顾及局部微地形特征的DEM洼地处理算法
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摘要
基于数字高程模型(DEM)的洼地处理过程是分布式水文建模的基础步骤,但也是极其耗时的环节。随着DEM数据量的不断提高,洼地处理的效率提升成为解决当前分布式水文分析的重要突破口。该文在对局部微地形特征剖析的基础上,提出了局部微地形漫水算法(MFF算法),该方法分析了洼地处理过程中的8种局部微地形模式,并提出了两种洼地处理过程中的冗余点判别方法。通过对微地形中冗余点、洼地、平地的优化处理,实现了算法效率的有效提升。最后,以70个不同数据量的DEM为实验数据,分析了MFF算法的正确性与计算效率。实验结果表明:MFF算法在保证运算正确性的基础上,相比W&L算法,执行效率平均提高40.13%,最大提高57.21%,可望为DEM高效水文分析提供新的方法。
Depression filling is a basic operation step in the study of distributed hydrological model based on Digital Elevation Models(DEMs).The Priority-Flood(PF)approach is a widely used method for traditional depression filling process due to its relative high efficiency when dealing with a small size of DEM.However,it is still a time-consuming procedure which should be improved significantly.With the increase of DEM resolution,it is a new breakthrough that the efficiency of depression filling should be further improved.In this paper,we find that significant redundant calculations in local micro-relief areas widely exist in conventional Priority-Flood algorithm.Although these redundant calculations seem acceptable when dealing with a small size of DEM,while it is quite time-consuming when dealing with large size of DEM.A Micro-relief Flood Fill(MFF)algorithm is proposed which takes local micro terrain features into full consideration.In this method,redundant points,depressions and flats will be processed optimally,in order to further promote the efficiency of depression filling.And then,70 DEM data with different sizes are used to test the new algorithm.A comparative analysis is also conducted to investigate the accuracy and efficiency.Experimental results show that the MFF algorithm can not only fill the depression accurately,but also improve the efficiency up to 40.13%than that of W&L algorithm on average and 57.21%at most.This method is expected to provide a new approach to high-efficient hydrological analysis based on DEMs.
Depression filling is a basic operation step in the study of distributed hydrological model based on Digital Elevation Models(DEMs).The Priority-Flood(PF)approach is a widely used method for traditional depression filling process due to its relative high efficiency when dealing with a small size of DEM.However,it is still a time-consuming procedure which should be improved significantly.With the increase of DEM resolution,it is a new breakthrough that the efficiency of depression filling should be further improved.In this paper,we find that significant redundant calculations in local micro-relief areas widely exist in conventional Priority-Flood algorithm.Although these redundant calculations seem acceptable when dealing with a small size of DEM,while it is quite time-consuming when dealing with large size of DEM.A Micro-relief Flood Fill(MFF)algorithm is proposed which takes local micro terrain features into full consideration.In this method,redundant points,depressions and flats will be processed optimally,in order to further promote the efficiency of depression filling.And then,70 DEM data with different sizes are used to test the new algorithm.A comparative analysis is also conducted to investigate the accuracy and efficiency.Experimental results show that the MFF algorithm can not only fill the depression accurately,but also improve the efficiency up to 40.13%than that of W&L algorithm on average and 57.21%at most.This method is expected to provide a new approach to high-efficient hydrological analysis based on DEMs.
引文
[1]朱庆,田一翔,张叶廷.从规则格网DEM自动提取汇水区域及其子区域的方法[J].测绘学报,2005,34(2):129-133.
[2]刘学军,王永君,龚健雅,等.DEM流域网络提取算法的误差特性分析[J].测绘学报,2007,36(2):224-230.
[3]丁雨淋,杜志强,朱庆,等.洪水淹没分析中的自适应逐点水位修正算法[J].测绘学报,2013,42(4):546-553.
[4]李精忠,艾廷华,王洪.一种基于谷地填充的DEM综合方法[J].测绘学报,2009,38(3):272-275.
[5]刘学军,晋蓓,王彦芳.DEM流径算法的相似性分析[J].地理研究,2008,27(6):1347-1357.
[6]刘光,李树德,张亮.基于DEM的沟谷系统提取算法综述[J].地理与地理信息科学,2003,19(5):11-15.
