贵州黄壤“烟—蒜—稻—菜—烟”轮作制适宜氮钾运筹方式研究
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摘要
【目的】利用多年大田轮作试验探究黔北黄壤烟区烟—非烟作物轮作的氮钾施用配比效应,为提高黔北烟区种植效益和减少烟地养分积累提供理论依据。【方法】2015—2017年在贵州省绥阳县开展烤烟—非烤烟作物大田轮作试验,在一个"烟—蒜—稻—菜—烟"轮作周期内控制氮磷钾总量一致,设4个氮钾配施处理,即T1(大季低氮中钾、小季高氮中钾)、T2(大季高氮中钾、小季低氮中钾)、T3(大季中氮高钾、小季中氮低钾)和T4(大季中氮低钾、小季中氮高钾)处理,分析不同氮钾配比对作物产量、产值、烟叶化学成分及土壤养分的影响。【结果】以T3处理5季作物的总产值最高,达138023元/ha,较其他处理高5.0%～7.6%;与第一季烤烟相比,轮作后不同处理下烤烟的还原糖、总糖和全钾含量增加,烟碱、全氮和蛋白质含量降低,总体化学成分含量合理,内在比例协调;轮作后土壤p H、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量较第一季烤烟种植后均呈升高趋势,其中T3处理土壤养分残留量较少,养分利用率较高。【结论】贵州黄壤烟区推行"烟—蒜—稻—菜—烟"轮作时,烤烟、水稻采用中氮高钾,蒜、菜采用中氮低钾的周年养分运筹模式,可获得较高的产值、较好的烟叶化学品质和较低的土壤速效氮磷钾残留。
【Objective】A long term field tobacco-non-tobacco rotation experiment was carried out in tobacco planting areas in yellow soil of northern Guizhou to explore the influence of nitrogen(N)and potassium(K)application proportion and to provide scientific basis for improving planting efficiency and reducing nutrient accumulation in tobacco fields in northern Guizhou.【Method】A tobacco-non-tobacco crops field rotation experiment was conducted in Suiyang,Guizhou during 2015-2017. During tobacco-garlic-rice-vegetable-tobacco rotation,total N,phosphorus(P)and K contents were the same in every treatment. Four different N and K treatments were set,T1(low N and medium K application in tobacco or rice season,high N and medium K application in vegetable season),T2(high N and medium K application in tobacco or rice season,low N and medium K application in vegetable season),T3(medium N and high K application in tobacco or rice season,medium N and low K application in vegetable season)and T4(medium N and low K application in tobacco or rice season,medium N and high K application in vegetable season). Finally,yield,output value,chemical components of tobacco leaves,and soil nutrients under different N and K application proportions were studied.【Result】The result showed that total value of T3 in five seasons of crops was the highest(138023 yuan/ha),5.0%-7.6% higher than other treatments. Compared with the first season of tobacco,the reducing sugar content,total sugar content and total K content of tobacco after rotation were increased,while the nicotine,total N and protein contents were found to be decreased. The overall chemical compositions were reasonable and internal proportions were coordinated. Soil p H,alkali hydrolysable nitrogen,available P and available K contents after five seasons rotations were all higher than those in the first season. The soil nutrient residues of T3 treatment were low while nutrient utilization of T3 treatment was high.【Conclusion】During tobacco-garlic-rice-vegetable-tobacco rotation in yellow soil tobacco planting areas of northern Guizhou,high yield,good chemical quality of tobacco leaves and low soil available N,P and K residues can be obtained with medium N and high K application in tobacco and rice seasons,medium N and low K application in garlic and vegetable seasons.
