新型CO_2压裂用增稠剂的增稠性能及机理
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摘要
为了改善CO_2压裂液的黏度,需要加入适合该体系的增稠剂,笔者以八甲基环四硅氧烷与四甲基四乙烯基环四硅氧烷为原料,六甲基二硅氧烷为封端剂,五甲基二硅氧烷为支链添加剂,四甲基氢氧化铵与氯铂酸为催化剂合成了一种支链聚硅氧烷CO_2增稠剂,并对该增稠剂的结构进行红外光谱(FT-IR)分析。此外,对加入支链聚硅氧烷增稠剂的CO_2压裂液的性能进行了研究。结果表明,在20℃、7%的加量下,加入相同分子量的聚二甲基硅氧烷CO_2压裂液的黏度为1.66mPa·s,而加入硅氧烷增稠剂CO_2压裂液的黏度为6.67 mPa·s,硅氧烷增稠剂增稠效果明显;CO_2压裂液的黏度随着增稠剂浓度的增加而显著改善,增稠剂的浓度在1%～3%时,随压力从8 MPa升高到14 MPa,含支链聚硅氧烷增稠剂的CO_2压裂液黏度升高明显。然而,压裂液的黏度随温度的增大明显降低。新型支链聚硅氧烷增稠剂比聚二甲基硅氧烷的增稠效果明显优异,与国外产品的增黏效果相差较小。同时提出了聚硅氧烷对CO_2压裂液的增稠机理。
CO_2 fracturing fluid requires suitable viscosifiers to increase its viscosity. A branched polysiloxane was developed for use in CO_2 fracturing fluid as a viscosifier. The branched polysiloxane is synthesized with octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane and tetramethylt etravinylcyclotetrasiloxane as raw materials, hexamethyldisiloxane as blocking agent, pentamethyldisiloxane as branching additive,and tetramethylammonium hydroxide and chloroplatinic acid as catalyst. The molecular structure of the viscosifier was characterized using FT-IR method, and CO_2 fracturing fluid treated with the viscosifier studied for its performance. It was found that, at 20 ℃, the viscosity of a CO_2 fracturing fluid treated with 7% polydimethylsiloxane was 1.66 mPa·s, while the viscosity of another CO_2 fracturing fluid treated with 7% synthesized branched polysiloxane viscosifier of the same molecular weight(as that of the polydimethylsiloxane)was 6.67 mPa·s, showing that the branched polysiloxane viscosifier is a better viscosifier for CO_2 fracturing fluid. The viscosity of the CO_2 fracturing fluid increases with increase in the concentration of the branched polysiloxane viscosifier in the fracturing fluid.At viscosifier(branched polysiloxane viscosifier) concentration of 1% to 3%, when pressure is increase from 8 MPa to 14 MPa, the viscosity of the CO_2 fracturing fluid increased remarkably. On the other hand, the viscosity of the CO_2 fracturing fluid decreases greatly as temperature increases. The branched polysiloxane viscosifier synthesized in this study is able to better increase the viscosity of CO_2 fracturing fluid than polydimethylsiloxane, and has thickening ability that is almost the same as that of viscosifiers manufactured abroad. This paper also discusses the thickening mechanisms of the branched polysiloxane.
CO_2 fracturing fluid requires suitable viscosifiers to increase its viscosity. A branched polysiloxane was developed for use in CO_2 fracturing fluid as a viscosifier. The branched polysiloxane is synthesized with octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane and tetramethylt etravinylcyclotetrasiloxane as raw materials, hexamethyldisiloxane as blocking agent, pentamethyldisiloxane as branching additive,and tetramethylammonium hydroxide and chloroplatinic acid as catalyst. The molecular structure of the viscosifier was characterized using FT-IR method, and CO_2 fracturing fluid treated with the viscosifier studied for its performance. It was found that, at 20 ℃, the viscosity of a CO_2 fracturing fluid treated with 7% polydimethylsiloxane was 1.66 mPa·s, while the viscosity of another CO_2 fracturing fluid treated with 7% synthesized branched polysiloxane viscosifier of the same molecular weight(as that of the polydimethylsiloxane)was 6.67 mPa·s, showing that the branched polysiloxane viscosifier is a better viscosifier for CO_2 fracturing fluid. The viscosity of the CO_2 fracturing fluid increases with increase in the concentration of the branched polysiloxane viscosifier in the fracturing fluid.At viscosifier(branched polysiloxane viscosifier) concentration of 1% to 3%, when pressure is increase from 8 MPa to 14 MPa, the viscosity of the CO_2 fracturing fluid increased remarkably. On the other hand, the viscosity of the CO_2 fracturing fluid decreases greatly as temperature increases. The branched polysiloxane viscosifier synthesized in this study is able to better increase the viscosity of CO_2 fracturing fluid than polydimethylsiloxane, and has thickening ability that is almost the same as that of viscosifiers manufactured abroad. This paper also discusses the thickening mechanisms of the branched polysiloxane.
