苹果-大豆间作系统细根分布变异及地下竞争
|
摘要
果农间作系统中各组分细根的空间分布决定了其对土壤水分和养分的竞争能力,细根的空间变异反映了间作系统各组分对地下资源的适应性策略,而细根的生态位重叠程度反映了因生态位重叠而产生的竞争关系。以晋西黄土区典型的苹果-大豆间作系统为对象,采用分层挖掘法对苹果树和大豆进行根系取样,定量研究间作系统各组分细根的空间分布变异及地下竞争。结果表明:水平方向苹果细根生物量集中分布在距苹果树行0.5～1.3 m区域,而大豆细根生物量随着距苹果树行距离的增大而逐渐增多;苹果细根生物量在20～40 cm土层分布最多,而大豆细根主要分布在0～20 cm的表土耕作层;与单作系统相比,间作抑制了苹果和大豆细根的生长,并促使间作苹果细根向深层土壤移动,间作大豆细根向上层土壤移动;距苹果树行0.5～2.1 m区域大豆的竞争能力强于苹果,且大豆对苹果的竞争作用在0～20 cm土层深度占绝对优势,而苹果对大豆的竞争作用在20～100 cm土层深度占据优势;随着距苹果树行距离的增加,苹果-大豆间作系统的竞争强度逐渐减弱,距苹果树行0.5～1.3 m区域间作系统对地下资源的竞争较为强烈。本研究为苹果-大豆间作系统种间关系调控及可持续经营提供了科学依据。
The spatial distribution of fine roots from different species in a fruit tree-crop intercropping system determines their competitive ability to soil moisture and nutrients. The spatial variation of fine roots reflects the adaptive strategy of the components of intercropping systems to belowground resources. The degree of niche overlap of fine roots reflects the competitive relationship due to the overlap of niches. A stratified excavation method was used to examine the spatial distribution variation and belowground competition of fine roots of apple-crop intercropping systems in the western Shanxi Province of China. The results showed that the fine root biomass of apple trees was concentrated in the area of 0.5-1.3 m from the apple tree row,while that of soybean increased with increasing distance from the apple tree. The fine roots of apple trees were mostly distributed within the 20-40 cm soil depth,while that of soybean were distributed within the topsoil tillage layer of 0-20 cm. Compared with the monocropping systems,the intercropping system not only inhibited the growth of fine roots of both species,but also promoted the distribution of fine roots of apple trees to deep soil and the fine roots of soybean to the upper soil,respectively. The competitive ability of soybeans was stronger than that of apple trees in the area of0.5-2.1 m from the apple tree row. The competition effect of soybeans on apple trees was dominant in the 0-20 cm soil depth,while the competition effect of apple trees on soybeans in the20-100 cm soil depth. With increases of the distance from apple tree row,the competition intensity of apple-soybean intercropping system gradually weakened,with the intense competition occurring in the area of 0.5-1.3 m from the apple tree row. Our results provide scientific basis for the regulation of interspecific relationships and sustainable management of the apple-soybean intercropping system.
The spatial distribution of fine roots from different species in a fruit tree-crop intercropping system determines their competitive ability to soil moisture and nutrients. The spatial variation of fine roots reflects the adaptive strategy of the components of intercropping systems to belowground resources. The degree of niche overlap of fine roots reflects the competitive relationship due to the overlap of niches. A stratified excavation method was used to examine the spatial distribution variation and belowground competition of fine roots of apple-crop intercropping systems in the western Shanxi Province of China. The results showed that the fine root biomass of apple trees was concentrated in the area of 0.5-1.3 m from the apple tree row,while that of soybean increased with increasing distance from the apple tree. The fine roots of apple trees were mostly distributed within the 20-40 cm soil depth,while that of soybean were distributed within the topsoil tillage layer of 0-20 cm. Compared with the monocropping systems,the intercropping system not only inhibited the growth of fine roots of both species,but also promoted the distribution of fine roots of apple trees to deep soil and the fine roots of soybean to the upper soil,respectively. The competitive ability of soybeans was stronger than that of apple trees in the area of0.5-2.1 m from the apple tree row. The competition effect of soybeans on apple trees was dominant in the 0-20 cm soil depth,while the competition effect of apple trees on soybeans in the20-100 cm soil depth. With increases of the distance from apple tree row,the competition intensity of apple-soybean intercropping system gradually weakened,with the intense competition occurring in the area of 0.5-1.3 m from the apple tree row. Our results provide scientific basis for the regulation of interspecific relationships and sustainable management of the apple-soybean intercropping system.
