新型尿素对加工番茄的产量和氮素利用率的影响
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摘要
【目的】比较不同新型尿素品种对膜下滴灌加工番茄生物量、氮素吸收利用、产量及经济效益的影响,以选择合适的新型尿素品种和提高氮肥利用率及效益。【方法】2016～2017年连续两年进行田间试验。试验共设7个处理:不施氮肥、普通尿素(Urea)、聚能网尿素(P-Urea)、腐殖酸尿素(H-Urea)、含锌尿素(Zn-Urea)、控失尿素(LC-Urea)和普通尿素加锌(Urea+Zn)。各处理的氮磷钾用量相同,除了控失尿素的氮全部基施外,其他尿素30%作基肥,70%后期随水滴施,磷钾锌肥全部基施。于加工番茄成熟期测定加工番茄生物量、产量和氮肥吸收利用率。【结果】与普通尿素相比,新型尿素的加工番茄产量增加了5.26%～11.37%、地上部干物质量增加了1.85%～19.26%,其中腐殖酸尿素比普通尿素显著增加了加工番茄的干物质量和产量,两年平均分别增加17.95%和10.31%。新型尿素显著增加加工番茄的氮素吸收量,与普通尿素相比,氮肥利用平均提高4个百分点以上,腐殖酸尿素氮肥利用率提高了9.72个百分点。施用新型尿素增加加工番茄的效益,其中腐殖酸尿素收益最高,与普通尿素相比,增收2975元/hm~2。【结论】新型尿素中腐殖酸尿素是新疆加工番茄提高氮肥利用率和增加效益的最有效途径。
【Objective】 To select suitable new type urea for drip irrigated processing tomato in calcare-ous soil, the biomass, nitrogen(N)uptake and utilization, yield and economic benefit of processing tomato were compared.【Methods】Two-year field trials were conducted with seven treatments including no N fertilizer(CK), common urea(Urea), polyaspartic acid urea(P-Urea), Humic humic acid urea(H-Urea), Zinc urea(Zn-Urea), loss-controlled urea(LC-Urea), common urea add Zn(Urea+Zn). The amount of NPK in each treatment was the same. In addition to all basal application of loss-controlled urea(LC-Urea), 30% of other urea was used as base fertilizer and 70% was applied with drip irrigation at the later stage. All P, K, and Zn fertilizers were applied as base fertilizer before transplanting. The biomass, yield and nitrogen uptake efficiency of processing tomato were measured at the mature stage.【Results】Compared with the common urea, the yields of new-type urea increased by 5.26%-11.37%, and dry matter increased by 1.85%-19.26%. Compared with common urea, humic acid urea significantly increased the shoot dry matter and the yield of processing tomato by 17.95% and 10.31%. Application of the new type urea also increased N average utilization rates by more than 4 percent. Humic acid urea N utilization rates increased by 9.72 percent. At the same time, the benefit of processing tomato was increased by applying new type urea, among which humic acid urea had the highest yield, and compared with the common urea, the income increased 2975 yuan/hm~2. 【Conclusions】 The humic acid urea in the new types urea is the most effective way to improve the nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency and increase the benefit of processing tomato in Xinjiang.
