潮汐汊道及其沙滩的安全风险和动力机制
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摘要
为提高海水浴场的安全性,避免发生溺水事故,文章以潮汐汊道及其沙滩的动力地貌结构和发育演变为基础,研究青岛市灵山湾城市阳台海水浴场沙滩的安全风险和动力机制,并提出风险防范建议。研究结果表明:河口潮汐汊道落潮流三角洲的潮汐水道延伸至沙滩滩面,高潮时淹没,落急时水流集中,形成流向外海的高速水流,极易引发海水浴场安全事故;区域落潮流与汊道落潮流相叠加、落潮流三角洲阻挡沿岸输沙造成下游局部岸段侵蚀以及沿岸输沙变化导致水道迁移摆动等因素进一步加大潮汐汊道附近沙滩的安全风险;安全风险最大的地点位于沿岸输沙下游与区域落潮流流向一致的潮汐水道末端附近沙滩,且该位置不稳定,随波浪场发生年际和季节变化;在潮汐汊道沙滩岸段设置海水浴场前应研究其动力地貌和发育演变,划分危险区和安全区,浴场设置后定期监测并确定危险区的位置,并在沙滩安全维护和质量评价等方面将潮汐汊道作为重要判定指标。
In order to improve the safety of bathing beach and avoid drowning accidents,risk and the dynamic mechanism of Chengshiyangtai bathing beach in Lingshan bay of Qingdao was studied based on the dynamic geomorphologic structure and the evolution of the two tidal inlets close to the beach as well as the beach itself.The results showed that the ebb tidal channels in the ebb tidal delta of the tidal inlets extend to the beach,and they are submerged during the high tides while the water concentrates in them and rapid flows to the sea are formed during the ebb,which is extremely easy to cause safety accidents on the beach.Besides,the overlap of the regional ebb tidal currents with that from the tidal inlets,and the down-drift erosion caused by the sand sink in the ebb tidal deltas as well as the seasonal and inter-annual channel shifts caused by the variation of wave field and the longshore sediment transport increased the risk on the beach adjacent to the tidal inlets.It was suggested that the dynamic geomorphology and evolution of the beach and the adjacent tidal inlets should be studied before a bathing beach setting up,and the dangerous area and safe area should be divided.The water depth and the landform should be surveyed regularly to ensure the safety area.And tidal inlets should be considered as an important indicator when management methods and quality evaluation was made of bathing beaches.
In order to improve the safety of bathing beach and avoid drowning accidents,risk and the dynamic mechanism of Chengshiyangtai bathing beach in Lingshan bay of Qingdao was studied based on the dynamic geomorphologic structure and the evolution of the two tidal inlets close to the beach as well as the beach itself.The results showed that the ebb tidal channels in the ebb tidal delta of the tidal inlets extend to the beach,and they are submerged during the high tides while the water concentrates in them and rapid flows to the sea are formed during the ebb,which is extremely easy to cause safety accidents on the beach.Besides,the overlap of the regional ebb tidal currents with that from the tidal inlets,and the down-drift erosion caused by the sand sink in the ebb tidal deltas as well as the seasonal and inter-annual channel shifts caused by the variation of wave field and the longshore sediment transport increased the risk on the beach adjacent to the tidal inlets.It was suggested that the dynamic geomorphology and evolution of the beach and the adjacent tidal inlets should be studied before a bathing beach setting up,and the dangerous area and safe area should be divided.The water depth and the landform should be surveyed regularly to ensure the safety area.And tidal inlets should be considered as an important indicator when management methods and quality evaluation was made of bathing beaches.
引文
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[6] 任美锷,张忍顺.潮汐汊道的若干问题[J].海洋学报,1983,6(3):352-360.
[7] HAYES M O.Morphology of sand accumulation in Estuaries in Cronin[J].Estuarine Research,1975(2):3-22.
[8] WEGGEL J R,PERLIN M.Statistical description of longshore transport environment[J].Port and Coast,1988,114(2):125-145.
[9] 张乔民,郑德延,李绍宁,等.湛江港潮汐汊道落潮流三角洲沉积动力过程[J].地理学报,1995,50(5):421-429.
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[12] 王御华,恽才兴.河口海岸工程导论[M].北京:海洋出版社,2004.
[13] 刘亚东,黄翠艳,姜雯,等.青岛市降水量和参考作物蒸散量的变化特征分析[J].青岛农业大学学报(自然科学版),2014,31(1):13-17.
[14] 庄振业,印萍,吴建政,等.鲁南沙质海岸的侵蚀量及其影响因素[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2000,20(3):15-21.
[15] 国家海洋局第一海洋研究所.灵山湾海水浴场项目海域使用论证报告表[Z].2013.
[16] 李乃胜,于洪军,赵松龄,等.胶州湾自然环境与地质演化[M].北京:海洋出版社,2006.
[17] 赵永芳,徐方建,刘清容,等.青岛市灵山湾海水浴场表层沉积物粒度冬季变化特征及其原因[J].海洋科学,2016,40(3):108-117.
[18] 鹿徽,顾磊.金沙湾海滩安全维护系统之研究:中国海滩管理进入现代化之基础[J].社会体育学,2015,5(20):172-173.
[19] 冯若燕,余静,李鹏.我国海滩管理问题成因分析及对策建议[J].海洋开发与管理,2016,33(9):33-36.