引文
毕华兴,云雷,朱清科,等.2011.晋西黄土区农林复合系统种间关系研究.北京:科学出版社.
丁怡飞,曹永庆,姚小华.2018.油茶-鼠茅草复合系统细根空间分布及地下竞争.生态学杂志,37(4):981-986.
樊巍,卢琦,高喜荣.1999.果农复合系统根系分布格局与生长动态研究.生态学报,19(6):860-863.
何春霞,孟平,张劲松,等.2013.华北低丘山区核桃-决明子复合模式的根系分布.林业科学研究,26(6):715-721.
胡正华,于明坚.2005.古田山青冈林优势种群生态位特征.生态学杂志,24(10):1159-1162.
李洁.2008.晋西黄土果农复合系统苹果树耗水特征及影响因素研究(博士学位论文).北京:北京林业大学.
马秀玲,陆光明,徐祝龄,等.1997.农林复合系统中林带和作物的根系分布特征.中国农业大学学报,2(1):109-116.
孟平,张劲松,尹昌君,等.2002.农林复合系统与单作作物系统作物根系差异特征的研究.林业科学研究,15(4):369-373.
王来.2011.渭北几种农林复合模式对林木和作物根系的影响(硕士学位论文).杨凌:西北农林科技大学.
王来.2016.渭北农林复合系统生产力及其土根响应(博士学位论文).杨凌:西北农林科技大学.
王婷,马亮,马英杰.2017,干旱区枣棉复合系统细根空间分布特征及种间地下竞争关系.西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,45(1):54-60.
许华森,云雷,毕华兴,等.2012.核桃-大豆间作系统细根分布及地下竞争.生态学杂志,31(7):1612-1616.
云雷,毕华兴,任怡,等.2008.黄土区果农复合系统种间水分关系研究.水土保持通报,28(6):110-114.
云雷.2011.晋西黄土区果农间作系统种间关系研究(博士学位论文).北京:北京林业大学.
张劲松,孟平,尹昌君,等.2002.苹果-小麦复合系统中作物根系时空分布特征.林业科学研究,15(5):537-541.
周丹,丛沛桐,于涛,等.1999.羊草种群生态位的计算方法.东北林业大学学报,27(3):48-50.
朱清科,朱金兆.2003.黄土塬面农林复合系统的生态位特征.中国水土保持科学,1(1):49-52.
Anderson LS,Sinclair FL.1993.Ecological interactions in agroforestry systems.Agroforestry Abstracts,6:57-91.
Cannell MGR,Van Noordwijk M,Ong CK.1996.The central agroforestry hypothesis:The tree must acquire resources that the crop would not otherwise acquire.Agroforestry Systems,34:27-31.
Eastham J,Rose CW.1990.Tree pasture interactions at a range of tree densities in an agroforestry experiment.1.Rooting patterns.Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,41:683-695.
Falkiner RA,Nambiar EKS,Polglase PJ,et al.2006.Root distribution of Eucalyptus grandis,and Corymbia maculate in degraded saline soils of south-eastern Australia.Agroforestry Systems,67:279-291.
Farooq M,Wahid A,Kobayashi N,et al.2009.Plant drought stress:effects,mechanisms and management.Agronomy for Sustainable Development,29:185-212.
Gao LB,Xu HS,Bi HX,et al.2013.Intercropping competition between apple trees and crops in agroforestry systems on the Loess Plateau of China.PLo S ONE,8:e70739.
Gross KL,Peters A,Pregitzer KS.1993.Fine root growth and demographic responses to nutrient patches in four old-field plant species.Oecologia,95:61-64.
Hanski L.1978.Some comments on the measurement of niche metrics.Ecology,59:168-174.
