砾质曲流河的沉积特点及成因:以秦皇岛大石河为例
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摘要
前人对河流沉积特征的总结主要针对砂质曲流河和砾质辫状河,但几乎未涉及砾质曲流河类型.以秦皇岛地区大石河北庄坨村-上庄沱镇河段为例,通过现代沉积学考察,描述了砾质曲流河的地貌单元和沉积特点,总结了沉积序列和沉积模式,探讨了该类河流的成因机制.其地貌单元包括高弯曲的单河道、交替分布于河道两侧的凹岸-凸岸、流槽和河漫滩.受两侧山地的近物源供给,自下而上发育河床底部滞留沉积和砾质曲流沙坝、砂砾质流槽、砂质河漫滩沉积,具叠瓦状构造和大型板状-楔状-槽状交错层理,总体呈现正旋回序列和不典型的二元结构.砾质曲流河在地貌形态上与砂质曲流河类似,但在水动力条件、沉积物岩性组成和沉积序列方面与砾质辫状河类似,表现为双重性质.依据研究区3级河流阶地,结合该类河型在现今山地普遍分布的特点,分析指出砾质曲流河的成因在于区域构造抬升和河流强烈侵蚀下切.本文研究对河型分类、分布及控制因素的认识带来了挑战.鉴于砾质曲流河响应于区域构造抬升的特点,地史时期该类河型的识别必然对造山运动具有重要指示意义.
The patterns of sandy meandering river and pebbly braided river had been well documented on their sedimentary characteristics, but the pattern of pebbly meandering river had been rarely previously reported. Based on modern sedimentary investigations on the XiaobangshuiyaShangzhuangtuo stretch of Dashihe River in Qinghuangdao Area taken as a typical example of pebbly meandering river, the geomorphology units and sedimentary characteristics are described, and then the depositional succession and model are summarized to insight into its geneses in this paper. The geomorphology units include a single highly-sinuous channel, convex and concave banks alternately locating at the two sides of the channel, launder and small-scale flood plains. Sourced by the nearby mountainous provenance, the sediments are identified as lags deposits, pebbly point-bar deposits, gravelly launder deposits and sandy flood plain deposits with imbricate structure, and large-scale tabular, wedge-shaped and trough cross-bedding from bottom to top, presenting a fining-upward succession called as an atypical dual-structure that is constructed by coarse sediments in the lower and fine sediments in the upper. Accordingly, the pebbly meandering river is featured with geomorphology units similar to a sandy meandering river, and with hydrodynamic conditions, lithologic compositions and depositional succession similar to a pebbly braided river, so are called as dual properties. Integrating with the pebbly meandering river widely occurring in modern mountainous regions, three-graded river terraces in the study area indicated that the river pattern of pebbly meandering river is attributed to regional tectonic uplifts and river's intense erosional actions. The study in this paper brings a challenge on understanding the classification, distribution and control factors of river patterns.Identifications of geo-historical pebbly meandering rivers should be significant to determine orogenic movements due to their close response to regional tectonic uplift.
The patterns of sandy meandering river and pebbly braided river had been well documented on their sedimentary characteristics, but the pattern of pebbly meandering river had been rarely previously reported. Based on modern sedimentary investigations on the XiaobangshuiyaShangzhuangtuo stretch of Dashihe River in Qinghuangdao Area taken as a typical example of pebbly meandering river, the geomorphology units and sedimentary characteristics are described, and then the depositional succession and model are summarized to insight into its geneses in this paper. The geomorphology units include a single highly-sinuous channel, convex and concave banks alternately locating at the two sides of the channel, launder and small-scale flood plains. Sourced by the nearby mountainous provenance, the sediments are identified as lags deposits, pebbly point-bar deposits, gravelly launder deposits and sandy flood plain deposits with imbricate structure, and large-scale tabular, wedge-shaped and trough cross-bedding from bottom to top, presenting a fining-upward succession called as an atypical dual-structure that is constructed by coarse sediments in the lower and fine sediments in the upper. Accordingly, the pebbly meandering river is featured with geomorphology units similar to a sandy meandering river, and with hydrodynamic conditions, lithologic compositions and depositional succession similar to a pebbly braided river, so are called as dual properties. Integrating with the pebbly meandering river widely occurring in modern mountainous regions, three-graded river terraces in the study area indicated that the river pattern of pebbly meandering river is attributed to regional tectonic uplifts and river's intense erosional actions. The study in this paper brings a challenge on understanding the classification, distribution and control factors of river patterns.Identifications of geo-historical pebbly meandering rivers should be significant to determine orogenic movements due to their close response to regional tectonic uplift.
