引入社区货币对互助养老时间储蓄的作用机理——应对人口老龄化的金融创新
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摘要
为应对人口老龄化,"时间储蓄式"互助养老模式已经开始在一些社区小范围试点。文章基于萨缪尔森-戴蒙德的两期世代交叠模型分别设计和构建了以金钱货币为媒介的养老服务储蓄模型和引入社区货币为媒介的互助养老时间储蓄模型,从理论上分析论证了人口老龄化背景下引入有政府担保的社区货币对人们一生效用最大化的影响及其作用机制。研究表明:⑴以金钱货币作为储蓄媒介,抑制了人们的养老服务储蓄意愿。⑵引入社区货币作为互助养老时间储蓄媒介,促进了闲暇时间的有效利用和合理配置,增强了人们进行养老服务储蓄的动力,这是应对人口老龄化的金融创新。⑶与传统的金钱货币相比,社区货币更适合于充当互助养老时间储蓄的媒介。由此文章认为:作为老龄化社会的金融创新,引入有国家信用担保的社区货币可以克服现行时间储蓄模式的局限性,实现超越家庭在全社会范围内优化配置闲置的养老资源,进而实现家庭养老逐渐向社会养老转化,以应对人口老龄化的挑战。文章研究将为政府发行有国家信用担保的社区货币提供了理论支持和决策参考。
In order to cope with population aging,the mutual pension mode of "time savings" has begun to pilot in some small communities. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the mechanism of introducing government-guaranteed community currency to mutual pension time savings under the background of population aging. Based on Samuelson-Diamond's two-generation overlapping model,this paper designs and builds the old-age service savings model with fiat money as the medium and the mutual time savings model with community currency as the medium respectively. The results show that:(1)The use of fiat money as the medium of savings inhibits people's willingness to save for old-age services;(2)The introduction of community currency as the medium of time savings for the elderly not only enhances their incentive to save for old-age services,but also better adapts to the new normal of population aging;(3)Compared with fiat money,community currency is more suitable to act as the medium of mutual pension time savings. The research conclusions are as follows:As a financial innovation of the aging society,the introduction of community currency with national credit guarantee can overcome the limitations of the current time savings mode,achieve the optimization of idle endowment resource allocation beyond the family in the whole society,and realize the gradual transformation from family endowment to social endowment,in order to cope with the new normal of population aging. This paper will provide theoretical support and decision-making reference for the government to issue community currency with national credit guarantee.
In order to cope with population aging,the mutual pension mode of "time savings" has begun to pilot in some small communities. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the mechanism of introducing government-guaranteed community currency to mutual pension time savings under the background of population aging. Based on Samuelson-Diamond's two-generation overlapping model,this paper designs and builds the old-age service savings model with fiat money as the medium and the mutual time savings model with community currency as the medium respectively. The results show that:(1)The use of fiat money as the medium of savings inhibits people's willingness to save for old-age services;(2)The introduction of community currency as the medium of time savings for the elderly not only enhances their incentive to save for old-age services,but also better adapts to the new normal of population aging;(3)Compared with fiat money,community currency is more suitable to act as the medium of mutual pension time savings. The research conclusions are as follows:As a financial innovation of the aging society,the introduction of community currency with national credit guarantee can overcome the limitations of the current time savings mode,achieve the optimization of idle endowment resource allocation beyond the family in the whole society,and realize the gradual transformation from family endowment to social endowment,in order to cope with the new normal of population aging. This paper will provide theoretical support and decision-making reference for the government to issue community currency with national credit guarantee.
引文
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[17]郑红,王慧莹,李英.社区居家养老引入时间货币探索性试验[J].东北大学学报(社会科学版),2018b,(6):586-593.
[18]郑红.互助养老与社区时间货币-应对人口老龄化的金融创新[M].北京:中国经济出版社,2019.
[19]Blanc J,Fare M. Understanding the role of governments and administrations in the implementation of community and complementary currencies[J]. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics,2013,84(1):63-81.
[20]Cahn E S. No more throw-away people:The co-production imperative[M]. 2nd ed. Washington DC:Essential Books,2004.
[21]Leland H E. Saving and uncertainty:The precautionary demand for saving[J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics,1968,82(3):465-473.
[22]Modigliani F,Brumberg R. Utility analysis and the consumption function:An interpretation of cross-section data[A].Kurihara K K. Post-Keynesian economics[C]. New Brunswick:Rutgers University Press,1954.
[23]Modigliani F,Cao S L. The Chinese saving puzzle and the life-cycle hypothesis[J]. Journal of Economic Literature,2004,42(1):145-170.
[24]NuessleF.Distributedcapitalism:Ascientificvalidationfor“GoingLocal”[J].WorldFutures, 2013, 69(7-8):450-478.
