海岛植被修复中的耐旱植物筛选及抗旱技术研究
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摘要
针对海岛地理缺水、季节性干旱等造成海岛植被修复工作困难的问题,采用室外模拟实验的方法,研究3种典型的海岛植被修复常用植物——木麻黄、台湾相思和夹竹桃的耐旱能力及使用保水剂、覆盖凋落物对其耐旱能力的影响.结果表明:(1)3种苗木都具有一定的耐旱能力,在长时间干旱胁迫下,耐旱能力从强到弱依次为夹竹桃、台湾相思和木麻黄;(2)在植被修复期间,应根据植物的耐旱能力,适当调整浇水间隔期.为保持良好的生长状态,木麻黄、夹竹桃和台湾相思的浇水间隔期分别是20、15 d和10 d;而在极度缺水的野外,只为保证成活率的情况下,夹竹桃、台湾相思和木麻黄的浇水间隔可以分别延长至60、40 d和30 d;(3)施加土壤保水剂和土壤表面覆盖凋落物均可提高植物成活率,其中,覆盖凋落物效果优于施加保水剂;(4)施加土壤保水剂需控制合理比例,以保水剂与土壤质量比例为1∶500为宜.相关研究成果已在海岛植被修复中得到应用,取得良好效果,可为我国海岛植被修复提供参考.
For island vegetation restoration,geographical water shortage and seasonal drought were tough difficulties. Outdoor experiments were conducted to simulate natural processes to investigate 3 typical plants usually chosen for island vegetation restoration. These plants are Casuarina equisetifolia,Acacia confuse and Nerium indicum.Drought resistant ability of each plant was compared. Impacts of water retention agent and the drought resistant ability by litter coverage on each plant were examined. Results show that( 1) 3 plants all had certain drought resistant ability. The drought-resistant ability under a long-time drought stress is higher for Nerium indicum than Acacia confusa and Casuarina equisetifolia.( 2) When there was a water shortage,watering intervals should be adjusted according to the drought-resistant ability of the plant. in order to keep good growth situation,Casuarina equisetifolia,Nerium indicum and Acacia confusa should be watered once every 20,15 and 10 days,respectively. However,when extremely water shortage occurred judged by the plants withering time under drought stress,watering intervals can be prolonged to 60,40 and 30 days to guarantee the survival of Nerium indicum,Acacia confuse and Casuarina equisetifolia,respectively.( 3) Soil water retention agent and litter coverage can enhance the survival rate of plants and the later has better effect by comparison.( 4) When using the soil water retention agent,the ratio of water retention agent and soil quantity should be controlled,and the advisable ratio is 1 ∶ 500. Our results have been applied in situ and promising results were observed. Thus,the work can provide experiences for island vegetation restoration in our country.
For island vegetation restoration,geographical water shortage and seasonal drought were tough difficulties. Outdoor experiments were conducted to simulate natural processes to investigate 3 typical plants usually chosen for island vegetation restoration. These plants are Casuarina equisetifolia,Acacia confuse and Nerium indicum.Drought resistant ability of each plant was compared. Impacts of water retention agent and the drought resistant ability by litter coverage on each plant were examined. Results show that( 1) 3 plants all had certain drought resistant ability. The drought-resistant ability under a long-time drought stress is higher for Nerium indicum than Acacia confusa and Casuarina equisetifolia.( 2) When there was a water shortage,watering intervals should be adjusted according to the drought-resistant ability of the plant. in order to keep good growth situation,Casuarina equisetifolia,Nerium indicum and Acacia confusa should be watered once every 20,15 and 10 days,respectively. However,when extremely water shortage occurred judged by the plants withering time under drought stress,watering intervals can be prolonged to 60,40 and 30 days to guarantee the survival of Nerium indicum,Acacia confuse and Casuarina equisetifolia,respectively.( 3) Soil water retention agent and litter coverage can enhance the survival rate of plants and the later has better effect by comparison.( 4) When using the soil water retention agent,the ratio of water retention agent and soil quantity should be controlled,and the advisable ratio is 1 ∶ 500. Our results have been applied in situ and promising results were observed. Thus,the work can provide experiences for island vegetation restoration in our country.
