乡村社会关系网络与中国村庄规划范式的探讨
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摘要
当下村庄规划大都借鉴城市规划,是基于精英决策的理性规划模式,造成了诸多问题。规划本质上是在特定社会条件下,对主体需求的制度安排。村庄的主体结构及其行为特征都不同于城市,这将重组规划的假设和前置条件,因此村庄规划与城市规划的范式存在显著差异。本文通过借鉴西方城市规划理论的范式发展历程,并结合中国村庄的特质,指出乡村社会关系网络的重要性,并认为村庄规划是基于内生秩序的沟通规划。村庄规划应注重社会关系,促进沟通、协调和共识构建,规划师也要调整自身的角色。
Current village planning mostly draws on experience from urban planning, which is based on the rational planning model of elite decision-making, resulting in many problems. Essentially, planning is a kind of institutional arrangement based on the demands of actors under certain social context. Since actors and their behaviors in villages are far different from those in cities, which will reorganize the assumptions and prerequisites of planning, the paradigm of village planning is prominently distinct from urban planning. This paper figures out the significance of social network and argues that village planning is a kind of communicative planning based on endogenous order, by referring to the paradigm development course of the Western urban planning theories and the features of Chinese villages. In conclusion, it is stressed that village planning should focus on social network, promotion on communication, coordination, and consensusbuilding, and adjustment of the role that played by planners.
Current village planning mostly draws on experience from urban planning, which is based on the rational planning model of elite decision-making, resulting in many problems. Essentially, planning is a kind of institutional arrangement based on the demands of actors under certain social context. Since actors and their behaviors in villages are far different from those in cities, which will reorganize the assumptions and prerequisites of planning, the paradigm of village planning is prominently distinct from urban planning. This paper figures out the significance of social network and argues that village planning is a kind of communicative planning based on endogenous order, by referring to the paradigm development course of the Western urban planning theories and the features of Chinese villages. In conclusion, it is stressed that village planning should focus on social network, promotion on communication, coordination, and consensusbuilding, and adjustment of the role that played by planners.
引文
[1] 金兆森.农村规划与村庄整治[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2010.JIN Zhaosen.Rural Planning and Village Renovation[M].Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2010.
2 王富更.村庄规划若干问题探讨[J].城市规划学刊,2006(3):106-109.WANG Fugeng.Preliminary Exploration of Several Issues of Village Planning[J].Urban Planning Forum,2006(3):106-109.
3 张建.新农村建设村庄规划设计[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2010.ZHANG Jian.New Village Construction and Planning[M].Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2010.
4 葛丹东,华晨.论乡村视角下的村庄规划技术策略与过程模式[J].城市规划,2010(6):55-59,92.GE Dandong,HUA Chen.Technical Tactics and Process Model of Village Planning in the Perspective of Countryside[J].City Planning Review,2010(6):55-59,92.
5 李郇.自下而上:社会主义新农村建设规划的新特点[J].城市规划,2008(12):65-67.LI Xun.Bottom-Up:New Features of Socialist New Village Construction[J].City Planning Review,2008(12):65-67.
6 葛丹东,华晨.适应农村发展诉求的村庄规划新体系与模式建构[J].城市规划学刊,2009(6):60-67.GE Dandong,HUA Chen.Research on New System and Model Construction for Rural Adaptable Planning[J].Urban Planning Forum,2009(6):60-67.
7 闫琳.社区发展理论对中国乡村规划的启示[J].城市与区域规划研究,2011,4(2):195-204.YAN Lin.The Inspiration of Community Development Theory to Rural Planning in China[J].Urban&Regional Planning Research,2011,4(2):195-204.
8 王雷,张尧.苏南地区村民参与乡村规划的认知与意愿分析——以江苏省常熟市为例[J].城市规划,2012(2):66-72.WANG Lei,ZHANG Yao.Villagers’Cognition and Willingness Expression of Participation in Rural Planning in South Jiangsu Province:A Case Study of Changshu City[J].City Planning Review,2012(2):66-72.
9 HALL P.Cities of Tomorrow:An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design Since 1880[M].New Jersey:John Wiley&Sons,2014.
10 张庭伟.20世纪规划理论指导下的21世纪城市建设——关于“第三代规划理论”的讨论[J].城市规划学刊,2011(3):1-7.ZHANG Tingwei.Constructing 21st Century Cities Under the Guidance of the 20th Century Planning Theory on the“Third Generation Planning Theory”[J].Urban Planning Forum,2011(3):1-7.