引文
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[18]LI Qiang,WANG Yanling,LI Qingchao,et al.Study on the optimization of silicone copolymer synthesis and the evaluation of its thickening performance[J].RSCAdvances,2018,8(16):8770-8778.
[19]吕素芳,李美江,邬继荣,等.环硅氧烷开环聚合反应的机理及动力学研究[J].高分子通报,2008(1):61-67.LYU Sufang,LI Meijiang,WU Jirong,et al.Study on mechanism and kinetics for ring-opening polymerization of cyclosiloxane[J].Polymer Bulletin,2008(1):61-67.
[20]周安安.有水条件下环硅氧烷开环聚合机理及动力学研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2003.ZHOU Anan.Study on mechanism and kinetics for ringopening polymerization of cyclosiloxane in the presence of water[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2003.
[21]王锐之.多环氧改性聚硅氧烷的制备及其在真丝织物抗皱整理中的应用[D].杭州:浙江理工大学,2016.WANG Ruizhi.Preparation of mint-epoxy modified polvsiloxane and its annlication in crease resistant finishing of silk fabric[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang Sci-Tech University,2016.
[22]DOHERTY M D,LEE J J,DHUWE A,et al.Small molecule cyclic amide and urea based thickeners for organic and SC-CO2/organic solutions[J].Energy&Fuels,2016,30(7):5601-5610.
[23]JI Y Y,KIM S S,KWON O P,et al.Easy fabrication of large-size superhydrophobic surfaces by atmospheric pressure plasma polymerization with non-polar aromatic hydrocarbon in an in-line process[J].Applied Surface Science,2009,255(8):4575-4578.
[24]SARBU T,STYRANEC T J,BECKMAN E J.Design and synthesis of low cost,sustainable CO2-philes[J].Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Research,2000,39(12):4678-4683.
[25]WANG J,HORTON J H,LIU G,et al.Polymethyleneblock-poly(dimethyl siloxane)-block-polymethylene nanoaggregates in toluene at room temperature[J].Polymer,2007,48(14):4123-4129.
[2]田磊,何建军,杨振周,等.二氧化碳蓄能压裂技术在吉林油田的应用[J].钻井液与完井液,2015,32(6):78-80.TIAN Lei,HE Jianjun,YANG Zhenzhou,et al.Application of CO2 energized fracturing fluid technology in Jilin oiffield[J].Drilling Fluid&Completion Fluid,2015,32(6):78-80.
[3]田树宝,雷刚,何顺利,等.低渗透油藏毛细管压力动态效应[J].石油勘探与开发,2012,39(3):378-384.TIAN Shubao,LEI Gang,HE Shunli,et al.Dynamic effect of capillary pressure in low permeability reservoirs[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2012,39(3):378-384.
[4]白建文,周然,邝聃,等.二氧化碳干法加砂压裂增黏剂研制[J].钻井液与完井液,2017,34(6):105-110.BAI Jianwei,ZHOU Ran,KUANG Dan,et al.Development of viscosifier used in CO2 fracturing fluid with sand[J].Drilling Fluid&Completion Fluid,2017,34(6):105-110.
[5]刘巍.超临界CO2增稠剂研究进展[J].断块油气田,2012,19(5):658-661.LIU Wei.Research advance in supercritical CO2thickeners[J].Fault-Block Oil&Gas Field,2012,19(5):658-661.
[6]ZHANG S,SHE Y,GU Y.Evaluation of polymers as direct thickeners for CO2 enhanced oil recovery[J].Journal of Chemical&Engineering Data,2011,56(4):1069-1079.
[7]CUMMINGS S,XING D,ENICK R,et al.Design principles for supercritical CO2 viscosifiers[J].Soft Matter,2012,8(26):7044-7055.
[8]XING D.CO2 mobility control using direct thickeners and foaming agents[D].Pittsburgh,University of Pittsburgh,2013.