引文
Ashmore,P.E.,2013.Morphology and Dynamics of Braided Rivers.In:Shroder,J.F.,ed.,Treatise on Geomorphology.Academic Press,San Diego,CA,289-312.
Ashmore,P.E.,1991.How do Gravel-Bed Rivers Braid?.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,28(3):326-341.https://doi.org/10.1139/e91-030.
Bordy,E.M.,John Hancox,P.,Rubidge,B.S.,2004.Fluvial Style Variations in the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic Elliot Formation,Main Karoo Basin,South Africa.Journal of African Earth Sciences,38(4):383-400.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2004.02.004.
Catuneanu,O.,Elango,H.N.,2001.Tectonic Control on Fluvial Styles:The Balfour Formation of the Karoo Basin,South Africa.Sedimentary Geology,140(3/4):291-313.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0037-0738(00)00190-1.
Deng,H.W.,Wang,H.L.,Li,X.M.,1997.Application of HighResolution Sequence Stratigraphic Correlation to Fluvial Facies.Oil&Gas Geology,18(2):90-95(in Chinese with English abstract).
Dong,Z.D.,Ji,Z.W.,Hu,H.H.,et al.,2011.Experimental Study on Influence of Discharge on Transformation of River Patterns.Hydro-Science and Engineering,2011(4):46-51(in Chinese with English abstract).
Hu,G.M.,Wang,J.,Ji,Y.L.,et al.,2010.Fluvial Sequence Stratigraphy Mode and Isochronous Strata Correlation.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,28(4):745-751(in Chinese with English abstract).
Huang,H.Q.,Nanson,G.C.,2007.Why Some Alluvial Rivers Develop an Anabranching Pattern.Water Resources Research,43(7):2217-2221.https://doi.org/10.1029/2006wr005223.
Jiang,Z.X.,2010.Sedimentology.China Petroleum Industry Press,Beijing,146-152(in Chinese with English abstract).
Jiao,Y.Q.,Wu,L.Q.,Rong,H.,2015.Sedimentology of CoalBearing Basins.China University of Geosciences Press,Beijing,67-290(in Chinese with English abstract).
Kolla,V.,Posamentier,H.W.,Wood,L.J.,2007.Deep-Water and Fluvial Sinuous Channels:Characteristics,Similarities and Dissimilarities,and Modes of Formation.Marine and Petroleum Geology,24(6/7/8/9):388-405.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mar petgeo.2007.01.007.
Li,J.J.,Bai,Y.C.,Xu,H.J.,et al.,2015.Research on the Classification Method for Gravel River Based on the Law of Resistance of Natural Rivers.Scientia Sinica(Technologica),45(7):721-736(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li,S.L.,Yu,X.H.,Jiang,T.,et al.,2017.Meander-Braided Transition Features and Abandoned Channel Patterns in Fluvial Environment.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,35(1):1-9(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liang,W.J.,He,Y.,Xiao,C.T.,et al.,2015.Sedimentary Characteristics and Qiqing Area,North Genesis of River Terraces in the Qilian Mountains.Jiangsu Geology,39(2):218-224(in Chinese with English abstract).
Miall,A.D.,1985.Architectural-Element Analysis:a New Method of Facies Analysis Applied to Fluvial Deposits.EarthScience Reviews,22(4):261-308.https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(85)90001-7.
