辽河流域河流的分类
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摘要
在分析国内外河流地貌分类研究的基础上,提出了应用河流等级、封闭度、河道数以及蜿蜒度4个指标所构成的河流分类指标体系,构建了河段尺度上的河流快速分类方法。以辽河流域为案例,将辽河流域3158个河段划分为20种河流类型。研究表明,本文的分类体系具有指标获取容易、满足大面积流域河流管理策略制定的优点。根据辽河流域每种河流类型的结构、功能、过程及生境类型,提出高蜿蜒度干流的3种河流类型和2种复式河道类型应作为优先保护的河流;源头区域的3种河流类型应重点防治流域水土流失,并减少人类对河道的干扰;平原地区的支流3种类型,应减少农田开垦、污水直排等人类活动的干扰。
Based on the researches on fluvial geomorphology classification,the index system of river classification was proposed with four indices: stream order,confinement degree,channel number and sinuosity. And a fast river classification framework was established with the selected indices. Liaohe River basin was selected as an example to apply the framework at reach level. A total of 3158 reaches in Liaohe River basin were divided into 20 river types. The results showed that the classification framework has the advantages that indices are easily calculated,and the framework is suitable for basin management strategy establishment for large area basin. Management strategy was raised based on the structure,function,process and habitat type for all river types. Three river types with high stream order and high sinuosity and 2 river types with multiple channels should have the highest priority for conservation in Liaohe River basin. For the three river types in the source region,soil erosion should be concerned and the disturbance on river channel should be reduced. For the three tributary river types in the plain area,the farmland reclamation and the discharges of sewages should be reduced.
Based on the researches on fluvial geomorphology classification,the index system of river classification was proposed with four indices: stream order,confinement degree,channel number and sinuosity. And a fast river classification framework was established with the selected indices. Liaohe River basin was selected as an example to apply the framework at reach level. A total of 3158 reaches in Liaohe River basin were divided into 20 river types. The results showed that the classification framework has the advantages that indices are easily calculated,and the framework is suitable for basin management strategy establishment for large area basin. Management strategy was raised based on the structure,function,process and habitat type for all river types. Three river types with high stream order and high sinuosity and 2 river types with multiple channels should have the highest priority for conservation in Liaohe River basin. For the three river types in the source region,soil erosion should be concerned and the disturbance on river channel should be reduced. For the three tributary river types in the plain area,the farmland reclamation and the discharges of sewages should be reduced.
引文
董哲仁.2003.河流形态多样性与生物群落多样性.水利学报,(11):1-6.
黄云麟.1988.《河流地貌学概论》评价.地理研究,7(1):9-97.
孔维静,张远,王一涵,等.2013.基于空间数据的太子河河流生境分类.环境科学研究,26(5):487-493.
孟伟,张远,渠晓东.2011.河流生态调查技术方法.北京:科学出版社.
孟伟,张远,郑丙辉.2007.辽河流域水生态分区研究环境科学学报,27(6):911-918.
孟伟.2013.辽河流域水污染治理和水环境管理技术体系构建-国家重大水专项在辽河流域的探索与实践.中国工程科学,15(3):4-10.
水利部松辽水利委员会.2004.辽河志(第2卷).长春:吉林人民出版社:263-264.
宋晓猛,张建云,占车生,等.2013.基于DEM的数字流域特征提取研究进展.地理科学进展,32(1):31-40.
孙崇亮,王卷乐.2008.基于DEM的水系自动提取与分级研究进展.地理科学进展,27(1):118-124.
肖建红,施国庆,毛春梅,等.2006.河流生态系统服务功能及水坝对其影响.生态学杂志,25(8):969-973.
姚仕明,张超,王龙,等.2006.分汊河道水流运动特性研究.水力发电学报,25(3):49-57.
余国安,王兆印,张康,等.2008.人工阶梯:深潭改善下切河流水生栖息地及生态的作用.水利学报,39(2):162-167.
张辉,危起伟,杨德国,等.2008.基于流速梯度的河流生境多样性分析.生态学杂志,27(4):667-674.
张光科.1999.山区河流若干特性研究.四川联合大学学报:工程科学版,3(1):11-18.
张玉书,陈鹏狮,冯锐.2003.辽宁省河流水系及流域的遥感解译.生态学杂志,22(3):65-69.