【Objective】 To select suitable new type urea for drip irrigated processing tomato in calcare-ous soil, the biomass, nitrogen(N)uptake and utilization, yield and economic benefit of processing tomato were compared.【Methods】Two-year field trials were conducted with seven treatments including no N fertilizer(CK), common urea(Urea), polyaspartic acid urea(P-Urea), Humic humic acid urea(H-Urea), Zinc urea(Zn-Urea), loss-controlled urea(LC-Urea), common urea add Zn(Urea+Zn). The amount of NPK in each treatment was the same. In addition to all basal application of loss-controlled urea(LC-Urea), 30% of other urea was used as base fertilizer and 70% was applied with drip irrigation at the later stage. All P, K, and Zn fertilizers were applied as base fertilizer before transplanting. The biomass, yield and nitrogen uptake efficiency of processing tomato were measured at the mature stage.【Results】Compared with the common urea, the yields of new-type urea increased by 5.26%-11.37%, and dry matter increased by 1.85%-19.26%. Compared with common urea, humic acid urea significantly increased the shoot dry matter and the yield of processing tomato by 17.95% and 10.31%. Application of the new type urea also increased N average utilization rates by more than 4 percent. Humic acid urea N utilization rates increased by 9.72 percent. At the same time, the benefit of processing tomato was increased by applying new type urea, among which humic acid urea had the highest yield, and compared with the common urea, the income increased 2975 yuan/hm~2. 【Conclusions】 The humic acid urea in the new types urea is the most effective way to improve the nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency and increase the benefit of processing tomato in Xinjiang.
引文
[1]李金叶.新疆农业优势特色产业带培育研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学硕士论文,2006.LI Jin-ye.(2006).Research on the cultivation of Xinjiang advantageous agricultural characteristic industry [D].Master Dissertation.Xinjiang University,Urumqi.(in Chinese)
[2]陈虹总编.新疆统计年鉴[J].中国统计出版社,2017,346-347.CHEN Hong (2017).Xinjiang statistical yearbook [J].Beijing:China Statistics Press:346-347.(in Chinese)
[3]王新,马富裕,刁明,等.滴灌番茄临界氮浓度、氮素吸收和氮营养指数模拟[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(18):99-108.WANG Xin,MA Fu-yu,DIAO Ming,et al.(2013).Simulation of critical nitrogen concentration,nitrogen uptake and nitrogen nutrition index of processing tomato with drip irrigation [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,29(18):99-108.(in Chinese)
[4]汤明尧,张炎,胡伟,等.不同施氮水平对加工番茄养分吸收、分配及产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(5):1 238-1 245.TANG Ming-yao,ZHANG Yan,HU Wei,et al.(2010).Effects of different nitrogen nrates on nutrition absorption,distribution and yield in tomato [J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers,16(5):1,238 -1.245.(in Chinese)
[5] Liu,X.,Ju,X.,Zhang,F.,Pan,J.,& Christie,P.(2003).Nitrogen dynamics and budgets in a winter wheat-maize cropping system in the North China Plain.Field Crops Research,83(2):111-124.
[6] Vitousek,P.M.,Naylor,R.,Crews,T.,David,M.B.,Drinkwater,L.E.,& Holland,E.,et al.(2009).Nutrient imbalances in agricultural development.Science,324.DOI:10.1126/science.1170261
[7] Dawson,C.J.,& Hilton,J.(2011).Fertiliser availability in a resource-limited world:production and recycling of nitrogen and phosphorus.Food Policy,36(supp-S1),14.DOI:10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.11.012
[8] Kuscu,H.,Turhan,A.,Ozmen,N.,Aydinol,P.,& Demir,A.O.(2014).Optimizing levels of water and nitrogen applied through drip irrigation for yield,quality,and water productivity of processing tomato (lycopersicon esculentummill.).Horticulture,Environment,and Biotechnology,55(2):103-114.
[9] Zhu,Z.L.,& Chen,D.L..(2002).Nitrogen fertilizer use in china - contributions to food production,impacts on the environment and best management strategies.Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,63(2-3):117-127.