Nanson,G.C.,Huang,H.Q.,2008.Least Action Principle,Equilibrium States,Iterative Adjustment and the Stability of Alluvial Channels.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,33(6):923-942.https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1584.
Qian,N.,1985.On the Classification and Causes of Formation of Different Channel Patterns.Acta Geographica Sinica,40(1):1-10(in Chinese with English abstract).
Rust,B.R.,1977.A Classification of Alluvial Channel Systems.Dellas Geological Society,Dellas,187-198.
Schumm,S.A.,2003.Patterns of Alluvial Rivers.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,13(1):5-27.
Shanley,K.W.,McCabe,P.J.,1993.Alluvial Architecture in a Sequence Stratigraphic Framework:A Case History from the Upper Cretaceous of Southern Utah,USA.Blackwell Publishing Ltd.,New Jersey,21-55.
Shanley,K.W.,McCabe,P.J.,1994.Perspectives on the Sequence Stratigraphy of Continental Strata.AAPG Bulletin,78(4):544-568.https://doi.org/10.1306/bdff9258-1718-11d7-8645000102c1865d.
Surian,N.,2015.Fluvial Processes in Braided Rivers.In:Roweinski,P.,ed.,Rivers-Physical,Fluvial and Environmental Processes.Springer,Berlin,403-425.
Tang,W.,Wang,Y.M.,Zhao,Z.G.,et al.,2016.A Review of Fluvial Pattern Transformation.Geological Review,62(1):138-152(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang,J.H.,Yao,G.Q.,Zhao,Y.C.,2004.Study on Identification of Short-Term Base-Level Cycle and Macroscopic Distribution of Reservoirs in Shallow-Water Braided Delta.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,22(1):87-93(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang,J.S.,2011.Teaching Guidebook of Beidaihe Geology Cognition Practice.China University of Geosciences Press,Beijing,73-78(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang,S.J.,Ni,J.R.,Wang,G.Q.,2000.Depositional System Analysis on the Evolution Model of Ancient River Type and Its Controlling Factors.Petroleum Exploration and Development,27(5):102-105(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wood,L.J.,Mize-Spansky,K.L.,2009.Quantitative Seismic Geomorphology of a Quaternary Leveed-Channel System,Offshore Eastern Trinidad and Tobago,Northeastern South America.AAPG Bulletin,93(1):101-125.https://doi.org/10.1306/08140807094.
Wright,V.P.,Marriott,S.B.,1993.The Sequence Stratigraphy of Fluvial Depositional Systems:The Role of Floodplain Sediment Storage:a Reply.Sedimentary Geology,92(3/4):289-290.https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(94)90112-0.
Xie,Z.H.,Huang,H.Q.,Zhou,Y.Y.,et al.,2016.Progress on the Study of Fluvial Process of Wandering Rivers and Discussion about Its Channel Pattern Classification.Progress in Geography,35(7):898-909(in Chinese with English abstract).
Ye,T.R.,Zheng,R.C.,Wen,H.G.,et al.,2006.Application of HighResolution Sequence Stratigraphy to the Sand Reservoir Prediction for 8th Member of Lower Shihezi Formation in Sulige Gas Field,Ordos Basin.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,24(2):259-266(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yu,X.H.,2002.Petroleum Reservoir Sedimentology of Clastic Rock.China Petroleum Industry Press,Beijing,145-186(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhai,A.J.,Deng,H.W.,1999.Sequence Stratigraphy and Reservoir Prediction of Upper Paleozoic in Ordos Basin.Oil&Gas Geology,20(4):336-340(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhong,J.H.,Liu,Y.T.,Jiang,B.,et al.,2002.Sedimentary Features of the Point Bar in Intermane(Seasonal)Meandering Stream:Taking the Meandering Stream Developed in Hero Hill of Qaidam Basin as an Example.Acta Petrolei Sinica,23(3):43-47(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhou,J.Y.,Wang,J.H.,Yang,X.H.,et al.,2010.Sedimentology of Petroleum-Bearing Basins.China University of Geosciences Press,Wuhan,94-114(in Chinese with English abstract).