赵军,单福征,杨凯,等.2011.平原河网地区河流曲度及城市化响应.水科学进展,22(5):631-637.
赵彦伟,汪思慧,于磊,等.2010.流域景观格局变化的河流生物响应研究进展.生态学杂志,29(6):1228-1234.
赵银军.2013.基于地貌特征的河流分类及其功能管理研究(博士学位论文).北京:北京师范大学.
Abell R,Olson DM,Dinerstein E,et al.2000.FreshwaterEcoregions of North America.A Conservation AssessmentWashington DC:Island Press:368.
Brierley G,Fryirs K,Outhet D,et al.2002.Application of theriver styles framework as a basis for river management inNSW,Australia.Applied Geography,22:91-122.
Davis C.1899.Part 2:Physiographic essaysⅩⅢ.The geographical cycle.Geographical Journal,ⅩⅣ:481-504.
Souza ERS,Paula FCF.2013.Spatial and temporal hydrochemical variation of a third order river network in a quasi pristine coastal watershed,at Southern Bahia,Brazil.AnaisdaAcademia Brasileirade Ciências,85:1357-1370.
Eyquem J.2007.Using fluvial geomorphology to inform integrated river basin management.Water and Environment Journal,21:54-60.
Frissell CA,Liss WJ,Warren CE,et al.1986.A hierarchicaapproach to classifying stream habitat features:Viewingstreams in a watershed context.Environmental Management,10:199-214.
Higgins JV,Bryermt MT,Khourym ML,et al.2005.A freshwater classification approach for biodiversity conservationplanning.Conservation Biology,19:432-445.
Khomo L,Rogers KH.2009.Stream order controls geomorphicheterogeneity and plant distribution in a savanna landscape.Austral Ecology,34:170-178.
Leopold LB,Wolman MG.1957.River channel patterns:Braided,meandering and straight.Reston,VA:U.S.Geological Survey Professional Paper,282:39-85.
Leopold LB,Miller JP,Wolman MG.1964.Fluvial processes inGeomorphology.San Francisco:Freeman:522.
Melles S,Jones N,Schmidt B.2013.Aquatic Research Series2013-04:Review and evaluation of aquatic ecosystem classifications worldwide.Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources,80.
Melles SJ,Jones NE,Schmidt B.2012.Review of theoreticaldevelopments in stream ecology and their influence onstream classification and conservation planning.FreshwaterBiology,57:415-434.
Montgomery DR,Buffington JM.1997.Channel-reach morphology in mountain drainage basins.Geological Society of America Bulletin,109:596-611.
Palmer L.1976.River management criteria for Oregon andWashington//Coates DR,eds.Geomorphology and Engineering.Stroudsburg,Pennsylvania:Halsted Press.
Rosgen DL.1994.A classification of natural rivers.Catena,22:169-199.
Rust BR.1978.A classification of alluvial channel systems.Calgary:Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists,5:187-198.
Strahler AN.1957.Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology.Transactions of the American Geophysical Union,38:913-920.
Thorp JH,Thomes MC,Delong MD.2006.The riverine ecosystem synthesis:Biocomplexity in river network across spaceand time.River Research and Applications,22:123-147.
Vannote RL,Minshall GW,Cummins KW,et al.1980.Theriver continuum concept.Canadian Journal of Fisheries andAquatic Sciences,37:130-137.
黄云麟.1988.《河流地貌学概论》评价.地理研究,7(1):9-97.
孔维静,张远,王一涵,等.2013.基于空间数据的太子河河流生境分类.环境科学研究,26(5):487-493.
孟伟,张远,渠晓东.2011.河流生态调查技术方法.北京:科学出版社.
孟伟,张远,郑丙辉.2007.辽河流域水生态分区研究环境科学学报,27(6):911-918.
孟伟.2013.辽河流域水污染治理和水环境管理技术体系构建-国家重大水专项在辽河流域的探索与实践.中国工程科学,15(3):4-10.
水利部松辽水利委员会.2004.辽河志(第2卷).长春:吉林人民出版社:263-264.
宋晓猛,张建云,占车生,等.2013.基于DEM的数字流域特征提取研究进展.地理科学进展,32(1):31-40.
