第三方组织参与社区规划的协作机制研究
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摘要
在规划转型的背景下,多元主体协作式参与成为中国社区规划探讨的热点。由于社区类型多样、现实问题复杂,规划师沟通技能有待提升,社区规划有必要引入第三方组织承担协作功能。文章在梳理国内外相关研究的基础上,构建了第三方组织参与社区规划的协作机制;归纳出基于多元力量的监督组织、基于社区—企业共建的自治组织和基于乡贤能人的权威组织3种典型协作模式,并总结其在实践中的适用性与优缺点,表明第三方组织的加入有利于促进多元主体参与规划,提高协作规划效率,有效引导各方主体达成共识,并且对规划实施过程进行有效监督。
In the context of planning transformation, collaborative participation with multi-stakeholders has become a hot topic in community planning. Owing to the complex problems and various types of community and the limitation of planners' communication skills, third-party organization need to be brought into community planning. By reviewing the research at home and abroad, the paper builds the coordination mechanism of third-party organization in community planning, summarizes three typical patterns: the supervisory organization based on multi-stakeholders, the autonomous organization based on community-enterprises cooperation, and the squire organization based on rural elites. Then, the paper analyzes their applicability, advantages and disadvantages.the research shows that third-party organization is help for improving the efficiency of collaborative planning, and supervising the implementation of planning.
In the context of planning transformation, collaborative participation with multi-stakeholders has become a hot topic in community planning. Owing to the complex problems and various types of community and the limitation of planners' communication skills, third-party organization need to be brought into community planning. By reviewing the research at home and abroad, the paper builds the coordination mechanism of third-party organization in community planning, summarizes three typical patterns: the supervisory organization based on multi-stakeholders, the autonomous organization based on community-enterprises cooperation, and the squire organization based on rural elites. Then, the paper analyzes their applicability, advantages and disadvantages.the research shows that third-party organization is help for improving the efficiency of collaborative planning, and supervising the implementation of planning.
引文
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[25]马向明,吕晓蓓.区域绿地:从概念到实践—一次“协作式规划”的探索[J].城市规划,2006(11):46-50.
[26]Cheng Y.Collaborative Planning in the Network:Consensus Seeking in Urban Planning Issues on the Internet—the Case of China[J].Planning Theory,2013(4):351-368.
[27]袁媛,陈金城.低收入社区的规划协作机制研究—以广州市同德街规划为例[J].城市规划学刊,2015(1):46-53.
[28]吴祖泉.解析第三方在城市规划公众参与的作用—以广州市恩宁路事件为例[J].城市规划,2014(2):62-68,75.
[29]黄耀福,郎嵬,陈婷婷,等.共同缔造工作坊:参与式社区规划的新模式[J].规划师,2015(10):38-42.
[30]袁媛,杨贵庆,张京祥,等.社区规划师:技术员or协调员[J].城市规划,2014(11):30-36.
[31]王婷婷,张京祥.略论基于国家—社会关系的中国社区规划师制度[J].上海城市规划,2010(5):4-9.
[32]Goldstein B E,Butler W H.Expanding the Scope and Impact of Collaborative Planning[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,2010(2):238-249.
(1)官方文本用“同德街”,居民均口称“同德围”,“围”指石墙包围的传统村落,用以防御邻近仇敌、盗寇和猛兽,常见于广东南部,住在村落里的多是一个家族。本文“同德围”和“同德街”所指区域相同。
[2]Healey P.Building Institutional Capacity through Collaborative Approaches to Urban Planning[J].Environment and Planning A,1998(9):1 531-1 546.
[3]Healey P.Collaborative Planning:Shaping Places in Fragmented Societies[M].London:Palgrave,1997.
[4]Evans B,Joas M,Sundback S,et al.Governing Sustainable Cities[M].London:Earthscan,2005.
[5]Prins E.Framing a Conflict in a Community-university Partnership[J].Journal of Planning Education and Research,2005(1):57-74.
[6]Zegras C,Rayle L.Testing the Rhetoric:An Approach to Assess Scenario Planning's Role as a Catalyst for Urban Policy Integration[J].Futures,2012(4):303-318.
[7]Mc Donald C,Kirk-Brown A,Frost L,et al.Partnerships and Integrated Responses to Rural Decline:The Role of Collective Efficacy and Political Capital in Northwest Tasmania,Australia[J].Journal of Rural Studies,2013(32):346-356.
