秸秆还田和耕作深度对稻田耕层土壤的影响
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摘要
为了解耕作深度与秸秆还田对稻田耕层土壤酶活性和微生物群落结构的影响,2016年同时在兰溪和金华两地开展油菜秸秆还田与不同耕作深度的稻作田间试验,探讨浅耕(耕深10~12 cm)无秸秆还田、浅耕油菜秸秆还田、深耕(耕深18~20 cm)无秸秆还田和深耕油菜秸秆还田等4个处理对土壤养分含量、土壤酶活性和土壤磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)组成及土壤微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田能增加土壤碱解氮和有效磷等含量,但耕深和秸秆还田对土壤pH、速效钾和有机质含量均无显著影响。秸秆还田可提高稻谷产量,而耕深对稻谷产量无明显影响。与浅耕无秸秆相比,深耕或秸秆还田可提高耕层土壤磷酸酶和β-葡糖苷酶的活性,但对生物多样性香农(Shannon)指数无显著影响。秸秆还田可提高土壤磷脂脂肪酸总含量、细菌PLFA含量和真菌PLFA含量,而增加耕深会降低土壤真菌PLFA含量。秸秆还田结合适宜的耕作深度可有效提高稻田土壤养分、酶活性和微生物生物量,改善土壤肥力,进而提高水稻产量。
To investigate the effects of different tillage and straw management on soil nutrients,enzyme activities and microbial community structure,a field experiment was conducted at two experimental stations in Lanxi and Jinhua in2016. The experiment consisted of four treatments with three replicates arranged in a completely randomized design:shallow tillage( tillage depth 10-12 cm) without straw,shallow tillage with straw incorporation,deep tillage( tillage depth 18-20 cm) without straw and deep tillage with straw incorporation. Soil nutrients,enzyme activities,phospholipid fatty acid( PLFA) content and microbial community composition were determined. It was shown that addition of straw in topsoil increased the contents of soil alkali-nitrogen and Olsen phosphorus,but there were no significant differences in p H,available potassium and organic matter contents among treatments. Straw incorporation at the same tillage depth increased rice grain yield,but tillage depth with the same straw management had no significant effect on rice grain yield. Increasing tillage depth or addition of straw in topsoil increased the activities of soil acid phosphatase and β-glucosidase. There were no significant differences on Shannon index among treatments. Straw incorporation at the same tillage depth increased total PLFA,bacterial PLFA and fungal PLFA,but deep tillage with the same straw in-corporation decreased fungal PLFA. Straw incorporation with proper tillage depth was an effective management measure to increase soil nutrients,soil enzyme activities,contents of soil microbes,and consequently grain yield.
To investigate the effects of different tillage and straw management on soil nutrients,enzyme activities and microbial community structure,a field experiment was conducted at two experimental stations in Lanxi and Jinhua in2016. The experiment consisted of four treatments with three replicates arranged in a completely randomized design:shallow tillage( tillage depth 10-12 cm) without straw,shallow tillage with straw incorporation,deep tillage( tillage depth 18-20 cm) without straw and deep tillage with straw incorporation. Soil nutrients,enzyme activities,phospholipid fatty acid( PLFA) content and microbial community composition were determined. It was shown that addition of straw in topsoil increased the contents of soil alkali-nitrogen and Olsen phosphorus,but there were no significant differences in p H,available potassium and organic matter contents among treatments. Straw incorporation at the same tillage depth increased rice grain yield,but tillage depth with the same straw management had no significant effect on rice grain yield. Increasing tillage depth or addition of straw in topsoil increased the activities of soil acid phosphatase and β-glucosidase. There were no significant differences on Shannon index among treatments. Straw incorporation at the same tillage depth increased total PLFA,bacterial PLFA and fungal PLFA,but deep tillage with the same straw in-corporation decreased fungal PLFA. Straw incorporation with proper tillage depth was an effective management measure to increase soil nutrients,soil enzyme activities,contents of soil microbes,and consequently grain yield.