[25]Peterson S. Money and the local economy[J]. World Future,2013,69(7-8):515-530.
[26]Samuelson P A. An exact consumption-loan model of interest with or without the social contrivance of money[J]. The Journal of Political Economy,1958,66(6):467-482.
[27]Seyfang G. Community currencies:Small change for a green economy[J]. Environment and Planning A:Economy and Space,2001,33(6):975-996.
[28]Whitham M M,Clarke H. Getting is giving:Time banking as formalized generalized exchange[J]. Sociology Compass,2016,10(1):87-97.
[29]Wonneberger E T,Mieg H A. Trust in money:Hard,soft and idealistic factors in Euro,gold and German community currencies[J]. Journal of Sustainable Finance&Investment,2011,1(3-4):230-240.
[2]贝多广,罗煜.补充性货币的理论、最新发展及对法定货币的挑战[J].经济学动态,2013,(9):4-10.
[3]党俊武.老龄金融是应对人口老龄化的战略制高点[J].老龄科学研究,2013,(5):3-10.
[4]甘峰.地域货币——日本循环型社会的社区治理[J].日本研究,2004,(2):84-90.
[5]顾六宝,肖红叶.中国消费跨期替代弹性的两种统计估算方法[J].统计研究,2004,(9):8-11.
[6]贺菊煌.个人生命分为三期的世代交叠模型[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2002,(4):48-55.
[7]黄少宽.我国“时间储蓄”养老服务模式的研究进展[J].社会保障研究,2014,(6):104-111.
[8]刘金山.补充货币的实践与启示[J].经济学动态,2007,(5):103-106.
[9]刘锡宾.一条养老新途径:志愿互助养老服务个人储蓄账户制度[J].政策瞭望,2016,(9):42-45.
[10]刘雯,杭斌.老龄化背景下我国城镇居民储蓄行为研究[J].统计研究,2013,(12):77-82.
[11]鲁伟,郑红,张平.发行时间货币对构筑长期照护体系的作用机理[J].东北大学学报(社会科学版),2017,(6):580-586.
[12]马树才,宋琪,付云鹏.中国人口年龄结构变动对居民内生储蓄的影响研究[J].中国人口科学,2015,(6):56-68.
[13]苏跃辉,郑思海.“未富先老”与养老储蓄[J].沿海企业与科技,2009,(1):159-161.
[14]张小濛.人口年龄结构变动对我国储蓄的影响研究[D].南京:南京大学,2014.
[15]赵昕东,王昊,刘婷.人口老龄化、养老保险与居民储蓄率[J].中国软科学,2017,(8):156-165.
[16]郑红,李英,李勇.时间银行:社会养老代际交换新模式[J].北华大学学报(社会科学版),2018a,(6):63-70.
[17]郑红,王慧莹,李英.社区居家养老引入时间货币探索性试验[J].东北大学学报(社会科学版),2018b,(6):586-593.
[18]郑红.互助养老与社区时间货币-应对人口老龄化的金融创新[M].北京:中国经济出版社,2019.
[19]Blanc J,Fare M. Understanding the role of governments and administrations in the implementation of community and complementary currencies[J]. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics,2013,84(1):63-81.
[20]Cahn E S. No more throw-away people:The co-production imperative[M]. 2nd ed. Washington DC:Essential Books,2004.
[21]Leland H E. Saving and uncertainty:The precautionary demand for saving[J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics,1968,82(3):465-473.
[22]Modigliani F,Brumberg R. Utility analysis and the consumption function:An interpretation of cross-section data[A].Kurihara K K. Post-Keynesian economics[C]. New Brunswick:Rutgers University Press,1954.
[23]Modigliani F,Cao S L. The Chinese saving puzzle and the life-cycle hypothesis[J]. Journal of Economic Literature,2004,42(1):145-170.
[24]NuessleF.Distributedcapitalism:Ascientificvalidationfor“GoingLocal”[J].WorldFutures, 2013, 69(7-8):450-478.
[25]Peterson S. Money and the local economy[J]. World Future,2013,69(7-8):515-530.
[26]Samuelson P A. An exact consumption-loan model of interest with or without the social contrivance of money[J]. The Journal of Political Economy,1958,66(6):467-482.
[27]Seyfang G. Community currencies:Small change for a green economy[J]. Environment and Planning A:Economy and Space,2001,33(6):975-996.
[28]Whitham M M,Clarke H. Getting is giving:Time banking as formalized generalized exchange[J]. Sociology Compass,2016,10(1):87-97.
[29]Wonneberger E T,Mieg H A. Trust in money:Hard,soft and idealistic factors in Euro,gold and German community currencies[J]. Journal of Sustainable Finance&Investment,2011,1(3-4):230-240.