邓宏文,王洪亮,李小孟,1997.高分辨层序地层对比在河流相中的应用.石油与天然气地质,18(2):90-95.
董占地,吉祖稳,胡海华,等,2011.流量对河势及河型变化影响的试验研究.水利水运工程学报,2011(4):46-51.
胡光明,王军,纪友亮,等,2010.河流相层序地层模式与地层等时对比.沉积学报,28(4):745-751.
姜在兴,2010.沉积学.北京:石油工业出版社,146-152.
焦养泉,吴立群,荣辉,2015.含煤盆地沉积学.武汉:中国地质大学出版社,67-290.
李娇娇,白玉川,徐海珏,等,2015.基于河流阻力规律的砂砾质河型分类方法研究.中国科学:技术科学,45(7):721-736.
李胜利,于兴河,姜涛,等,2017.河流辫-曲转换特点与废弃河道模式.沉积学报,35(1):1-9.
梁文君,何颖,肖传桃,等,2015.祁连山北麓祁青地区河流阶地沉积特征及成因.地质学刊,39(2):218-224.
钱宁,1985.关于河流分类及成因问题的讨论.地理学报,40(1):1-10.
唐武,王英民,赵志刚,等,2016.河型转化研究进展综述.地质论评,62(1):138-152.
王家豪,姚光庆,赵彦超,2004.浅水辫状河三角洲发育区短期基准面旋回划分及储层宏观特征分析.沉积学报,22(1):87-93.
王家生,喻建新,江海水,等,2011.北戴河地质认识实践教学指导书.武汉:中国地质大学出版社,73-78.
王随继,倪晋仁,王光谦,2000.古河型演化模式及其影响因素的沉积体系分析.石油勘探与开发,27(5):102-105.
解哲辉,黄河清,周园园,等,2016.游荡性河流演变规律研究进展及其河型归属探讨.地理科学进展,35(7):898-909.
叶泰然,郑荣才,文华国,等,2006.高分辨率层序地层学在鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田苏6井区下石盒子组砂岩储层预测中的应用.沉积学报,24(2):259-266.
于兴河,2002.碎屑岩系油气储层沉积学.北京:石油工业出版社,145-186.
翟爱军,邓宏文,1999.鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界层序地层与储层预测.石油与天然气地质,20(4):336-340.
钟建华,刘云田,姜波,等,2002.柴达木盆地英雄岭曲流河边滩的沉积学特征.石油学报,23(3):43-47.
周江羽,王家豪,杨香华,等,2010.含油气盆地沉积学.武汉:中国地质大学出版社,94-114.
Ashmore,P.E.,1991.How do Gravel-Bed Rivers Braid?.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,28(3):326-341.https://doi.org/10.1139/e91-030.
Bordy,E.M.,John Hancox,P.,Rubidge,B.S.,2004.Fluvial Style Variations in the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic Elliot Formation,Main Karoo Basin,South Africa.Journal of African Earth Sciences,38(4):383-400.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2004.02.004.
Catuneanu,O.,Elango,H.N.,2001.Tectonic Control on Fluvial Styles:The Balfour Formation of the Karoo Basin,South Africa.Sedimentary Geology,140(3/4):291-313.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0037-0738(00)00190-1.
Deng,H.W.,Wang,H.L.,Li,X.M.,1997.Application of HighResolution Sequence Stratigraphic Correlation to Fluvial Facies.Oil&Gas Geology,18(2):90-95(in Chinese with English abstract).
Dong,Z.D.,Ji,Z.W.,Hu,H.H.,et al.,2011.Experimental Study on Influence of Discharge on Transformation of River Patterns.Hydro-Science and Engineering,2011(4):46-51(in Chinese with English abstract).