11 KUHN T S.The Structure of Scientific Revolutions[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2012.
12 吴志城,钱晨佳.城市规划研究中的范式理论探讨[J].城市规划学刊,2009(5):28-35.WU Zhicheng,QIAN Chenjia.A Study on the Paradigm Theory in Urban Planning Research[J].Urban Planning Forum,2009(5):28-35.
13 TAYLOR N.Urban Planning Theory Since 1945[M].SAGE,1998.
14 吴志强.《百年西方城市规划理论史纲》导论[J].城市规划汇刊,2000(2):9-18.WU Zhiqiang.History Outline of Western Urban PlanningTheory in the 20th Century[J].Urban Planning Forum,2000(2):9-18.
15 张京祥.西方城市规划思想史纲[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2005.ZHANG Jingxiang.A Brief History of Western Urban Planning Thought[M].Nanjing:Southeast University Press,2005.
16 张庭伟.规划理论作为一种制度创新——论规划理论的多向性和理论发展轨迹的非线性[J].城市规划,2006(8):9-18.ZHANG Tingwei.Planning Theory as an Institutional Innovation:The Non-Linear Trajectory of Planning Theory Evolution[J].City Planning Review,2006(8):9-18.
17 张庭伟,LEGATES R.后新自由主义时代中国规划理论的范式转变[J].城市规划学刊,2009(5):1-13.ZHANG Tingwei,LEGATES R.Changing Planning Paradigm in China in the Post Neo-Liberalism Era[J].Urban Planning Forum,2009(5):1-13.
18 何明俊.西方城市规划理论范式的转换及对中国的启示[J].城市规划,2008(2):71-77.HE Mingjun.Paradigm Shift of Urban Planning Theory in West Country and Its Implication to China[J].City Planning Review,2008(2):71-77.
19 HARVEY D.Social Justice and the City[M].Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1973.
20 费孝通.乡土中国[M].上海:三联书店,1948.FEI Xiaotong.From the Soil:The Foundations of Chinese Society[M].Shanghai:SDX Joint Publishing Company,1948.
21 贺雪峰.农民行动逻辑与乡村治理的区域差异[J].开放时代,2007(1):105-121.HE Xuefeng.Peasants’Behaviors and Regional Variations of Rural Governance[J].Open Times,2007(1):105-121.
22 王德福.做人之道——熟人社会里的自我实现[M].北京:商务印书馆,2014.WANG Defu.Doctrines of Conducting Oneself—SelfRealization of Acquaintance Society[M].Beijing:The Commercial Press,2014.
23 DURKHEIM E.The Division of Labor in Society[M].New York:Simon&Schuster,2014.
24 贺雪峰,仝志辉.论村庄社会关联——兼论村庄秩序的社会基础[J].中国社会科学,2002(3):124-134.HE Xuefeng,TONG Zhihui.Study on Social Solidarity of Villages—On the Social Basis of Village Order[J].Social Sciences in China,2002(3):124-134.
25 王铭铭.溪村家族:社区史,仪式与地方政治[M].贵阳:贵州人民出版社,2004.WANG Mingming.The Lineage of Xicun:Community,Rituals,and Local Politics[M].Guiyang:Guizhou People’s Publishing House,2004.
26 贺雪峰,刘锐.熟人社会的治理——以贵州湄潭县聚合村调查为例[J].中国农业大学学报:社会科学版,2009(2):111-117.HE Xuefeng,LIU Rui.Governance in Acquaintance Society—The Case of Meitan County in Guizhou Province[J].Journal of China Agricultural University(Social Science),2009(2):111-117.
27贺雪峰,董磊明.中国乡村治理:结构与类型[J].经济社会体制比较,2005(3):42-50,15.HE Xuefeng,DONG Leiming.Rural Governance in China:Structures and Types[J].Comparative Economic&Social Systems,2005(3):42-50,15.
28 桂勇.城市“社区”是否可能?——关于农村邻里空间与城市邻里空间的比较分析[J].贵州师范大学学报:社会科学版,2005(6):17-23.GUI Yong.Will Urban“Community”Exist?:A Comparative Study of Rural and Urban Neighborhood Space[J].Journal of Guizhou Normal University(Social Science),2005(6):17-23.
29 SANYAL B.Comparative Planning Cultures[M].Routledge,2005.
30 黄宗智.华北的小农经济与社会变迁[M].北京:中华书局,2000.HUANG Zongzhi.The Peasant Economy and Social Change in North China[M].Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,2000.