【Objective】A long term field tobacco-non-tobacco rotation experiment was carried out in tobacco planting areas in yellow soil of northern Guizhou to explore the influence of nitrogen(N)and potassium(K)application proportion and to provide scientific basis for improving planting efficiency and reducing nutrient accumulation in tobacco fields in northern Guizhou.【Method】A tobacco-non-tobacco crops field rotation experiment was conducted in Suiyang,Guizhou during 2015-2017. During tobacco-garlic-rice-vegetable-tobacco rotation,total N,phosphorus(P)and K contents were the same in every treatment. Four different N and K treatments were set,T1(low N and medium K application in tobacco or rice season,high N and medium K application in vegetable season),T2(high N and medium K application in tobacco or rice season,low N and medium K application in vegetable season),T3(medium N and high K application in tobacco or rice season,medium N and low K application in vegetable season)and T4(medium N and low K application in tobacco or rice season,medium N and high K application in vegetable season). Finally,yield,output value,chemical components of tobacco leaves,and soil nutrients under different N and K application proportions were studied.【Result】The result showed that total value of T3 in five seasons of crops was the highest(138023 yuan/ha),5.0%-7.6% higher than other treatments. Compared with the first season of tobacco,the reducing sugar content,total sugar content and total K content of tobacco after rotation were increased,while the nicotine,total N and protein contents were found to be decreased. The overall chemical compositions were reasonable and internal proportions were coordinated. Soil p H,alkali hydrolysable nitrogen,available P and available K contents after five seasons rotations were all higher than those in the first season. The soil nutrient residues of T3 treatment were low while nutrient utilization of T3 treatment was high.【Conclusion】During tobacco-garlic-rice-vegetable-tobacco rotation in yellow soil tobacco planting areas of northern Guizhou,high yield,good chemical quality of tobacco leaves and low soil available N,P and K residues can be obtained with medium N and high K application in tobacco and rice seasons,medium N and low K application in garlic and vegetable seasons.
引文
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何林卫,陈晓明,张长华,蒋卫,饶兴义,冯小芽,徐真强,黄建国.2015.不同种植模式与施肥对烤烟产质量和养分利用的影响[J].贵州农业科学,43(5):33-37.[He L W,Chen X M,Zhang C H,Jiang W,Rao X Y,Feng X Y,Xu Z Q,Huang J G.2015.Effects of different planting patterns and fertilization on yield,quality and nutrient utilization of flue-cured tobacco[J].Guizhou Agricultural Science,43(5):33-37.]
胡汝晓,赵松义,谭周进,肖汉乾,巢进,屠乃美,周清明.2007.烟草连作对稻田土壤微生物及酶的影响[J].核农学报,21(5):494-497.[Hu R X,Zhao S Y,Tan Z J,Xiao H Q,Chao J,Tu N M,Zhou Q M.2007.The effect of continuous tobacco cropping on the microbes and enzyme activities in rice soil[J].Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences,21(5):494-497.]
贾欢欢,毕书海,张文明,张春红,刘星,海龙,邱慧珍.2013.氮钾互作对陇东烤烟烟碱和钾含量以及经济效益的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,48(5):75-81.[Jia H H,Bi SH,Zhang W M,Zhang C H,Liu X,Hai L,Qiu H Z.2013.Effect of nitrogen application combined with potassium on nicotine,potassium content and economic benefits of flue-cured tobacco in the east gansu loess plateau[J].Journal of Gansu Agricultural University,48(5):75-81.]
晋艳,杨宇虹,段玉琪,孔光辉.2004.烤烟轮作、连作对烟叶产量质量的影响[J].西南农业学报,17(S):267-271.[Jin Y,Yang Y H,Duan Y Q,Kong G H.2004.Effect of rotational cropping and continuous cropping on yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco[J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,17(S):267-271.]
晋艳,杨宇虹,段玉琪,龙玉华,叶成碧.2002.烤烟连作对烟叶产量和质量的影响研究初报[J].烟草科技,(1):41-45.[Jin Y,Yang Y H,Duan Y Q,Long Y H,Ye C B.2002.Influence of continuous cropping on yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco[J].Tobacco Science&Technology,(1):41-45.]
赖朝圆,杨越,陶成圆,王一鸣,郭继阳,王蓓蓓,阮云泽,赵艳.2018.不同作物-香蕉轮作对香蕉生产及土壤肥力质量的影响[J].江苏农业学报,34(2):299-306.[Lai CY,Yang Y,Tao C Y,Wang Y M,Guo J Y,Wang B B,Ruan Y Z,Zhao Y.2018.Effects of replanted banana after rotation of different crops on banana production and soil fertility quality[J].Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences,34(4):299-306.]
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