[10]李超英,计小江,吴春艳.施用不同新型增效尿素对水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响[J].浙江农业学报,2013,25(2):333-338.LI Chao-ying,JI Xiao-jiang,WU Chun-yan,et al.(2013).Effects of different new type urea on yield and nitrogen utilization in tomato[J].Journal of Zhejiang agriculture,25(2):333-338.(in Chinese)
[11]梁太波,王振林,刘兰兰,等.腐植酸尿素对生姜产量及氮素吸收、同化和品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(5):903- 909.LIANG Tai-bo,WANG Zhen-lin,LIU Lan-lan,et al.(2007).Effects of humic acid urea on yield and nitrogen absorption,assimilation and quality of ginger [J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers,13(5):903- 909.(in Chinese)
[12]陈迪文,周文灵,沈大春,等.不同类型增效尿素对甘蔗产量和氮素利用率的影响[J].甘蔗糖业,2017,(5):11-16.CHEN Di-wen,ZHOU Wen-ling,SHEN Da-chun,et al.(2017).Effects of Different Kinds of Synergistic Urea on the Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Sugarcane [J].Sugarcane and Canesugar,(5):11-16.(in Chinese)
[13]刘艳丽,丁方军,张娟,等.活化腐植酸-尿素施用对小麦-玉米轮作土壤氮肥利用率及其控制因素的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2016,24(10):1 310-1 319.LIU Yan-li,DING Fang-jun,ZHANG Juan,et al.(2016).Effect of activated humic acid-urea on nitrogen use efficiency and its driving factors under wheat-maize rotation system [J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,24(10):1,310-1,319.(in Chinese)
[14]邢素丽,李孝兰,杨军芳,等.新型尿素对小麦产量和氮肥利用率的应用效果研究[J].河北农业科学,2017,21(6):40-43.XING Su-li,LI Xiao-lan,YANG Jun-fang,et al.(2017).Effects of New Types of Urea on Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Wheat [J].Journal of Hebei Agricultural Sciences,21(6):40-43.(in Chinese)
[15]张爱华,张钦,杨爽,等.新型尿素对玉米产量及养分积累、利用的影响[J].玉米科学:2018,26(5):1-8.ZHANG Ai-hua,ZHANG Qin,YANG Shuang,et al.(2018).The effect of new-type urea on yield,nutrient accumulation and utilization of corn [J].Journal of Maize Sciences,26(5):1-8.(in Chinese)
[16] Deng,F.,Wang,L.,Ren,W.J.,& Mei,X.F.(2014).Enhancing nitrogen utilization and soil nitrogen balance in paddy fields by optimizing nitrogen management and using polyaspartic acid urea.Field Crops Research,169:30-38.
[17] Dong,L.,Ana Lucía Córdova-Kreylos,Yang,J.,Yuan,H.,& Scow,K.M.(2009).Humic acids buffer the effects of urea on soil ammonia oxidizers and potential nitrification.Soil Biology & Biochemistry,41(8):1,612-1,621.
[18]刘红恩,李金峰,刘世亮,等.施用含锌尿素对夏玉米产量、氮素吸收及氮肥利用率的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2016,44(9):94-97.LIU Hong-en,LI Jin-feng,LIU Shi-Liang,YANG Suang,et al.(2016).Effects of Zinc-urea on yield,nitrogen uptake and utilization in maize [J].Journal of Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,44(9):94-97.(in Chinese)
[19]张艳菲,王晨阳,李世莹,等.控失尿素养分释放特性研究[J].磷肥与复肥,2017,(3):11-12.ZHANG Yan-fei,WANG Chen-yang,LI Shi-ying,et al.(2017).Study on nutrient release mechanism of loss-control urea [J].Phosphate &Compound Fertilizer,(3):11-12.(in Chinese)
[20]王国文,郭景丽,姜瑛,等.施用控失尿素对土壤养分含量及水稻产量的影响[J].河南农业科学,2015,(10):73-75.WANG Guo-wen,GUO Jing-li,JIANG Ying,et al.(2015).Effects of Loss-control Urea Application on Soil Nutrient Content and Rice Yield [J].Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences,(10):73-75.(in Chinese)
[21] Ya-dan,Hong-xia,Shi-quan,Xiao-bo,& Yu-xin.(2017).Response of yield,quality,water and nitrogen use efficiency of tomato to different levels of water and nitrogen under drip irrigation in northwestern china.Journal of Integrative Agriculture,16(5):1,153-1,161.