[7]杨晓云,顾利亚,岑敏仪,等.基于不同大小窗口的移动曲面拟合法探测不规则DEM粗差的一种方法[J].测绘学报,2005,34(2):148-153.
[8]秦承志,李宝林,朱阿兴,等.水流分配策略随下坡坡度变化的多流向算法[J].水科学进展,2006,17(4):450-456.
[9]闾国年,钱亚东,陈钟明.黄土丘陵沟壑区沟谷网络自动制图技术研究[J].测绘学报,1998,27(2):40-46.
[10]朱庆,赵杰,钟正,等.基于规则格网DEM的地形特征提取算法[J].测绘学报,2004,33(1):77-82.
[11]沈定涛,王结臣,张煜,等.一种面向海量数字高程模型数据的洪水淹没区快速生成算法[J].测绘学报,2014,43(6):645-652.
[12]O′CALLAGHAN J F,MARK D M.The extraction of drainage networks from digital elevation data[J].Computer Vision,Graphics,and Image Processing,1984,28(3):323-344.
[13]PLANCHON O,DARBOUX F.A fast,simple and versatile algorithm to fill the depressions of digital elevation models[J].Catena,2002,46(2-3):159-176.
[14]ZHU Q,TIAN Y,ZHAO J.An efficient depression processing algorithm for hydrologic analysis[J].Computers&Geosciences,2006,32(5):615-623.
[15]JENSON S K,DOMINGUE J O.Extracting topographic structure from digital elevation data for geographic information system analysis[J].Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,1988,54(11):1593-1600.
[16]ARNOLD N.A new approach for dealing with depressions in digital elevation models when calculating flow accumulation values[J].Progress in Physical Geography,2010,34(6):781-809.
[17]MARTZ L W,JONG E D.CATCH:A FORTRAN program for measuring catchment area from digital elevation models[J].Computers&Geosciences,1988,14(5):627-640.
[18]RUEDA A,NOGUERA J M,MARTNEZ-CRUZ C.A flooding algorithm for extracting drainage networks from unprocessed digital elevation models[J].Computers&Geosciences,2013,59:116-123.
[19]MORAN C J,VEZINA G.Visualizing soil surfaces and crop residues[J].IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,1993,13(2):40-47.
[20]GARBRECHT J,MARTZ L W.The assignment of drainage direction over flat surfaces in raster digital elevation models[J].Journal of Hydrology,1997,193(1-4):204-213.
[21]METZ M,MITASOVA H,HARMON R S.Accurate stream extraction from large,radar-based elevation models[J].Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions,2010,7(3):3213-3235.
[22]BEUCHER S,MEYER F.The Morphological Approach to Segmentation:the Watershed Transformation[M].New York:Rochester Institute of Technology,1993.433-481.
[23]GOMES T L,MAGALHESS V,ANDRADE M V,et al.Computing the drainage network on huge grid terrains[A].Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Analytics for Big Geospatial Data[C].New York:ACM,2012.53-60.
[24]SOILLE P,GRATIN C.An efficient algorithm for drainage network extraction on DEMs[J].Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation,1994,5(2):181-189.
[25]LIU Y,ZHANG W,XU J.Another fast and simple DEM depression-filling algorithm based on priority queue structure[J].Atmos.Oceanic Sci.Lett,2009,2(4):214-219.
[26]ZHU D,REN Q,XUAN Y,et al.An effective depression filling algorithm for DEM-based 2-D surface flow modelling[J].Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2013,17(2):495-505.
[27]MAGALHESSV,ANDRADE M V,FRANKLIN W R,et al.A New Method for Computing the Drainage Network Based on Raising the Level of an Ocean Surrounding the Terrain[M].Berlin:Springer Berlin Heidelberg,2012.391-407.
[28]BARNES R,LEHMAN C,MULLA D.Priority-flood:An optimal depression-filling and watershed-labeling algorithm for digital elevation models[J].Computers&Geosciences,2014,62:117-127.
[29]WANG L,LIU H.An efficient method for identifying and filling surface depressions in digital elevation models for hydrologic analysis and modelling[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2006,20(2):193-213.