Huxley PA,Pinney A,Akunda E,et al.1994.A tree/crop interface orientation experiment with a Grevillea robusta,hedgerow and maize.Agroforestry Systems,26:23-45.
Jackson RB,Canadell J,Ehleringer JR,et al.1996.A global analysis of root distribution for terrestrial biomass.Oecologia,108:389-411.
Kumar SS,Kumar BM,Wahid PA,et al.1999.Root competition for phosphorus between coconut,multipurpose trees and kacholam(Kaempferia galanga L.)in Kerala,India.Agroforestry Systems,46:131-146.
Levins R.1968.Evolution in Changing Environments:Some Theoretical Explorations.Princeton:Princeton University Press.
May R,McLean AR.2007.Theoretical Ecology:Principles and Applications.New York:Oxford University Press.
Moreno G,Obrador JJ,Cubera E,et al.2005.Fine root distribution in Dehesas of Central-Western Spain.Plant and Soil,277:153-162.
Mou P,Mitchell RJ,Jones RH.1997.Root distribution of two tree species under a heterogeneous nutrient environment.Journal of Applied Ecology,34:645-656.
Ong CK,Corlett JE,Singh RP,et al.1991.Above and below ground interaction in agroforestry systems.Forest Ecology and Management,45:45-57.
Pianka ER.1973.The structure of lizard communities.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,4:53-74.
Richards JH,Caldwell MM.1987.Hydraulic lift:Substantial nocturnal water transport between soil layers by Artemisia tridentate roots.Oecologia,73:486-489.
Smith DM,Jackson NA,Roberts JM,et al.1999.Root distributions in a Grevillea robusta-maize agroforestry system in semi-arid Kenya.Plant and Soil,211:191-205.
Xu HS,Bi HX,Gao LB,et al.2013.Distribution and morphological variation of fine root in a walnut-soybean intercropping system in the Loess Plateau of China.International Journal of Agriculture and Biology,15:998-1002.
Xu HS,Bi HX,Xi WM,et al.2014.Root distribution variation of crops under walnut-based intercropping systems in the Loess Plateau of China.Pakistan Journal of Agriculture Sciences,51:773-778.
Zamora DS,Jose S,Nair PKR.2007.Morphological plasticity of cotton roots in response to interspecific competition with pecan in an alley cropping system in the southern United States.Agroforestry Systems,69:107-116.
丁怡飞,曹永庆,姚小华.2018.油茶-鼠茅草复合系统细根空间分布及地下竞争.生态学杂志,37(4):981-986.
樊巍,卢琦,高喜荣.1999.果农复合系统根系分布格局与生长动态研究.生态学报,19(6):860-863.
何春霞,孟平,张劲松,等.2013.华北低丘山区核桃-决明子复合模式的根系分布.林业科学研究,26(6):715-721.
胡正华,于明坚.2005.古田山青冈林优势种群生态位特征.生态学杂志,24(10):1159-1162.
李洁.2008.晋西黄土果农复合系统苹果树耗水特征及影响因素研究(博士学位论文).北京:北京林业大学.
马秀玲,陆光明,徐祝龄,等.1997.农林复合系统中林带和作物的根系分布特征.中国农业大学学报,2(1):109-116.
孟平,张劲松,尹昌君,等.2002.农林复合系统与单作作物系统作物根系差异特征的研究.林业科学研究,15(4):369-373.
王来.2011.渭北几种农林复合模式对林木和作物根系的影响(硕士学位论文).杨凌:西北农林科技大学.
王来.2016.渭北农林复合系统生产力及其土根响应(博士学位论文).杨凌:西北农林科技大学.
王婷,马亮,马英杰.2017,干旱区枣棉复合系统细根空间分布特征及种间地下竞争关系.西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,45(1):54-60.
许华森,云雷,毕华兴,等.2012.核桃-大豆间作系统细根分布及地下竞争.生态学杂志,31(7):1612-1616.
云雷,毕华兴,任怡,等.2008.黄土区果农复合系统种间水分关系研究.水土保持通报,28(6):110-114.
云雷.2011.晋西黄土区果农间作系统种间关系研究(博士学位论文).北京:北京林业大学.