[22] Dong,L.H.,Yuan,Q.,& Yuan,H.L.(2006).Changes of chemical properties of humic acids from crude and fungal transformed lignite.Fuel,85(17-18):2,402-2,407.
[23]程刚.石灰性土壤中腐植酸活化磷酸氢钙的试验研究[D].晋中:山西农业大学硕士论文,2005.CHENG Gang.(2005).Preliminary study on effect of HA activated CaHPO4 in calcareous soil [D].Master Dissertation.Shanxi Agricultural University,Jinzhong.(in Chinese) .
[2]陈虹总编.新疆统计年鉴[J].中国统计出版社,2017,346-347.CHEN Hong (2017).Xinjiang statistical yearbook [J].Beijing:China Statistics Press:346-347.(in Chinese)
[3]王新,马富裕,刁明,等.滴灌番茄临界氮浓度、氮素吸收和氮营养指数模拟[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(18):99-108.WANG Xin,MA Fu-yu,DIAO Ming,et al.(2013).Simulation of critical nitrogen concentration,nitrogen uptake and nitrogen nutrition index of processing tomato with drip irrigation [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,29(18):99-108.(in Chinese)
[4]汤明尧,张炎,胡伟,等.不同施氮水平对加工番茄养分吸收、分配及产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(5):1 238-1 245.TANG Ming-yao,ZHANG Yan,HU Wei,et al.(2010).Effects of different nitrogen nrates on nutrition absorption,distribution and yield in tomato [J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers,16(5):1,238 -1.245.(in Chinese)
[5] Liu,X.,Ju,X.,Zhang,F.,Pan,J.,& Christie,P.(2003).Nitrogen dynamics and budgets in a winter wheat-maize cropping system in the North China Plain.Field Crops Research,83(2):111-124.
[6] Vitousek,P.M.,Naylor,R.,Crews,T.,David,M.B.,Drinkwater,L.E.,& Holland,E.,et al.(2009).Nutrient imbalances in agricultural development.Science,324.DOI:10.1126/science.1170261
[7] Dawson,C.J.,& Hilton,J.(2011).Fertiliser availability in a resource-limited world:production and recycling of nitrogen and phosphorus.Food Policy,36(supp-S1),14.DOI:10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.11.012
[8] Kuscu,H.,Turhan,A.,Ozmen,N.,Aydinol,P.,& Demir,A.O.(2014).Optimizing levels of water and nitrogen applied through drip irrigation for yield,quality,and water productivity of processing tomato (lycopersicon esculentummill.).Horticulture,Environment,and Biotechnology,55(2):103-114.
[9] Zhu,Z.L.,& Chen,D.L..(2002).Nitrogen fertilizer use in china - contributions to food production,impacts on the environment and best management strategies.Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,63(2-3):117-127.