引文
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[3]李云飞,李彦慧,王中华,等.土壤干旱胁迫对紫叶矮樱叶片呈色的影响[J].生态学报,2009,29(7):3 678-3 684.
[4]Johnson M S.The effects of gel-forming polyacrylamides on moisture storage in sandy soils[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,1984,35(11):1 196-1 200.
[5]杨永辉,武继承,吴普特,等.秸秆覆盖与保水剂对土壤结构、蒸发及入渗过程的作用机制[J].中国水土保持科学,2009,7(5):70-75.
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[7]Sepaskhah A R,Bazrafshan-Jahromi A R.Controlling runoff and erosion in sloping land with polyacrylamide under a rainfall simulator[J].Biosystems Engineering,2006,93(4):469-474.
[8]Santos F L,Serralheiro R P.Improving infiltration of irrigated Mediterranean soils with polyacrylamide[J].Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research,2000,76(1):83-90.
[9]杨永辉,丁晋利,武继承,等.不同水分条件下保水剂对土壤结构的影响[J].土壤通报,2012(5):1 065-1 072.
[10]杨永辉,武继承,韩庆元,等.保水剂对土壤孔隙影响的定量分析[J].中国水土保持科学,2011,9(6):88-93.
[11]Wang J,Fengmin L I,Song Q,et al.Effects of plastic film mulching on soil temperature and moisture and on yield formation of spring wheat[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,14(2):205-210.
[12]曹燕荣,谷继成,王有年,等.不同覆盖材料对圆黄梨幼树土壤性状及树体生长的影响[J].北京农学院学报,2010,25(1):5-8.
[13]史宏志,陈炳,刘国顺,等.不同覆盖措施的保水效果及对烟叶产质的影响[J].河南农业科学,2007(11):47-50.
[14]吴婕,朱钟麟,郑家国,等.秸秆覆盖还田对土壤理化性质及作物产量的影响[J].西南农业学报,2006,19(2):192-195.
[15]杨永辉,吴普特,武继承,等.保水剂对冬小麦土壤水分和光合生理特征的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2010,8(5):36-41.
[16]张蕊,白岗栓.保水剂在农业生产中的应用及发展前景[J].农学学报,2012,2(7):37-42.
[17]黄雅茹,崔向新,马迎宾,等.半干旱地区多因素保水措施对土壤水分及造林成活率的影响[J].水土保持通报,2014,34(5):166-169.
[18]张建武.地膜覆盖与保水剂在荒山造林中的应用及效果分析[J].甘肃林业科技,2006,31(3):53-54.
[19]全阳.抗污染冠军——夹竹桃[J].新疆林业,1981(3):43.
[20]何春高.相思树栽培试验及在沿海沙地防护林中的应用研究[D].南京:南京林业大学,2007.
[21]邓馨.当植物遭遇干旱[J].生命世界,2009(7):8-11.
[22]林武星,叶功富,郑天汉,等.不同木麻黄树种的抗旱特性及其应用的研究[J].防护林科技,2000,8(1):173-193.
[23]高洁,叶洪刚.攀枝花干热河谷14个树种的耐旱性研究[J].西南林学院学报,1996(3):135-139.
[24]沙桦欣,伍建榕,马焕成,等.接种根瘤菌对台湾相思生长和抗旱能力的影响[J].云南农业大学学报,2013,28(4):517-522.
[25]范富,张庆国,侯迷红,等.保水剂对不同质地土壤保肥性影响的研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2013,31(6):115-120.
[26]李希,贺纪正,郑袁明,等.新型保水剂应用于土壤-小白菜系统的环境安全评价[J].环境科学,2014,35(2):780-785.
[27]万水林,赖华荣,凌永河,等.覆盖与保水剂对脐橙保水抗旱效应的研究[J].江西农业学报,2011,23(6):54-56.
[28]黄雅茹,崔向新,马迎宾,等.半干旱地区多因素保水措施对土壤水分及造林成活率的影响[J].水土保持通报,2014,34(5):166-169.
[29]武继承,管秀娟,杨永辉.地面覆盖和保水剂对冬小麦生长和降水利用的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(1):86-92.
[2]龚明.作物抗旱性鉴定方法与指标及其综合评价[J].云南农业大学学报,1989,4(1):73-81
[3]李云飞,李彦慧,王中华,等.土壤干旱胁迫对紫叶矮樱叶片呈色的影响[J].生态学报,2009,29(7):3 678-3 684.
