表土粒度特征对风蚀荒漠化的响应
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摘要
为了阐明风蚀对表土粒度特征的影响,采用时空替代法选择毛乌素沙地5种不同利用类型的土地(草地、新垦耕地、7~8年耕地、>20年耕地、沙丘),以其表层土壤(0~1、1~2、2~3、3~4、4~5 cm)为研究对象,通过野外实地采样和室内实验相结合的方法进行土壤机械组成与土壤颗粒分形分析。结果表明:1)5个样地表层土壤机械组成均以细沙质量分数最高,为62.52%~80.40%,粗沙质量分数最低,仅为0.16%~0.43%,不同粒级土壤颗粒的质量分数高低排序为:细沙>中沙>极细沙+粉沙>粗沙,说明研究区土壤基质组成以细沙为主,沙物质分选好;2)5个样地不同采样深度上的粗沙和中沙质量分数从大到小为0~1 cm>1~2 cm>2~3 cm>3~4 cm>4~5 cm;细沙质量分数各层次之间差异不显著(P=0.4558),以0~1 cm层的质量分数最低;极细沙+粉沙的质量分数0~1 cm和1~2 cm层显著低于其他3层(P=0.0126),表明从草地到沙丘的演化是一个主要以极细沙+粉沙质量分数减少的风蚀荒漠化过程;3)土壤颗粒分形维数与极细沙+粉沙的质量分数呈极显著正相关关系,D=0.3661lnx+1.3409(P<0.0001)。5个样地的土壤颗粒分形维数存在极显著差异(P<0.0001),从大到小依次为:草地(2.579)、新垦耕地(2.479)、7~8年耕地(2.361)、>20年耕地(2.100)、沙丘(1.716)。因此认为土壤颗粒分形维数可替代土壤机械组成来表征土地风蚀荒漠化的程度。
To illustrate the effect of wind erosion on the grain size characteristics of the surface soil, five different land use types of Mu Us sandy land were chosen by a space-time substitution method. The soil mechanical composition and fractal dimension of top soil(0-1, 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5 cm) were analyzed through field sampling and laboratory experiments. The results show that the mass fraction of fine sand was the highest compared with that of other types of sand, and the mass fraction of coarse sand was the lowest among the five sample plots. The mass fraction of soil grains with different size fraction was in the following order: fine sand, middle sand, extremely fine sand+ silt sand, coarse sand, indicating fine sand is the main element in soil matrix composition in the studied area, and the sand has good sorting. The mass fraction of coarse sand and middle sand from high to low at different sampling depth swas in the following order: 0-1, 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5 cm. The mass fraction of fine sand did not have significant difference at different sampling depths(P=0.4558), but the minimum content of it appeared at 0-1 cm. The mass fraction of extremely fine sand + silt sand at 0-1 cm and 1-2 cm was significantly lower than that at the other three layers(P=0.0126). It indicates that the evolution process from grasslands to sand dunes is a wind erosion desertification process, and the mass fraction of extremely fine sand + silt sand has been reduced. There was a highly significantly positive correlation between the fractal dimension and the mass fraction of the extremely fine sand + silt sand(P<0.0001). The fractal dimension of the five sampling plots has highly significant differences(P<0.0001), and the order is the grassland(2.579), the newly cultivated land(2.479), 7-8 a farmland(2.361), >20 a farmland(2.100),and sand dune(1.716). Therefore, the fractal dimension could replace the soil mechanical composition to represent the degree of land desertification.