引文
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[2]胡诚,刘东海,乔艳,等.不同的秸秆还田对土壤理化性质及水稻产量的影响[J].湖北农业科学,2017,56(10):1854-1856.HU C,LIU D H,QIAO Y,et al.Effects of different crop straw returning to soil on soil physic-chemical properties and rice yield[J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences,2017,56(10):1854-1856.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]张丹,付斌,胡万里,等.秸秆还田提高水稻-油菜轮作土壤固氮能力及作物产量[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(9):133-140.ZHANG D,FU B,HU W L,et al.Increasing soil nitrogen fixation capacity and crop yield of rice-rape rotation by straw returning[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agriculture Engineering,2017,33(9):133-140.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[5]刘红江,郭智,郑建初,等.太湖地区氮肥减量对水稻产量和氮素流失的影响[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(3):713-718.LIU H J,GUO Z,ZHENG J C,et al.Effects of nitrogen reduction on rice yield and nitrogen loss in Taihu area[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2017,36(3):713-718.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]刘骁蒨,涂仕华,孙锡发,等.秸秆还田与施肥对稻田土壤微生物生物量及固氮菌群落结构的影响[J].生态学报,2013,33(17):5210-5218.LIU X Q,TU S H,SUN X F,et al.Effect of different fertilizer combinations and straw return on microbial biomass and nitrogen-fixing bacteria community in a paddy soil[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(17):5210-5218.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]郭江峰.土壤耕作深度对冬小麦生长状况及产量的影响[J].中国农技推广,2016,32(8):69-70.GUO J F.Effects of soil tillage depth on the growth condition and yield of winter wheat[J].China Agricultural Technology Extension,2016,32(8):69-70.(in Chinese)
[8]朱杰,牛永志,高文玲,等.秸秆还田和土壤耕作深度对直播稻田土壤及产量的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2006(6):388-391.ZHU J,NIU Y Z,GAO W L,et al.Effects of straw recovery and tillage depth on crop yield and soil property in the directed-seeded rice field[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2006(6):388-391.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]童文杰,邓小鹏,徐照丽,等.不同耕作深度对土壤物理性状及烤烟根系空间分布特征的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2016,24(11):1464-1472.TONG W J,DENG X P,XU Z L,et al.Effect of plowing depth on soil physical characteristics and spatial distribution of root system of flue-cured tobacco[J].Chinese Journal of EcoAgriculture,2016,24(11):1464-1472.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]邹文秀,陆欣春,韩晓增,等.耕作深度及秸秆还田对农田黑土土壤供水能力及作物产量的影响[J].土壤与作物,2016(3):141-149.ZOU W X,LU X C,HAN X Z,et al.The impact of tillage depth and straw incorporation on crop yield and soil water supply arable black soil[J].Soils and Crops,2016(3):141-149.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]李富程,花小叶,黄强.耕作深度对紫色土坡地旋耕机耕作的影响[J].水土保持研究,2016,23(4):1-5.LI F C,HUA X Y,HUANG Q.Effects of tillage depth on tillage erosion by rotary cultivator plough on the steep land in purple soil[J].Research of Soil and Water Conversation,2016,23(4):1-5.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]JACKSON L E,CALDERON F J,STEENWERTH K L,et al.Responses of soil microbial processes and community structure to tillage events and implications for soil quality[J].Geoderma,2003,114(3):305-317.
[13]MINOSHIMA H,JACKSON L E,CAVAGNARO T R,et al.Soil food webs and carbon dynamics in response to conservation tillage in California[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2007,71(3):952-963.
[14]PETERSEN S O,FROHNE P S,KENNEDY A C.Dynamics of a soil microbial community under spring wheat[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2002,66(3):826-833.
[15]SPEDDING T A,HAMEL C,MEHUYS G R,et al.Soil microbial dynamics in maize-growing soil under different tillage and residue management systems[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2004,36(3):499-512.
[16]应博凡.浙江秸秆机械化综合利用研究与探讨[J].农机科技推广,2016(12):34-35.YING B F.Comprehensive utilization research and discussion of mechanized straw in Zhejiang[J].Agriculture Machinery Technology Extension,2016(12):34-35.(in Chinese)
[17]林大义.土壤学实验指导[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2004:42-47.
[18]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000:12.
[19]杨俐苹,白由路,王磊,等.基于土壤有效磷(Olsen法)分析的高效测试技术研究[J].中国土壤与肥料,2011(3):87-91.YANG L P,BAI Y L,WANG L,et al.Study on the method of determining available phosphorus(Olsen-P)with high testing efficiency[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China,2011(3):87-91.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]关松荫.土壤酶及其研究方法[M].北京:农业出版社,1986.
[21]周礼恺.土壤酶学[M].北京:科学出版社,1987.
[22]李腊梅,陆琴,严蔚东,等.太湖地区稻麦二熟制下长期秸秆还田对土壤酶活性的影响[J].土壤,2006,38(4):422-428.LI L M,LU Q,YAN W D,et al.Effect of long-term straw incorporation on enzyme activity in paddy soil under ricewheat rotation in Taihu region[J].Soils,2006,38(4):422-428.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]BLIGH E G,DYER W J.A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification[J].Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology,1959,37:911-917.
[24]WHITE D C,DAVIS W M,NICKELS J S,et al.Determination of the sedimentary microbial biomass by extractible lipid phosphate[J].Oecologia,1979,40(1):51-62.
[25]PETERSEN S O,KLUG M J.Effects of sieving,storage,and incubation temperature on the phospholipid fatty profile of a soil microbial community[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1994,60(7):2421-2430.
[26]FROSTEGRD A,BAATH E.The use of phospholipid fatty acid analysis to estimate bacterial and fungal biomass in soil[J].Biology&Fertility of Soils,1996,22(1/2):59-65.
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