Hu,G.M.,Wang,J.,Ji,Y.L.,et al.,2010.Fluvial Sequence Stratigraphy Mode and Isochronous Strata Correlation.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,28(4):745-751(in Chinese with English abstract).
Huang,H.Q.,Nanson,G.C.,2007.Why Some Alluvial Rivers Develop an Anabranching Pattern.Water Resources Research,43(7):2217-2221.https://doi.org/10.1029/2006wr005223.
Jiang,Z.X.,2010.Sedimentology.China Petroleum Industry Press,Beijing,146-152(in Chinese with English abstract).
Jiao,Y.Q.,Wu,L.Q.,Rong,H.,2015.Sedimentology of CoalBearing Basins.China University of Geosciences Press,Beijing,67-290(in Chinese with English abstract).
Kolla,V.,Posamentier,H.W.,Wood,L.J.,2007.Deep-Water and Fluvial Sinuous Channels:Characteristics,Similarities and Dissimilarities,and Modes of Formation.Marine and Petroleum Geology,24(6/7/8/9):388-405.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mar petgeo.2007.01.007.
Li,J.J.,Bai,Y.C.,Xu,H.J.,et al.,2015.Research on the Classification Method for Gravel River Based on the Law of Resistance of Natural Rivers.Scientia Sinica(Technologica),45(7):721-736(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li,S.L.,Yu,X.H.,Jiang,T.,et al.,2017.Meander-Braided Transition Features and Abandoned Channel Patterns in Fluvial Environment.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,35(1):1-9(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liang,W.J.,He,Y.,Xiao,C.T.,et al.,2015.Sedimentary Characteristics and Qiqing Area,North Genesis of River Terraces in the Qilian Mountains.Jiangsu Geology,39(2):218-224(in Chinese with English abstract).
Miall,A.D.,1985.Architectural-Element Analysis:a New Method of Facies Analysis Applied to Fluvial Deposits.EarthScience Reviews,22(4):261-308.https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(85)90001-7.
Nanson,G.C.,Huang,H.Q.,2008.Least Action Principle,Equilibrium States,Iterative Adjustment and the Stability of Alluvial Channels.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,33(6):923-942.https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1584.
Qian,N.,1985.On the Classification and Causes of Formation of Different Channel Patterns.Acta Geographica Sinica,40(1):1-10(in Chinese with English abstract).
Rust,B.R.,1977.A Classification of Alluvial Channel Systems.Dellas Geological Society,Dellas,187-198.
Schumm,S.A.,2003.Patterns of Alluvial Rivers.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,13(1):5-27.
Shanley,K.W.,McCabe,P.J.,1993.Alluvial Architecture in a Sequence Stratigraphic Framework:A Case History from the Upper Cretaceous of Southern Utah,USA.Blackwell Publishing Ltd.,New Jersey,21-55.
Shanley,K.W.,McCabe,P.J.,1994.Perspectives on the Sequence Stratigraphy of Continental Strata.AAPG Bulletin,78(4):544-568.https://doi.org/10.1306/bdff9258-1718-11d7-8645000102c1865d.
Surian,N.,2015.Fluvial Processes in Braided Rivers.In:Roweinski,P.,ed.,Rivers-Physical,Fluvial and Environmental Processes.Springer,Berlin,403-425.
Tang,W.,Wang,Y.M.,Zhao,Z.G.,et al.,2016.A Review of Fluvial Pattern Transformation.Geological Review,62(1):138-152(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang,J.H.,Yao,G.Q.,Zhao,Y.C.,2004.Study on Identification of Short-Term Base-Level Cycle and Macroscopic Distribution of Reservoirs in Shallow-Water Braided Delta.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,22(1):87-93(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang,J.S.,2011.Teaching Guidebook of Beidaihe Geology Cognition Practice.China University of Geosciences Press,Beijing,73-78(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang,S.J.,Ni,J.R.,Wang,G.Q.,2000.Depositional System Analysis on the Evolution Model of Ancient River Type and Its Controlling Factors.Petroleum Exploration and Development,27(5):102-105(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wood,L.J.,Mize-Spansky,K.L.,2009.Quantitative Seismic Geomorphology of a Quaternary Leveed-Channel System,Offshore Eastern Trinidad and Tobago,Northeastern South America.AAPG Bulletin,93(1):101-125.https://doi.org/10.1306/08140807094.