[30]江岭,汤国安,宋效东,等.顾及粒度控制的格网DEM洼地和平坦区预处理并行算法[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2014,39(12):1457-1462.
[31]刘军志,朱阿兴,秦承志,等.分布式水文模型的并行计算研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2013,32(4):538-547.
[32]李辉,陈晓玲,张利华,等.基于三方向搜索的DEM中洼地处理方法[J].水科学进展,2009,20(4):473-479.
[33]徐精文,张万昌,符淙斌.适用于大尺度水文气候模式的DEM洼地填充和平坦区处理的新方法[J].水利学报,2007,38(12):1414-1420.
[34]谢顺平,都金康,王腊春.利用DEM提取流域水系时洼地与平地的处理方法[J].水科学进展,2005,16(4):535-540.
[35]王建平,任立良,吴益.一种新的DEM填洼处理算法[J].地球信息科学,2005,7(3):51-54.
[36]孔凡哲,芮孝芳.处理DEM中闭合洼地和平坦区域的一种新方法[J].水科学进展,2003,14(3):290-294.
[37]曲冠政,汪云甲.基于DEM提取水系的洼地处理新算法[J].测绘信息与工程,2011,36(4):45-48.
[38]于淼,任立良.基于DEM模型的新填洼算法[J].地球信息科学学报,2009,11(1):50-55.
[39]甘枝茂.黄土高原地貌与土壤侵蚀研究[M].西安:陕西人民出版社,1989.
[40]杨振怀.中国水利百科全书(第二卷)[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1990.
[41]李吉均.中华人民共和国地貌图集(1:1000000)[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.
[42]杨邦,任立良,贺颖庆.基于快速排序的数字高程模型分级填洼算法[J].计算机应用,2009(11):3161-3164.
[2]刘学军,王永君,龚健雅,等.DEM流域网络提取算法的误差特性分析[J].测绘学报,2007,36(2):224-230.
[3]丁雨淋,杜志强,朱庆,等.洪水淹没分析中的自适应逐点水位修正算法[J].测绘学报,2013,42(4):546-553.
[4]李精忠,艾廷华,王洪.一种基于谷地填充的DEM综合方法[J].测绘学报,2009,38(3):272-275.
[5]刘学军,晋蓓,王彦芳.DEM流径算法的相似性分析[J].地理研究,2008,27(6):1347-1357.
[6]刘光,李树德,张亮.基于DEM的沟谷系统提取算法综述[J].地理与地理信息科学,2003,19(5):11-15.
[7]杨晓云,顾利亚,岑敏仪,等.基于不同大小窗口的移动曲面拟合法探测不规则DEM粗差的一种方法[J].测绘学报,2005,34(2):148-153.
[8]秦承志,李宝林,朱阿兴,等.水流分配策略随下坡坡度变化的多流向算法[J].水科学进展,2006,17(4):450-456.
[9]闾国年,钱亚东,陈钟明.黄土丘陵沟壑区沟谷网络自动制图技术研究[J].测绘学报,1998,27(2):40-46.
[10]朱庆,赵杰,钟正,等.基于规则格网DEM的地形特征提取算法[J].测绘学报,2004,33(1):77-82.
[11]沈定涛,王结臣,张煜,等.一种面向海量数字高程模型数据的洪水淹没区快速生成算法[J].测绘学报,2014,43(6):645-652.
[12]O′CALLAGHAN J F,MARK D M.The extraction of drainage networks from digital elevation data[J].Computer Vision,Graphics,and Image Processing,1984,28(3):323-344.
[13]PLANCHON O,DARBOUX F.A fast,simple and versatile algorithm to fill the depressions of digital elevation models[J].Catena,2002,46(2-3):159-176.
[14]ZHU Q,TIAN Y,ZHAO J.An efficient depression processing algorithm for hydrologic analysis[J].Computers&Geosciences,2006,32(5):615-623.
[15]JENSON S K,DOMINGUE J O.Extracting topographic structure from digital elevation data for geographic information system analysis[J].Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,1988,54(11):1593-1600.
[16]ARNOLD N.A new approach for dealing with depressions in digital elevation models when calculating flow accumulation values[J].Progress in Physical Geography,2010,34(6):781-809.