[10]李超英,计小江,吴春艳.施用不同新型增效尿素对水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响[J].浙江农业学报,2013,25(2):333-338.LI Chao-ying,JI Xiao-jiang,WU Chun-yan,et al.(2013).Effects of different new type urea on yield and nitrogen utilization in tomato[J].Journal of Zhejiang agriculture,25(2):333-338.(in Chinese)
[11]梁太波,王振林,刘兰兰,等.腐植酸尿素对生姜产量及氮素吸收、同化和品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(5):903- 909.LIANG Tai-bo,WANG Zhen-lin,LIU Lan-lan,et al.(2007).Effects of humic acid urea on yield and nitrogen absorption,assimilation and quality of ginger [J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers,13(5):903- 909.(in Chinese)
[12]陈迪文,周文灵,沈大春,等.不同类型增效尿素对甘蔗产量和氮素利用率的影响[J].甘蔗糖业,2017,(5):11-16.CHEN Di-wen,ZHOU Wen-ling,SHEN Da-chun,et al.(2017).Effects of Different Kinds of Synergistic Urea on the Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Sugarcane [J].Sugarcane and Canesugar,(5):11-16.(in Chinese)
[13]刘艳丽,丁方军,张娟,等.活化腐植酸-尿素施用对小麦-玉米轮作土壤氮肥利用率及其控制因素的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2016,24(10):1 310-1 319.LIU Yan-li,DING Fang-jun,ZHANG Juan,et al.(2016).Effect of activated humic acid-urea on nitrogen use efficiency and its driving factors under wheat-maize rotation system [J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,24(10):1,310-1,319.(in Chinese)
[14]邢素丽,李孝兰,杨军芳,等.新型尿素对小麦产量和氮肥利用率的应用效果研究[J].河北农业科学,2017,21(6):40-43.XING Su-li,LI Xiao-lan,YANG Jun-fang,et al.(2017).Effects of New Types of Urea on Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Wheat [J].Journal of Hebei Agricultural Sciences,21(6):40-43.(in Chinese)
[15]张爱华,张钦,杨爽,等.新型尿素对玉米产量及养分积累、利用的影响[J].玉米科学:2018,26(5):1-8.ZHANG Ai-hua,ZHANG Qin,YANG Shuang,et al.(2018).The effect of new-type urea on yield,nutrient accumulation and utilization of corn [J].Journal of Maize Sciences,26(5):1-8.(in Chinese)
[16] Deng,F.,Wang,L.,Ren,W.J.,& Mei,X.F.(2014).Enhancing nitrogen utilization and soil nitrogen balance in paddy fields by optimizing nitrogen management and using polyaspartic acid urea.Field Crops Research,169:30-38.
[17] Dong,L.,Ana Lucía Córdova-Kreylos,Yang,J.,Yuan,H.,& Scow,K.M.(2009).Humic acids buffer the effects of urea on soil ammonia oxidizers and potential nitrification.Soil Biology & Biochemistry,41(8):1,612-1,621.
[18]刘红恩,李金峰,刘世亮,等.施用含锌尿素对夏玉米产量、氮素吸收及氮肥利用率的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2016,44(9):94-97.LIU Hong-en,LI Jin-feng,LIU Shi-Liang,YANG Suang,et al.(2016).Effects of Zinc-urea on yield,nitrogen uptake and utilization in maize [J].Journal of Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,44(9):94-97.(in Chinese)
[19]张艳菲,王晨阳,李世莹,等.控失尿素养分释放特性研究[J].磷肥与复肥,2017,(3):11-12.ZHANG Yan-fei,WANG Chen-yang,LI Shi-ying,et al.(2017).Study on nutrient release mechanism of loss-control urea [J].Phosphate &Compound Fertilizer,(3):11-12.(in Chinese)
[20]王国文,郭景丽,姜瑛,等.施用控失尿素对土壤养分含量及水稻产量的影响[J].河南农业科学,2015,(10):73-75.WANG Guo-wen,GUO Jing-li,JIANG Ying,et al.(2015).Effects of Loss-control Urea Application on Soil Nutrient Content and Rice Yield [J].Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences,(10):73-75.(in Chinese)
[21] Ya-dan,Hong-xia,Shi-quan,Xiao-bo,& Yu-xin.(2017).Response of yield,quality,water and nitrogen use efficiency of tomato to different levels of water and nitrogen under drip irrigation in northwestern china.Journal of Integrative Agriculture,16(5):1,153-1,161.
[22] Dong,L.H.,Yuan,Q.,& Yuan,H.L.(2006).Changes of chemical properties of humic acids from crude and fungal transformed lignite.Fuel,85(17-18):2,402-2,407.
[23]程刚.石灰性土壤中腐植酸活化磷酸氢钙的试验研究[D].晋中:山西农业大学硕士论文,2005.CHENG Gang.(2005).Preliminary study on effect of HA activated CaHPO4 in calcareous soil [D].Master Dissertation.Shanxi Agricultural University,Jinzhong.(in Chinese) .