孙崇亮,王卷乐.2008.基于DEM的水系自动提取与分级研究进展.地理科学进展,27(1):118-124.
肖建红,施国庆,毛春梅,等.2006.河流生态系统服务功能及水坝对其影响.生态学杂志,25(8):969-973.
姚仕明,张超,王龙,等.2006.分汊河道水流运动特性研究.水力发电学报,25(3):49-57.
余国安,王兆印,张康,等.2008.人工阶梯:深潭改善下切河流水生栖息地及生态的作用.水利学报,39(2):162-167.
张辉,危起伟,杨德国,等.2008.基于流速梯度的河流生境多样性分析.生态学杂志,27(4):667-674.
张光科.1999.山区河流若干特性研究.四川联合大学学报:工程科学版,3(1):11-18.
张玉书,陈鹏狮,冯锐.2003.辽宁省河流水系及流域的遥感解译.生态学杂志,22(3):65-69.
赵军,单福征,杨凯,等.2011.平原河网地区河流曲度及城市化响应.水科学进展,22(5):631-637.
赵彦伟,汪思慧,于磊,等.2010.流域景观格局变化的河流生物响应研究进展.生态学杂志,29(6):1228-1234.
赵银军.2013.基于地貌特征的河流分类及其功能管理研究(博士学位论文).北京:北京师范大学.
Abell R,Olson DM,Dinerstein E,et al.2000.FreshwaterEcoregions of North America.A Conservation AssessmentWashington DC:Island Press:368.
Brierley G,Fryirs K,Outhet D,et al.2002.Application of theriver styles framework as a basis for river management inNSW,Australia.Applied Geography,22:91-122.
Davis C.1899.Part 2:Physiographic essaysⅩⅢ.The geographical cycle.Geographical Journal,ⅩⅣ:481-504.
Souza ERS,Paula FCF.2013.Spatial and temporal hydrochemical variation of a third order river network in a quasi pristine coastal watershed,at Southern Bahia,Brazil.AnaisdaAcademia Brasileirade Ciências,85:1357-1370.
Eyquem J.2007.Using fluvial geomorphology to inform integrated river basin management.Water and Environment Journal,21:54-60.
Frissell CA,Liss WJ,Warren CE,et al.1986.A hierarchicaapproach to classifying stream habitat features:Viewingstreams in a watershed context.Environmental Management,10:199-214.
Higgins JV,Bryermt MT,Khourym ML,et al.2005.A freshwater classification approach for biodiversity conservationplanning.Conservation Biology,19:432-445.
Khomo L,Rogers KH.2009.Stream order controls geomorphicheterogeneity and plant distribution in a savanna landscape.Austral Ecology,34:170-178.
Leopold LB,Wolman MG.1957.River channel patterns:Braided,meandering and straight.Reston,VA:U.S.Geological Survey Professional Paper,282:39-85.
Leopold LB,Miller JP,Wolman MG.1964.Fluvial processes inGeomorphology.San Francisco:Freeman:522.
Melles S,Jones N,Schmidt B.2013.Aquatic Research Series2013-04:Review and evaluation of aquatic ecosystem classifications worldwide.Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources,80.
Melles SJ,Jones NE,Schmidt B.2012.Review of theoreticaldevelopments in stream ecology and their influence onstream classification and conservation planning.FreshwaterBiology,57:415-434.
Montgomery DR,Buffington JM.1997.Channel-reach morphology in mountain drainage basins.Geological Society of America Bulletin,109:596-611.
Palmer L.1976.River management criteria for Oregon andWashington//Coates DR,eds.Geomorphology and Engineering.Stroudsburg,Pennsylvania:Halsted Press.
Rosgen DL.1994.A classification of natural rivers.Catena,22:169-199.
Rust BR.1978.A classification of alluvial channel systems.Calgary:Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists,5:187-198.
Strahler AN.1957.Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology.Transactions of the American Geophysical Union,38:913-920.
Thorp JH,Thomes MC,Delong MD.2006.The riverine ecosystem synthesis:Biocomplexity in river network across spaceand time.River Research and Applications,22:123-147.
Vannote RL,Minshall GW,Cummins KW,et al.1980.Theriver continuum concept.Canadian Journal of Fisheries andAquatic Sciences,37:130-137.