[8]Ross M G,Lappin,Ben W.Community Organization:Theory,Principles,and Practice[M].New York:Harper&Row,1967.
[9]Roy P.Non-profit and Communitybased Green Space Production in Milwaukee:Maintaining a Counterweight within Neo-liberal Urban Environmental Governance[J].Space&Polity,2011(2):87-105.
[10]Bajracharya B,Khan S.Evolving Governance Model for Community Building:Collaborative Partnerships in Master Planned Communities[J].Urban Policy and Research,2010(4):471-485.
[11]Reggers A,Grabowski S,Wearing SL,et al.Exploring Outcomes of Community-based Tourism on the Kokoda Track,Papua New Guinea:A Longitudinal Study of Participatory Rural Appraisal Techniques[J].Journal of Sustainable Tourism,2016(8-9):1 139-1 155.
[12]Butler W H.Expanding the Scope and Impact of Collaborative Planning[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,2009(2):238-249.
[13]Reardon K M,Green R,Bates L K.Overcoming the Challenges of Postdisaster Planning in New Orleans Lessons from the ACORN Housing/University Collaborative[J].Journal of Planning Education and Research,2009(3):391-400.
[14]Raciti A,Lambert-Pennington K A,Reardon K M.The Struggle for the Future of Public Housing in Memphis,Tennessee:Reflections on HUD's Choice Neighborhoods Planning Program[J].Cities,2015(57):6-13.
[15]Taylor M.Communities in the Lead:Power,Organisational Capacity and Social Capital[J].Urban Studies,2000(5-6):1 019-1 035.
[16]Hu Y,Roo G D,Lu B.‘Communicative Turn’in Chinese Spatial Planning?Exploring Possibilities in Chinese Contexts[J].Cities,2013(35):42-50.
[17]袁媛,蒋珊红,刘菁.国外沟通和协作式规划近15年研究进展——基于CitespaceⅢ软件的可视化分析[J].现代城市研究,2016(12):42-50.
[18]李东泉.从公共政策视角看1960年代以来西方规划理论的演进[J].城市发展研究,2013(6):36-42.
[19]王丰龙,陈倩敏,许艳艳,等.沟通式规划理论的简介,批判与借鉴[J].国际城市规划,2012(6):82-90.
[20]曹康,王晖.从工具理性到交往理性—现代城市规划思想内核与理论的变迁[J].城市规划,2009(9):44-51.
[21]姜梅,姜涛.“规划中的沟通”与“作为沟通的规划”—当代西方沟通规划理论概述[J].城市规划学刊,2008(2):31-38.
[22]于立.规划理论的批判和规划效能评估原则[J].国外城市规划,2005(4):34-40.
[23]龙元.交往型规划与公众参与[J].城市规划,2004(1):73-78.
[24]曹轶,魏建平.沟通式规划理论在新时期村庄规划中的应用探索[J].规划师,2010(增刊2):229-232.
[25]马向明,吕晓蓓.区域绿地:从概念到实践—一次“协作式规划”的探索[J].城市规划,2006(11):46-50.
[26]Cheng Y.Collaborative Planning in the Network:Consensus Seeking in Urban Planning Issues on the Internet—the Case of China[J].Planning Theory,2013(4):351-368.
[27]袁媛,陈金城.低收入社区的规划协作机制研究—以广州市同德街规划为例[J].城市规划学刊,2015(1):46-53.
[28]吴祖泉.解析第三方在城市规划公众参与的作用—以广州市恩宁路事件为例[J].城市规划,2014(2):62-68,75.
[29]黄耀福,郎嵬,陈婷婷,等.共同缔造工作坊:参与式社区规划的新模式[J].规划师,2015(10):38-42.
[30]袁媛,杨贵庆,张京祥,等.社区规划师:技术员or协调员[J].城市规划,2014(11):30-36.
[31]王婷婷,张京祥.略论基于国家—社会关系的中国社区规划师制度[J].上海城市规划,2010(5):4-9.
[32]Goldstein B E,Butler W H.Expanding the Scope and Impact of Collaborative Planning[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,2010(2):238-249.
(1)官方文本用“同德街”,居民均口称“同德围”,“围”指石墙包围的传统村落,用以防御邻近仇敌、盗寇和猛兽,常见于广东南部,住在村落里的多是一个家族。本文“同德围”和“同德街”所指区域相同。