To illustrate the effect of wind erosion on the grain size characteristics of the surface soil, five different land use types of Mu Us sandy land were chosen by a space-time substitution method. The soil mechanical composition and fractal dimension of top soil(0-1, 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5 cm) were analyzed through field sampling and laboratory experiments. The results show that the mass fraction of fine sand was the highest compared with that of other types of sand, and the mass fraction of coarse sand was the lowest among the five sample plots. The mass fraction of soil grains with different size fraction was in the following order: fine sand, middle sand, extremely fine sand+ silt sand, coarse sand, indicating fine sand is the main element in soil matrix composition in the studied area, and the sand has good sorting. The mass fraction of coarse sand and middle sand from high to low at different sampling depth swas in the following order: 0-1, 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5 cm. The mass fraction of fine sand did not have significant difference at different sampling depths(P=0.4558), but the minimum content of it appeared at 0-1 cm. The mass fraction of extremely fine sand + silt sand at 0-1 cm and 1-2 cm was significantly lower than that at the other three layers(P=0.0126). It indicates that the evolution process from grasslands to sand dunes is a wind erosion desertification process, and the mass fraction of extremely fine sand + silt sand has been reduced. There was a highly significantly positive correlation between the fractal dimension and the mass fraction of the extremely fine sand + silt sand(P<0.0001). The fractal dimension of the five sampling plots has highly significant differences(P<0.0001), and the order is the grassland(2.579), the newly cultivated land(2.479), 7-8 a farmland(2.361), >20 a farmland(2.100),and sand dune(1.716). Therefore, the fractal dimension could replace the soil mechanical composition to represent the degree of land desertification.
引文
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[15]贾晓红,李新荣,张景光,等.沙冬青灌丛地的土壤颗粒大小分形维数空间变异性分析[J].生态学报,2006,26(9):2827-2833.Jia Xiaohong,Li Xinrong,Zhang Jingguang,et al.Spatialheterogeneity analysis of fractal dimension of soil particle forAmmopiptanhus mongolicus shrub[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(9):2827-2833.
[16]张世熔,邓良基,周倩,等.耕层土壤颗粒表面的分形维数及其与主要土壤特性的关系[J].土壤学报,2002,39(2):221-226.Zhang Shirong,Deng Liangji,Zhou Qian,et al.Fractal dimensions ofparticle surface in the plowed layers and their relationships with mainsoil properties[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2002,39(2):221-226.
[17]苏永中,赵哈林.科尔沁沙地农田沙漠化演变中土壤颗粒分形特征[J].生态学报,2004,24(1):71-74.Su Yongzhong,Zhao Halin.Fractal features of soil particle sizedistribution in the desertification process of the farmland in HorqinSandy Land[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(1):71-74.
[18]章予舒,谢高地,肖玉.弃耕农田土壤分形特征研究——以内蒙古自治区伊金霍洛旗为例[J].中国生态农业学报,2005,13(3):42-44.Zhang Yushu,Xie Gaodi,Xiao Yu.Research on soil fractal feature ofabandoned farmland:A case study from Yijinhuoluo County,InnerMongolia Autonomous Region[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2005,13(3):42-44.
[19]赵文智,刘志民,程国栋.土地沙质荒漠化过程的土壤分形特征[J].土壤学报,2002,39(6):877-881.Zhao Wenzhi,Liu Zhimin,Cheng Guodong.Fractal dimension of soilparticle for sand desertification[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2002,39(6):877-881.
[20]吴承祯,洪伟.不同经营模式土壤团粒结构的分形特征研究[J].土壤学报,1999,36(2):163-167.Wu Chengzhen,Hong Wei.Study on fractal features of soil aggregatestructure under different management patterns[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,1999,36(2):163-167.
[2]Chepil W S.Proper ties of soil which influence wind erosion:I.Thegoverning principle of surface roughness[J].Soil Science,1950,69:149-162.
[3]Chepil W S.Factors that influence clod structure and erodi-ability of soilbywind:II.Waterstablestructure[J].SoilScience,1953,76:389-399.
[4]Chepil W S.Factors that influence clod structure and erodi-ability ofsoil by wind:IV.Sand silt and clay[J].Soil Science,1955,80:155-162.
[5]Skidmore E L,Powers D H.Dry soil-aggregate stability:Energy-basedindex[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1982,46:1274-1279.
[6]朱震达,陈治平,吴正,等.塔克拉玛干沙漠风沙地貌研究[M].北京:科学出版社,1981:96-106.Zhu Zhenda,Chen Zhiping,Wu Zheng,et al.Aeolian geomorphologyresearch of Taklimakan desert[M].Beijing:Science Press,1981:96-106.
[7]陈广庭.北京平原土壤机械组成和抗风蚀能力的分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,1991,5(1):103-113.Chen Guangting.Analyses of mechanical composition and resistance towind erosion of soil in Beijing plain[J].Journal of Arid Land Resourcesand Environment,1991,5(1):103-113.