31 HEALEY P.Planning Through Debate:The Communicative Turn in Planning Theory[J].Town Planning Review,1992,63(2):143-162.
32姜梅,姜涛.“规划中的沟通”与“作为沟通的规划”——当代西方沟通规划理论概述[J].城市规划学刊,2008(2):31-38.JIANG Mei,JIANG Tao.“Communication in Planning”and“Communication as Planning”:A Review on the Contemporary Western Communicative Planning Theory[J].Urban Planning Forum,2008(2):31-38.
33 王丰龙,陈倩敏,许艳艳,等.沟通式规划理论的简介,批判与借鉴[J].国际城市规划,2012(6):82-90.WANG Fenglong,CHEN Qianmin,XU Yanyan,et al.Communicative Planning Theory:Introduction,Criticism and Inspiration[J].Urban Planning International,2012(6):82-90.
34 贺雪峰.论中国农村的区域差异——村庄社会结构的视角[J].开放时代,2012(10):108-129.HE Xuefeng.Study on the Regional Variations of Chinese Countryside:From the Perspective of Social Structure[J].Open Times,2012(10):108-129.
(1)“十一五”规划用“生产发展、生活宽裕、乡风文明、村容整洁、管理民主”描绘了新农村发展的总体目标。
(2)张庭伟将西方城市规划理论(theory of planning)的发展划分为三代,分别是理性规划(rational model)(工具理性)、倡导规划(advocacy planning)(程序理性)、沟通规划(communicative planning)(新价值理性)。
(3)1994年民政部提出“四个民主”,包括民主选举、民主决策、民主管理、民主监督,进一步完善了基层民主制度。
(4)2011年,全国行政村大约有59万个,村均人口为1113人。来源:何宇鹏,陈思丞.还有多少村庄等待消失?.中国建设报,2014-02-18.http://www.chinajsb.cn/bz/content/2014-02/19/content_119308.htm。
(5)例如在武汉木兰山村,进城务工农民倾向于将土地承包给兄弟姐妹或邻居,一般是口头约定的,租金较低,没有流转期限,当农民返乡之后,随时可以拿回土地。这是一种不规范的土地流转协议,却很少发生纠纷。正如一位本村土地承包大户所说,大家都是沾亲带故的,必须按照规矩办事,不然以后就没法在村里混了。
(6)贺雪峰在安徽肥县小井村调查中有相同的经验,村民小组长报酬极少却要承担繁重的任务,小组长解释说“是不想当,但是总有人来当这个组长啊!”来源:参考文献21。
(7)桂勇通过设计问卷对上海城市社区进行调查,结果显示社区内人际互动不频繁,居民不认为有社区精英,每个家庭都是独立的,生活各自为政,不受其他家庭的影响。
(8)根据调研,一般工程队的老板在村庄中有较大的影响力和协调力,在村庄规划实施的过程中,他们动用自己的社会关系网络以及其他资源,来与其他村民协商,从而推进规划的实施。并且,为了更好地获得工程项目,近年来,这些村庄精英开始积极参与到村庄选举中来。
(9)根据调研,除了有正式职位的村民(如村干部、党员等),没有正式职位的村民,如老板、老好人、热心人、在村务农的中农等,也在村庄公共事务(包括村庄规划、选举等)中发挥着重要的作用。
2 王富更.村庄规划若干问题探讨[J].城市规划学刊,2006(3):106-109.WANG Fugeng.Preliminary Exploration of Several Issues of Village Planning[J].Urban Planning Forum,2006(3):106-109.
3 张建.新农村建设村庄规划设计[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2010.ZHANG Jian.New Village Construction and Planning[M].Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2010.
4 葛丹东,华晨.论乡村视角下的村庄规划技术策略与过程模式[J].城市规划,2010(6):55-59,92.GE Dandong,HUA Chen.Technical Tactics and Process Model of Village Planning in the Perspective of Countryside[J].City Planning Review,2010(6):55-59,92.
5 李郇.自下而上:社会主义新农村建设规划的新特点[J].城市规划,2008(12):65-67.LI Xun.Bottom-Up:New Features of Socialist New Village Construction[J].City Planning Review,2008(12):65-67.
6 葛丹东,华晨.适应农村发展诉求的村庄规划新体系与模式建构[J].城市规划学刊,2009(6):60-67.GE Dandong,HUA Chen.Research on New System and Model Construction for Rural Adaptable Planning[J].Urban Planning Forum,2009(6):60-67.