张劲松,孟平,尹昌君,等.2002.苹果-小麦复合系统中作物根系时空分布特征.林业科学研究,15(5):537-541.
周丹,丛沛桐,于涛,等.1999.羊草种群生态位的计算方法.东北林业大学学报,27(3):48-50.
朱清科,朱金兆.2003.黄土塬面农林复合系统的生态位特征.中国水土保持科学,1(1):49-52.
Anderson LS,Sinclair FL.1993.Ecological interactions in agroforestry systems.Agroforestry Abstracts,6:57-91.
Cannell MGR,Van Noordwijk M,Ong CK.1996.The central agroforestry hypothesis:The tree must acquire resources that the crop would not otherwise acquire.Agroforestry Systems,34:27-31.
Eastham J,Rose CW.1990.Tree pasture interactions at a range of tree densities in an agroforestry experiment.1.Rooting patterns.Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,41:683-695.
Falkiner RA,Nambiar EKS,Polglase PJ,et al.2006.Root distribution of Eucalyptus grandis,and Corymbia maculate in degraded saline soils of south-eastern Australia.Agroforestry Systems,67:279-291.
Farooq M,Wahid A,Kobayashi N,et al.2009.Plant drought stress:effects,mechanisms and management.Agronomy for Sustainable Development,29:185-212.
Gao LB,Xu HS,Bi HX,et al.2013.Intercropping competition between apple trees and crops in agroforestry systems on the Loess Plateau of China.PLo S ONE,8:e70739.
Gross KL,Peters A,Pregitzer KS.1993.Fine root growth and demographic responses to nutrient patches in four old-field plant species.Oecologia,95:61-64.
Hanski L.1978.Some comments on the measurement of niche metrics.Ecology,59:168-174.
Huxley PA,Pinney A,Akunda E,et al.1994.A tree/crop interface orientation experiment with a Grevillea robusta,hedgerow and maize.Agroforestry Systems,26:23-45.
Jackson RB,Canadell J,Ehleringer JR,et al.1996.A global analysis of root distribution for terrestrial biomass.Oecologia,108:389-411.
Kumar SS,Kumar BM,Wahid PA,et al.1999.Root competition for phosphorus between coconut,multipurpose trees and kacholam(Kaempferia galanga L.)in Kerala,India.Agroforestry Systems,46:131-146.
Levins R.1968.Evolution in Changing Environments:Some Theoretical Explorations.Princeton:Princeton University Press.
May R,McLean AR.2007.Theoretical Ecology:Principles and Applications.New York:Oxford University Press.
Moreno G,Obrador JJ,Cubera E,et al.2005.Fine root distribution in Dehesas of Central-Western Spain.Plant and Soil,277:153-162.
Mou P,Mitchell RJ,Jones RH.1997.Root distribution of two tree species under a heterogeneous nutrient environment.Journal of Applied Ecology,34:645-656.
Ong CK,Corlett JE,Singh RP,et al.1991.Above and below ground interaction in agroforestry systems.Forest Ecology and Management,45:45-57.
Pianka ER.1973.The structure of lizard communities.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,4:53-74.
Richards JH,Caldwell MM.1987.Hydraulic lift:Substantial nocturnal water transport between soil layers by Artemisia tridentate roots.Oecologia,73:486-489.
Smith DM,Jackson NA,Roberts JM,et al.1999.Root distributions in a Grevillea robusta-maize agroforestry system in semi-arid Kenya.Plant and Soil,211:191-205.
Xu HS,Bi HX,Gao LB,et al.2013.Distribution and morphological variation of fine root in a walnut-soybean intercropping system in the Loess Plateau of China.International Journal of Agriculture and Biology,15:998-1002.
Xu HS,Bi HX,Xi WM,et al.2014.Root distribution variation of crops under walnut-based intercropping systems in the Loess Plateau of China.Pakistan Journal of Agriculture Sciences,51:773-778.
Zamora DS,Jose S,Nair PKR.2007.Morphological plasticity of cotton roots in response to interspecific competition with pecan in an alley cropping system in the southern United States.Agroforestry Systems,69:107-116.