[8]董治宝,李振山.风成沙粒度特征对其风蚀可蚀性的影响[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1998,4(4):1-6.Dong Zhibao,Li Zhenshan.Wind erodibility of aeolian sand asinfluenced by grain-size parameters[J].Journal of Soil Erosion and Soiland Water Conservation,1998,4(4):1-6.
[9]史培军.中国土壤风蚀研究的现状与展望[R].北京:第十二届国际水土保持大会,2002.Shi Peijun.Present situation and forecast of soil wind erosion researchin Chinese[R].Beijing:The 12th International Water and Soil Conservation Conference,2002.
[10]高永,虞毅,汪季,等.一种可以分层采取土壤样品的取土器:中国,ZL 2010 2 0633704.X[P].2014-05-23.Gao Yong,Yu Yi,Wang Ji,et al.The layered soil sampler:China,ZL2010 2 0633704.X[P].2014-05-23.
[11]马世威,马玉明,姚洪林,等.沙漠学[M].呼和浩特:内蒙古人民出版社,1998.Ma Shiwei,Ma Yuming,Yao Honglin,et al.Eremology[M].Hohhot:Inner Mongolia People Press,1998.
[12]杨培岭,罗远培,石元春.用粒径的重量分布表征的土壤分形特征[J].科学通报,1993,38(20):1896-1899.Yang Peiling,Luo Yuanpei,Shi Yuanchun.Fractal features of soilscharacterized by mass grain size distribution[J].Chinese ScienceBulletin,1993,38(20):1896-1899.
[13]朱震达,吴正,刘恕,等.中国沙漠概论(修订版)[M].北京:科学出版社,1980.Zhu Zhenda,Wu Zheng,Liu Shu,et al.Chinese introduction to desert(Revised edition)[M].Beijing:Science Press,1980.
[14]张继义,王娟,赵哈林.沙地植被恢复过程土壤颗粒组成变化及其空间变异特征[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(3):153-157.Zhang Jiyi,Wang Juan,Zhao Halin.Changes in soil particles fractionand its spatial variation characteristics in restoration processes ofsandy desertification land[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,23(3):153-157.
[15]贾晓红,李新荣,张景光,等.沙冬青灌丛地的土壤颗粒大小分形维数空间变异性分析[J].生态学报,2006,26(9):2827-2833.Jia Xiaohong,Li Xinrong,Zhang Jingguang,et al.Spatialheterogeneity analysis of fractal dimension of soil particle forAmmopiptanhus mongolicus shrub[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(9):2827-2833.
[16]张世熔,邓良基,周倩,等.耕层土壤颗粒表面的分形维数及其与主要土壤特性的关系[J].土壤学报,2002,39(2):221-226.Zhang Shirong,Deng Liangji,Zhou Qian,et al.Fractal dimensions ofparticle surface in the plowed layers and their relationships with mainsoil properties[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2002,39(2):221-226.
[17]苏永中,赵哈林.科尔沁沙地农田沙漠化演变中土壤颗粒分形特征[J].生态学报,2004,24(1):71-74.Su Yongzhong,Zhao Halin.Fractal features of soil particle sizedistribution in the desertification process of the farmland in HorqinSandy Land[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(1):71-74.
[18]章予舒,谢高地,肖玉.弃耕农田土壤分形特征研究——以内蒙古自治区伊金霍洛旗为例[J].中国生态农业学报,2005,13(3):42-44.Zhang Yushu,Xie Gaodi,Xiao Yu.Research on soil fractal feature ofabandoned farmland:A case study from Yijinhuoluo County,InnerMongolia Autonomous Region[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2005,13(3):42-44.
[19]赵文智,刘志民,程国栋.土地沙质荒漠化过程的土壤分形特征[J].土壤学报,2002,39(6):877-881.Zhao Wenzhi,Liu Zhimin,Cheng Guodong.Fractal dimension of soilparticle for sand desertification[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2002,39(6):877-881.
[20]吴承祯,洪伟.不同经营模式土壤团粒结构的分形特征研究[J].土壤学报,1999,36(2):163-167.Wu Chengzhen,Hong Wei.Study on fractal features of soil aggregatestructure under different management patterns[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,1999,36(2):163-167.