7 闫琳.社区发展理论对中国乡村规划的启示[J].城市与区域规划研究,2011,4(2):195-204.YAN Lin.The Inspiration of Community Development Theory to Rural Planning in China[J].Urban&Regional Planning Research,2011,4(2):195-204.
8 王雷,张尧.苏南地区村民参与乡村规划的认知与意愿分析——以江苏省常熟市为例[J].城市规划,2012(2):66-72.WANG Lei,ZHANG Yao.Villagers’Cognition and Willingness Expression of Participation in Rural Planning in South Jiangsu Province:A Case Study of Changshu City[J].City Planning Review,2012(2):66-72.
9 HALL P.Cities of Tomorrow:An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design Since 1880[M].New Jersey:John Wiley&Sons,2014.
10 张庭伟.20世纪规划理论指导下的21世纪城市建设——关于“第三代规划理论”的讨论[J].城市规划学刊,2011(3):1-7.ZHANG Tingwei.Constructing 21st Century Cities Under the Guidance of the 20th Century Planning Theory on the“Third Generation Planning Theory”[J].Urban Planning Forum,2011(3):1-7.
11 KUHN T S.The Structure of Scientific Revolutions[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2012.
12 吴志城,钱晨佳.城市规划研究中的范式理论探讨[J].城市规划学刊,2009(5):28-35.WU Zhicheng,QIAN Chenjia.A Study on the Paradigm Theory in Urban Planning Research[J].Urban Planning Forum,2009(5):28-35.
13 TAYLOR N.Urban Planning Theory Since 1945[M].SAGE,1998.
14 吴志强.《百年西方城市规划理论史纲》导论[J].城市规划汇刊,2000(2):9-18.WU Zhiqiang.History Outline of Western Urban PlanningTheory in the 20th Century[J].Urban Planning Forum,2000(2):9-18.
15 张京祥.西方城市规划思想史纲[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2005.ZHANG Jingxiang.A Brief History of Western Urban Planning Thought[M].Nanjing:Southeast University Press,2005.
16 张庭伟.规划理论作为一种制度创新——论规划理论的多向性和理论发展轨迹的非线性[J].城市规划,2006(8):9-18.ZHANG Tingwei.Planning Theory as an Institutional Innovation:The Non-Linear Trajectory of Planning Theory Evolution[J].City Planning Review,2006(8):9-18.
17 张庭伟,LEGATES R.后新自由主义时代中国规划理论的范式转变[J].城市规划学刊,2009(5):1-13.ZHANG Tingwei,LEGATES R.Changing Planning Paradigm in China in the Post Neo-Liberalism Era[J].Urban Planning Forum,2009(5):1-13.
18 何明俊.西方城市规划理论范式的转换及对中国的启示[J].城市规划,2008(2):71-77.HE Mingjun.Paradigm Shift of Urban Planning Theory in West Country and Its Implication to China[J].City Planning Review,2008(2):71-77.
19 HARVEY D.Social Justice and the City[M].Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1973.
20 费孝通.乡土中国[M].上海:三联书店,1948.FEI Xiaotong.From the Soil:The Foundations of Chinese Society[M].Shanghai:SDX Joint Publishing Company,1948.
21 贺雪峰.农民行动逻辑与乡村治理的区域差异[J].开放时代,2007(1):105-121.HE Xuefeng.Peasants’Behaviors and Regional Variations of Rural Governance[J].Open Times,2007(1):105-121.
22 王德福.做人之道——熟人社会里的自我实现[M].北京:商务印书馆,2014.WANG Defu.Doctrines of Conducting Oneself—SelfRealization of Acquaintance Society[M].Beijing:The Commercial Press,2014.
23 DURKHEIM E.The Division of Labor in Society[M].New York:Simon&Schuster,2014.
24 贺雪峰,仝志辉.论村庄社会关联——兼论村庄秩序的社会基础[J].中国社会科学,2002(3):124-134.HE Xuefeng,TONG Zhihui.Study on Social Solidarity of Villages—On the Social Basis of Village Order[J].Social Sciences in China,2002(3):124-134.
25 王铭铭.溪村家族:社区史,仪式与地方政治[M].贵阳:贵州人民出版社,2004.WANG Mingming.The Lineage of Xicun:Community,Rituals,and Local Politics[M].Guiyang:Guizhou People’s Publishing House,2004.