[9]侯晓晖,王煦,王玉斌.水基压裂液聚合物增稠剂的应用状况及展望[J].西南石油学院学报(科学和技术版),2004,26(5):60-62.HOU Xiaohui,WANG Xu,WANG Yubin.Applicaion and prospects of polymer thickener used in water-base fracturing fluids[J].Journal of Southwest Petroleum University(Science&Technology Edition),2004,26(5):60-62.
[10]JYOTI BVS,BAEK S W,PURUSHOTHAMAN N,et al.Thickening of CO2 using copolymer-application in CO2 management[C].International Conference on Flow Dynamics,2014.
[11]LUO X,WANG S,WANG Z,et al.Experimental investigation on rheological properties and friction performance of thickened CO2 fracturing fluid[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2015,133:410-420.
[12]AlHINAI N M,SAEEDI A,WOOD C D,et al.Experimental evaluations of polymeric solubility and thickeners for supercritical CO2 at high temperatures for enhanced oil recovery[J].Energy and Fuels,2018,32(2):1600-1611.
[13]黄楚珊,张丽娟,胡国成,等.全氟辛烷磺酸盐和全氟辛酸在水环境及水生生物体内积累的研究进展[J].环境科技,2014,27(5):66-71.HUANG Chushan,ZHANG Lijuan,HU Guocheng,et al.Research progress of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid accumulation in the aquatic environment and aquatic organisms[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2014,27(5):66-71.
[14]O’BRIEN M J,PERRY R J,DOHERTY M D,et al.Anthraquinone siloxanes as thickening agents for supercritical CO2[J].Energy and Fuels,2016,30(7):5990-5998.
[15]CAI S.Study of CO2 mobility control using cross-linked gel conformance control and CO2 viscosifiers in heterogeneous media[D].Texas,Texas A&M University,2010.
[16]KIRAN E,LIU K.The miscibility and phase behavior of polyethylene with poly(dimethylsiloxane)in near-critical pentane[J].Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering,2002,19(1):153-158.
[17]李强,王彦玲,李庆超,等.曲面法优化硅氧烷三元共聚物合成工艺[J].中国科技论文,2017,12(15):1711-1716.LI Qiang,WANG Yanling,LI Qingchao,et al.Optimization of silicone ternary copolymer synthesis by using response surface methodology[J].China Sciencepaper,2017,12(15):1711-1716.
[18]LI Qiang,WANG Yanling,LI Qingchao,et al.Study on the optimization of silicone copolymer synthesis and the evaluation of its thickening performance[J].RSCAdvances,2018,8(16):8770-8778.
[19]吕素芳,李美江,邬继荣,等.环硅氧烷开环聚合反应的机理及动力学研究[J].高分子通报,2008(1):61-67.LYU Sufang,LI Meijiang,WU Jirong,et al.Study on mechanism and kinetics for ring-opening polymerization of cyclosiloxane[J].Polymer Bulletin,2008(1):61-67.
[20]周安安.有水条件下环硅氧烷开环聚合机理及动力学研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2003.ZHOU Anan.Study on mechanism and kinetics for ringopening polymerization of cyclosiloxane in the presence of water[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2003.
[21]王锐之.多环氧改性聚硅氧烷的制备及其在真丝织物抗皱整理中的应用[D].杭州:浙江理工大学,2016.WANG Ruizhi.Preparation of mint-epoxy modified polvsiloxane and its annlication in crease resistant finishing of silk fabric[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang Sci-Tech University,2016.
[22]DOHERTY M D,LEE J J,DHUWE A,et al.Small molecule cyclic amide and urea based thickeners for organic and SC-CO2/organic solutions[J].Energy&Fuels,2016,30(7):5601-5610.
[23]JI Y Y,KIM S S,KWON O P,et al.Easy fabrication of large-size superhydrophobic surfaces by atmospheric pressure plasma polymerization with non-polar aromatic hydrocarbon in an in-line process[J].Applied Surface Science,2009,255(8):4575-4578.
[24]SARBU T,STYRANEC T J,BECKMAN E J.Design and synthesis of low cost,sustainable CO2-philes[J].Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Research,2000,39(12):4678-4683.
[25]WANG J,HORTON J H,LIU G,et al.Polymethyleneblock-poly(dimethyl siloxane)-block-polymethylene nanoaggregates in toluene at room temperature[J].Polymer,2007,48(14):4123-4129.