从“省刑寡罚”到“厚赏重罚”——法家刚性管理思想简论
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摘要
先秦时期法家主张管理者对被管理者始终抱持某种显性的或隐性的强势,这一管理方法与美国管理学家麦格雷戈提出的刚性管理理论是相通的。春秋时期管仲的管理方法具有刚性管理和柔性管理相结合的倾向。战国早期的商鞅认为刑罚是管理的最重要手段,具有明显的刚性管理特征。战国晚期的韩非提倡"厚赏重罚",强调"正强化"和"负强化"相结合的激励方法,具有典型的刚性管理特征。经过管仲、商鞅和韩非等人建立的法家管理思想,与现代管理学中的刚性管理有着相似的理论基础和实践体系。
In the early Qin period,legalism argued that managers should establish some overt or covert dominance over those who are managed,which is similar to the rigid management theory put forward by American management scientist McGregor. For example,in the Spring and Autumn period,Guan Zhong's management method showed a combination of rigid management and flexible management. And in the early period of the Warring States,Shang Yang insisted that punishment was the most important means of management,which reveals some obvious characteristics of rigid management. Later on,Han Fei advocated "substantial reward and severe penalty",emphasizing the combination of"positive reinforcement"and"negative reinforcement",which is also a typical case of rigid management. In this way,the legal management thought established by Guan Zhong,Shang Yang,Han Fei and other people indicates a similar theoretical basis and practice system to the rigid management of modern management.
In the early Qin period,legalism argued that managers should establish some overt or covert dominance over those who are managed,which is similar to the rigid management theory put forward by American management scientist McGregor. For example,in the Spring and Autumn period,Guan Zhong's management method showed a combination of rigid management and flexible management. And in the early period of the Warring States,Shang Yang insisted that punishment was the most important means of management,which reveals some obvious characteristics of rigid management. Later on,Han Fei advocated "substantial reward and severe penalty",emphasizing the combination of"positive reinforcement"and"negative reinforcement",which is also a typical case of rigid management. In this way,the legal management thought established by Guan Zhong,Shang Yang,Han Fei and other people indicates a similar theoretical basis and practice system to the rigid management of modern management.
引文
[1]麦格雷戈.企业的人性面[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2008:223-224.
[2]杨宽.战国史[M].第2版,上海:上海人民出版社,1980:185.
[3]周勋初.韩非子校注[M].南京:凤凰出版社,2009:258.
[4]杨宽.战国史[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1981:186-190.
[5]钟宏桃.论刚性管理的特征与利弊[J].学术论坛,2007(06):121-124.
[6]沈善洪,王凤贤.中国伦理思想史[M].北京:人民出版社,2005:221-224.
(1)“故行刑,重其轻者,轻者不生,则重者无从至矣,此谓治之于其治者。行刑重其重者,轻其轻者,轻者不止,则重者无从止矣,此谓治之于其乱也。故重轻则刑去事成,国强;重重而轻轻,则刑至而事生,国削。”参见《商君书·说民》。
(2)司马贞《史记索隐》称《商君书开塞篇》“开谓刑严峻则政化开,塞谓布恩赏则政化塞,其意本于严刑少恩。”晁公武称“司马贞盖未见其书,故妄为之说耳。《开塞》乃其第七篇,谓道塞久矣。今欲开之,必刑九赏一。刑用于将过,则大邪不生。赏施予告奸,则细过不失,大邪不生,细过不失,则国治矣。”参见《郡斋读书志》。
(3)商鞅认为:“仁者能仁于人,而不能使人仁。义者能爱于人,而不能使人爱,是以知仁义之不足以治天下也。”参见《商君书·画策》;韩非认为:“吾以是明仁义爱惠之不足用,而严刑重罚之可以治国也。”参见《韩非子·奸劫弑臣》。
[2]杨宽.战国史[M].第2版,上海:上海人民出版社,1980:185.
[3]周勋初.韩非子校注[M].南京:凤凰出版社,2009:258.
[4]杨宽.战国史[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1981:186-190.
[5]钟宏桃.论刚性管理的特征与利弊[J].学术论坛,2007(06):121-124.
[6]沈善洪,王凤贤.中国伦理思想史[M].北京:人民出版社,2005:221-224.
(1)“故行刑,重其轻者,轻者不生,则重者无从至矣,此谓治之于其治者。行刑重其重者,轻其轻者,轻者不止,则重者无从止矣,此谓治之于其乱也。故重轻则刑去事成,国强;重重而轻轻,则刑至而事生,国削。”参见《商君书·说民》。
(2)司马贞《史记索隐》称《商君书开塞篇》“开谓刑严峻则政化开,塞谓布恩赏则政化塞,其意本于严刑少恩。”晁公武称“司马贞盖未见其书,故妄为之说耳。《开塞》乃其第七篇,谓道塞久矣。今欲开之,必刑九赏一。刑用于将过,则大邪不生。赏施予告奸,则细过不失,大邪不生,细过不失,则国治矣。”参见《郡斋读书志》。
(3)商鞅认为:“仁者能仁于人,而不能使人仁。义者能爱于人,而不能使人爱,是以知仁义之不足以治天下也。”参见《商君书·画策》;韩非认为:“吾以是明仁义爱惠之不足用,而严刑重罚之可以治国也。”参见《韩非子·奸劫弑臣》。