26 贺雪峰,刘锐.熟人社会的治理——以贵州湄潭县聚合村调查为例[J].中国农业大学学报:社会科学版,2009(2):111-117.HE Xuefeng,LIU Rui.Governance in Acquaintance Society—The Case of Meitan County in Guizhou Province[J].Journal of China Agricultural University(Social Science),2009(2):111-117.
27贺雪峰,董磊明.中国乡村治理:结构与类型[J].经济社会体制比较,2005(3):42-50,15.HE Xuefeng,DONG Leiming.Rural Governance in China:Structures and Types[J].Comparative Economic&Social Systems,2005(3):42-50,15.
28 桂勇.城市“社区”是否可能?——关于农村邻里空间与城市邻里空间的比较分析[J].贵州师范大学学报:社会科学版,2005(6):17-23.GUI Yong.Will Urban“Community”Exist?:A Comparative Study of Rural and Urban Neighborhood Space[J].Journal of Guizhou Normal University(Social Science),2005(6):17-23.
29 SANYAL B.Comparative Planning Cultures[M].Routledge,2005.
30 黄宗智.华北的小农经济与社会变迁[M].北京:中华书局,2000.HUANG Zongzhi.The Peasant Economy and Social Change in North China[M].Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,2000.
31 HEALEY P.Planning Through Debate:The Communicative Turn in Planning Theory[J].Town Planning Review,1992,63(2):143-162.
32姜梅,姜涛.“规划中的沟通”与“作为沟通的规划”——当代西方沟通规划理论概述[J].城市规划学刊,2008(2):31-38.JIANG Mei,JIANG Tao.“Communication in Planning”and“Communication as Planning”:A Review on the Contemporary Western Communicative Planning Theory[J].Urban Planning Forum,2008(2):31-38.
33 王丰龙,陈倩敏,许艳艳,等.沟通式规划理论的简介,批判与借鉴[J].国际城市规划,2012(6):82-90.WANG Fenglong,CHEN Qianmin,XU Yanyan,et al.Communicative Planning Theory:Introduction,Criticism and Inspiration[J].Urban Planning International,2012(6):82-90.
34 贺雪峰.论中国农村的区域差异——村庄社会结构的视角[J].开放时代,2012(10):108-129.HE Xuefeng.Study on the Regional Variations of Chinese Countryside:From the Perspective of Social Structure[J].Open Times,2012(10):108-129.
(1)“十一五”规划用“生产发展、生活宽裕、乡风文明、村容整洁、管理民主”描绘了新农村发展的总体目标。
(2)张庭伟将西方城市规划理论(theory of planning)的发展划分为三代,分别是理性规划(rational model)(工具理性)、倡导规划(advocacy planning)(程序理性)、沟通规划(communicative planning)(新价值理性)。
(3)1994年民政部提出“四个民主”,包括民主选举、民主决策、民主管理、民主监督,进一步完善了基层民主制度。
(4)2011年,全国行政村大约有59万个,村均人口为1113人。来源:何宇鹏,陈思丞.还有多少村庄等待消失?.中国建设报,2014-02-18.http://www.chinajsb.cn/bz/content/2014-02/19/content_119308.htm。
(5)例如在武汉木兰山村,进城务工农民倾向于将土地承包给兄弟姐妹或邻居,一般是口头约定的,租金较低,没有流转期限,当农民返乡之后,随时可以拿回土地。这是一种不规范的土地流转协议,却很少发生纠纷。正如一位本村土地承包大户所说,大家都是沾亲带故的,必须按照规矩办事,不然以后就没法在村里混了。
(6)贺雪峰在安徽肥县小井村调查中有相同的经验,村民小组长报酬极少却要承担繁重的任务,小组长解释说“是不想当,但是总有人来当这个组长啊!”来源:参考文献21。
(7)桂勇通过设计问卷对上海城市社区进行调查,结果显示社区内人际互动不频繁,居民不认为有社区精英,每个家庭都是独立的,生活各自为政,不受其他家庭的影响。
(8)根据调研,一般工程队的老板在村庄中有较大的影响力和协调力,在村庄规划实施的过程中,他们动用自己的社会关系网络以及其他资源,来与其他村民协商,从而推进规划的实施。并且,为了更好地获得工程项目,近年来,这些村庄精英开始积极参与到村庄选举中来。
(9)根据调研,除了有正式职位的村民(如村干部、党员等),没有正式职位的村民,如老板、老好人、热心人、在村务农的中农等,也在村庄公共事务(包括村庄规划、选举等)中发挥着重要的作用。