[17]MARTZ L W,JONG E D.CATCH:A FORTRAN program for measuring catchment area from digital elevation models[J].Computers&Geosciences,1988,14(5):627-640.
[18]RUEDA A,NOGUERA J M,MARTNEZ-CRUZ C.A flooding algorithm for extracting drainage networks from unprocessed digital elevation models[J].Computers&Geosciences,2013,59:116-123.
[19]MORAN C J,VEZINA G.Visualizing soil surfaces and crop residues[J].IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,1993,13(2):40-47.
[20]GARBRECHT J,MARTZ L W.The assignment of drainage direction over flat surfaces in raster digital elevation models[J].Journal of Hydrology,1997,193(1-4):204-213.
[21]METZ M,MITASOVA H,HARMON R S.Accurate stream extraction from large,radar-based elevation models[J].Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions,2010,7(3):3213-3235.
[22]BEUCHER S,MEYER F.The Morphological Approach to Segmentation:the Watershed Transformation[M].New York:Rochester Institute of Technology,1993.433-481.
[23]GOMES T L,MAGALHESS V,ANDRADE M V,et al.Computing the drainage network on huge grid terrains[A].Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Analytics for Big Geospatial Data[C].New York:ACM,2012.53-60.
[24]SOILLE P,GRATIN C.An efficient algorithm for drainage network extraction on DEMs[J].Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation,1994,5(2):181-189.
[25]LIU Y,ZHANG W,XU J.Another fast and simple DEM depression-filling algorithm based on priority queue structure[J].Atmos.Oceanic Sci.Lett,2009,2(4):214-219.
[26]ZHU D,REN Q,XUAN Y,et al.An effective depression filling algorithm for DEM-based 2-D surface flow modelling[J].Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2013,17(2):495-505.
[27]MAGALHESSV,ANDRADE M V,FRANKLIN W R,et al.A New Method for Computing the Drainage Network Based on Raising the Level of an Ocean Surrounding the Terrain[M].Berlin:Springer Berlin Heidelberg,2012.391-407.
[28]BARNES R,LEHMAN C,MULLA D.Priority-flood:An optimal depression-filling and watershed-labeling algorithm for digital elevation models[J].Computers&Geosciences,2014,62:117-127.
[29]WANG L,LIU H.An efficient method for identifying and filling surface depressions in digital elevation models for hydrologic analysis and modelling[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2006,20(2):193-213.
[30]江岭,汤国安,宋效东,等.顾及粒度控制的格网DEM洼地和平坦区预处理并行算法[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2014,39(12):1457-1462.
[31]刘军志,朱阿兴,秦承志,等.分布式水文模型的并行计算研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2013,32(4):538-547.
[32]李辉,陈晓玲,张利华,等.基于三方向搜索的DEM中洼地处理方法[J].水科学进展,2009,20(4):473-479.
[33]徐精文,张万昌,符淙斌.适用于大尺度水文气候模式的DEM洼地填充和平坦区处理的新方法[J].水利学报,2007,38(12):1414-1420.
[34]谢顺平,都金康,王腊春.利用DEM提取流域水系时洼地与平地的处理方法[J].水科学进展,2005,16(4):535-540.
[35]王建平,任立良,吴益.一种新的DEM填洼处理算法[J].地球信息科学,2005,7(3):51-54.
[36]孔凡哲,芮孝芳.处理DEM中闭合洼地和平坦区域的一种新方法[J].水科学进展,2003,14(3):290-294.
[37]曲冠政,汪云甲.基于DEM提取水系的洼地处理新算法[J].测绘信息与工程,2011,36(4):45-48.
[38]于淼,任立良.基于DEM模型的新填洼算法[J].地球信息科学学报,2009,11(1):50-55.
[39]甘枝茂.黄土高原地貌与土壤侵蚀研究[M].西安:陕西人民出版社,1989.
[40]杨振怀.中国水利百科全书(第二卷)[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1990.
[41]李吉均.中华人民共和国地貌图集(1:1000000)[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.
[42]杨邦,任立良,贺颖庆.基于快速排序的数字高程模型分级填洼算法[J].计算机应用,2009(11):3161-3164.