2017,19(1):50-58.
[16]杜岩功,崔骁勇,葛劲松,赵旭东,任杰,王勇.三江源地区高寒草地群落特征研究.草业科学,2010,27(3):9-14.
[17]孙儒泳,李博,诸葛阳,尚玉昌.普通生态学.北京:高等教育出版社,1993.
[18]邵立业,董光荣,陆福根.共和盆地草原沙漠化的正、逆过程与植被演替规律.中国沙漠,1988,8(1):30-40.
[19]赵丽娅,赵哈林.我国沙漠化过程中的植被演替研究概述.中国沙漠,2000,20:7-14.
[20]赵丽娅,李锋瑞,王先之.草地沙化过程地上植被与土壤种子库变化特征.生态学报,2003,23(9):1745-1756.
[21]李昌龙,徐先英,金红喜,王多泽,李菁菁.玛曲高寒草甸沙化过程中群落结构与植物多样性.生态学报,2014,34(14):3953-3961.
[22]万婷,涂卫国,席欢,李裕冬,唐学芳,杨一川.川西北不同程度沙化草地植被和土壤特征研究.草地学报,2013,21(4):650-657.
[23]毛思慧,谢应忠,许冬梅.宁夏盐池县草地沙化对植被与土壤特征的影响.水土保持通报,2014,34(1):34-39.
[24]王建兵,张德罡,曹广民,田青.青藏高原高寒草甸退化演替的分区特征.草业学报,2013,22(2):1-10.
[25]纪磊,干友民,普布扎西,韩金锋,谭剑蓉.若尔盖草地沙化演替阶段植被分异特性//2012年第二届中国草业大会论文集.北京:中国畜牧业协会,2013.
[26]任珩,赵成章.高寒退化草地狼毒与赖草种群空间格局及竞争关系.生态学报,2013,33(2):435-442.
[27]符佩斌.红原高寒草地沙化进程中植物群落及土壤理化性状特征研究[D].雅安:四川农业大学,2015.
[28]赵存玉,王涛.沙质草原沙漠化过程中植被演替研究现状和展望.生态学杂志,2005,24(11):1343-1346.
[29]Chepil W S,Woodruff N P.The physics of wind erosion and its control.Advances in Agronomy,1963,15:211-302.
[30]Lancaster N,Baas A.Influence of vegetation cover on sand transport by wind:field studies at Owens Lake,California.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,1998,23(1):69-82.
[31]马洋,王雪芹,张波,刘进辉,韩章勇,唐钢梁.风蚀和沙埋对塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘骆驼刺水分和光合作用的影响.植物生态学报,2014,38(5):491-498.
[32]何玉惠,赵哈林,刘新平,赵学勇,李玉霖,赵玮.不同类型沙地长穗虫实的繁殖分配及其与个体大小的关系.干旱区研究,2009,26(1):59-64.
[33]Okin G S,Gillette D A,Herrick J E.Multi-scale controls on and consequences of aeolian processes in landscape change in arid and semi-arid environments.Journal of Arid Environments,2006,65(2):253-275.
[34]Hesp P,Martinez M,Da Silva G M,Rodríguez‐Revelo N,Gutierrez E,Humanes A,Laínez D,Monta1o I,Palacios V,Quesada A,Storero L,Trilla G G,Trochine C.Transgressive dunefield landforms and vegetation associations,Do1a Juana,Veracruz,Mexico.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2011,36(3):285-295.
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