[4]Johnson M S.The effects of gel-forming polyacrylamides on moisture storage in sandy soils[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,1984,35(11):1 196-1 200.
[5]杨永辉,武继承,吴普特,等.秸秆覆盖与保水剂对土壤结构、蒸发及入渗过程的作用机制[J].中国水土保持科学,2009,7(5):70-75.
[6]Lentz R D,Sojka R E.Field results using polyacrylamide to manage furrow erosion and infiltration[J].Soil Science,1994,158(4):158-274.
[7]Sepaskhah A R,Bazrafshan-Jahromi A R.Controlling runoff and erosion in sloping land with polyacrylamide under a rainfall simulator[J].Biosystems Engineering,2006,93(4):469-474.
[8]Santos F L,Serralheiro R P.Improving infiltration of irrigated Mediterranean soils with polyacrylamide[J].Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research,2000,76(1):83-90.
[9]杨永辉,丁晋利,武继承,等.不同水分条件下保水剂对土壤结构的影响[J].土壤通报,2012(5):1 065-1 072.
[10]杨永辉,武继承,韩庆元,等.保水剂对土壤孔隙影响的定量分析[J].中国水土保持科学,2011,9(6):88-93.
[11]Wang J,Fengmin L I,Song Q,et al.Effects of plastic film mulching on soil temperature and moisture and on yield formation of spring wheat[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,14(2):205-210.
[12]曹燕荣,谷继成,王有年,等.不同覆盖材料对圆黄梨幼树土壤性状及树体生长的影响[J].北京农学院学报,2010,25(1):5-8.
[13]史宏志,陈炳,刘国顺,等.不同覆盖措施的保水效果及对烟叶产质的影响[J].河南农业科学,2007(11):47-50.
[14]吴婕,朱钟麟,郑家国,等.秸秆覆盖还田对土壤理化性质及作物产量的影响[J].西南农业学报,2006,19(2):192-195.
[15]杨永辉,吴普特,武继承,等.保水剂对冬小麦土壤水分和光合生理特征的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2010,8(5):36-41.
[16]张蕊,白岗栓.保水剂在农业生产中的应用及发展前景[J].农学学报,2012,2(7):37-42.
[17]黄雅茹,崔向新,马迎宾,等.半干旱地区多因素保水措施对土壤水分及造林成活率的影响[J].水土保持通报,2014,34(5):166-169.
[18]张建武.地膜覆盖与保水剂在荒山造林中的应用及效果分析[J].甘肃林业科技,2006,31(3):53-54.
[19]全阳.抗污染冠军——夹竹桃[J].新疆林业,1981(3):43.
[20]何春高.相思树栽培试验及在沿海沙地防护林中的应用研究[D].南京:南京林业大学,2007.
[21]邓馨.当植物遭遇干旱[J].生命世界,2009(7):8-11.
[22]林武星,叶功富,郑天汉,等.不同木麻黄树种的抗旱特性及其应用的研究[J].防护林科技,2000,8(1):173-193.
[23]高洁,叶洪刚.攀枝花干热河谷14个树种的耐旱性研究[J].西南林学院学报,1996(3):135-139.
[24]沙桦欣,伍建榕,马焕成,等.接种根瘤菌对台湾相思生长和抗旱能力的影响[J].云南农业大学学报,2013,28(4):517-522.
[25]范富,张庆国,侯迷红,等.保水剂对不同质地土壤保肥性影响的研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2013,31(6):115-120.
[26]李希,贺纪正,郑袁明,等.新型保水剂应用于土壤-小白菜系统的环境安全评价[J].环境科学,2014,35(2):780-785.
[27]万水林,赖华荣,凌永河,等.覆盖与保水剂对脐橙保水抗旱效应的研究[J].江西农业学报,2011,23(6):54-56.
[28]黄雅茹,崔向新,马迎宾,等.半干旱地区多因素保水措施对土壤水分及造林成活率的影响[J].水土保持通报,2014,34(5):166-169.
[29]武继承,管秀娟,杨永辉.地面覆盖和保水剂对冬小麦生长和降水利用的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(1):86-92.