Wright,V.P.,Marriott,S.B.,1993.The Sequence Stratigraphy of Fluvial Depositional Systems:The Role of Floodplain Sediment Storage:a Reply.Sedimentary Geology,92(3/4):289-290.https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(94)90112-0.
Xie,Z.H.,Huang,H.Q.,Zhou,Y.Y.,et al.,2016.Progress on the Study of Fluvial Process of Wandering Rivers and Discussion about Its Channel Pattern Classification.Progress in Geography,35(7):898-909(in Chinese with English abstract).
Ye,T.R.,Zheng,R.C.,Wen,H.G.,et al.,2006.Application of HighResolution Sequence Stratigraphy to the Sand Reservoir Prediction for 8th Member of Lower Shihezi Formation in Sulige Gas Field,Ordos Basin.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,24(2):259-266(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yu,X.H.,2002.Petroleum Reservoir Sedimentology of Clastic Rock.China Petroleum Industry Press,Beijing,145-186(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhai,A.J.,Deng,H.W.,1999.Sequence Stratigraphy and Reservoir Prediction of Upper Paleozoic in Ordos Basin.Oil&Gas Geology,20(4):336-340(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhong,J.H.,Liu,Y.T.,Jiang,B.,et al.,2002.Sedimentary Features of the Point Bar in Intermane(Seasonal)Meandering Stream:Taking the Meandering Stream Developed in Hero Hill of Qaidam Basin as an Example.Acta Petrolei Sinica,23(3):43-47(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhou,J.Y.,Wang,J.H.,Yang,X.H.,et al.,2010.Sedimentology of Petroleum-Bearing Basins.China University of Geosciences Press,Wuhan,94-114(in Chinese with English abstract).
邓宏文,王洪亮,李小孟,1997.高分辨层序地层对比在河流相中的应用.石油与天然气地质,18(2):90-95.
董占地,吉祖稳,胡海华,等,2011.流量对河势及河型变化影响的试验研究.水利水运工程学报,2011(4):46-51.
胡光明,王军,纪友亮,等,2010.河流相层序地层模式与地层等时对比.沉积学报,28(4):745-751.
姜在兴,2010.沉积学.北京:石油工业出版社,146-152.
焦养泉,吴立群,荣辉,2015.含煤盆地沉积学.武汉:中国地质大学出版社,67-290.
李娇娇,白玉川,徐海珏,等,2015.基于河流阻力规律的砂砾质河型分类方法研究.中国科学:技术科学,45(7):721-736.
李胜利,于兴河,姜涛,等,2017.河流辫-曲转换特点与废弃河道模式.沉积学报,35(1):1-9.
梁文君,何颖,肖传桃,等,2015.祁连山北麓祁青地区河流阶地沉积特征及成因.地质学刊,39(2):218-224.
钱宁,1985.关于河流分类及成因问题的讨论.地理学报,40(1):1-10.
唐武,王英民,赵志刚,等,2016.河型转化研究进展综述.地质论评,62(1):138-152.
王家豪,姚光庆,赵彦超,2004.浅水辫状河三角洲发育区短期基准面旋回划分及储层宏观特征分析.沉积学报,22(1):87-93.
王家生,喻建新,江海水,等,2011.北戴河地质认识实践教学指导书.武汉:中国地质大学出版社,73-78.
王随继,倪晋仁,王光谦,2000.古河型演化模式及其影响因素的沉积体系分析.石油勘探与开发,27(5):102-105.
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