[20] 孙静.青岛市海滩沉积地貌及质量评价[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2012.
[21] 李占海,柯贤坤,周旅复,等.海滩旅游资源质量评比体系[J].自然资源学报,2000,15(3):229-235.
[22] WILLIAMS A T,LEATHERMAN S P,SIMMONS S L.Beach aesthetic values:the SW peninsula[R].Coastal Congress,1992.
[23] HICKST D M,HUME T M.Morphology and size of ebb tidal deltas at natural inlets on open-sea and pocket-bay coasts,North Island,New Zealand[J].Journal of Coastal Research,1996,12(1):47-63.
[24] 戴志军,施伟勇,陈浩.沙坝-潟湖海岸研究进展与展望[J].上海国土资源,2011,32(3):12-17.
[25] SENTHILKUMAR R,MURALI K,SUNDAR V.Stability of micro-tidal inlets along coastlines dominated by littoral drift[J].Coast Conserve,2017,21:789-801.
[26] REYES-MERLO M A,MIGUEL O S,MANUEL D M,et al.Efficient dredging strategy in a tidal inlet based on an energetic approach[J].Ocean &Coastal Management,2017,146:157-169.
[27] ANH T K,SIERD V,MARCEL J F S.Beach evolution adjacent to a seasonally varying tidal inlet in central vietnam[J].Journal of Coastal Research,2018,34(1):6-25.
[2] SHORT A D,HOGAN C L.Rip currents and beach hazards:their impact on public safety and implications for coast manage[J].J Coast Res,1994,12(SI):197-209.
[3] LASCODY R L.East Central Florida rip current program[J].National Weather Digest,1998,22(2):25-30.
[4] SCOTT T M,RUSSELL P E,MASSELINK G,et al.Rip current hazards on large-tidal beaches in the United Kingdom[C].New York:CRC Press,2011.
[5] 张忍顺.中国潮汐汊道的研究进展[J].地球科学进展,1994,9(4):45-49.
[6] 任美锷,张忍顺.潮汐汊道的若干问题[J].海洋学报,1983,6(3):352-360.
[7] HAYES M O.Morphology of sand accumulation in Estuaries in Cronin[J].Estuarine Research,1975(2):3-22.
[8] WEGGEL J R,PERLIN M.Statistical description of longshore transport environment[J].Port and Coast,1988,114(2):125-145.
[9] 张乔民,郑德延,李绍宁,等.湛江港潮汐汊道落潮流三角洲沉积动力过程[J].地理学报,1995,50(5):421-429.
[10] BRUUN P,JOHNSON I G.Stability of tidal inlets-theory and engineering[M].New York:Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company,1978.
[11] BRUUN P.Morphological and navigational aspects of tidal inlets on littoral drift shore[J].Coast Research,1986,2(2):123-145.
[12] 王御华,恽才兴.河口海岸工程导论[M].北京:海洋出版社,2004.
[13] 刘亚东,黄翠艳,姜雯,等.青岛市降水量和参考作物蒸散量的变化特征分析[J].青岛农业大学学报(自然科学版),2014,31(1):13-17.
[14] 庄振业,印萍,吴建政,等.鲁南沙质海岸的侵蚀量及其影响因素[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2000,20(3):15-21.
[15] 国家海洋局第一海洋研究所.灵山湾海水浴场项目海域使用论证报告表[Z].2013.
[16] 李乃胜,于洪军,赵松龄,等.胶州湾自然环境与地质演化[M].北京:海洋出版社,2006.
[17] 赵永芳,徐方建,刘清容,等.青岛市灵山湾海水浴场表层沉积物粒度冬季变化特征及其原因[J].海洋科学,2016,40(3):108-117.
[18] 鹿徽,顾磊.金沙湾海滩安全维护系统之研究:中国海滩管理进入现代化之基础[J].社会体育学,2015,5(20):172-173.
[19] 冯若燕,余静,李鹏.我国海滩管理问题成因分析及对策建议[J].海洋开发与管理,2016,33(9):33-36.
[20] 孙静.青岛市海滩沉积地貌及质量评价[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2012.
[21] 李占海,柯贤坤,周旅复,等.海滩旅游资源质量评比体系[J].自然资源学报,2000,15(3):229-235.
[22] WILLIAMS A T,LEATHERMAN S P,SIMMONS S L.Beach aesthetic values:the SW peninsula[R].Coastal Congress,1992.
[23] HICKST D M,HUME T M.Morphology and size of ebb tidal deltas at natural inlets on open-sea and pocket-bay coasts,North Island,New Zealand[J].Journal of Coastal Research,1996,12(1):47-63.
[24] 戴志军,施伟勇,陈浩.沙坝-潟湖海岸研究进展与展望[J].上海国土资源,2011,32(3):12-17.
[25] SENTHILKUMAR R,MURALI K,SUNDAR V.Stability of micro-tidal inlets along coastlines dominated by littoral drift[J].Coast Conserve,2017,21:789-801.
[26] REYES-MERLO M A,MIGUEL O S,MANUEL D M,et al.Efficient dredging strategy in a tidal inlet based on an energetic approach[J].Ocean &Coastal Management,2017,146:157-169.
[27] ANH T K,SIERD V,MARCEL J F S.Beach evolution adjacent to a seasonally varying tidal inlet in central vietnam[J].Journal of Coastal Research,2018,34(1):6-25.