营养模式对草鱼特定生长率、肌肉及肝胰脏营养成分与组织结构的影响
|
摘要
本试验旨在研究营养模式对草鱼特定生长率、肌肉及肝胰脏营养成分与组织结构的影响。选取270尾体质量相近的草鱼,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼,分别采用矮象草(Pennisetum purpereum)、20%矮象草+80%配合饲料混合、配合饲料(均以干重计) 3种营养模式进行饲喂。试验期为180 d。结果表明:1)矮象草模式下,草鱼特定生长率及腹肌、背肌、肝胰脏中粗脂肪含量均显著低于其他2种营养模式(P<0.05),但饲料系数及3种组织中粗蛋白质含量以及腹肌和背肌中钙(Ca)含量则显著高于其他2种营养模式(P<0.05),且肝细胞内无明显脂肪空泡,肌间和肌内脂肪较少,肌纤维较细且排列紧密。2)混合模式下,草鱼除腹肌无氮浸出物含量最低,腹肌铜(Cu),背肌锌(Zn)、铁(Fe)及肝胰脏Ca、锰(Mn)含量显著高于其他2种营养模式(P<0.05)外,特定生长率、饲料系数、肌纤维直径及间隙、肌间与肌内脂肪、肝细胞中脂肪空泡数量均介于矮象草模式和配合饲料模式之间。3)配合饲料模式下,草鱼特定生长率、肝胰脏无氮浸出物和3种组织中粗脂肪、粗灰分含量均显著高于其他2种营养模式(P<0.05);但饲料系数,背肌无氮浸出物含量,腹肌Zn、镁(M g)、Fe含量,肝胰脏Zn、Cu、M g、Fe含量以及3种组织中粗蛋白质含量均显著低于其他2种营养模式(P<0.05),且肝细胞内脂肪空泡数量、肌间和肌内脂肪沉积量、肌纤维直径、肌纤维间隙等均明显增加。综合来看,草鱼的营养模式以20%矮象草+80%配合饲料混合模式为宜。
The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of nutritional modes on the specific growth rate,nutrients and histology of muscle and hepatopancreas of grass carp. A total 270 of grass carp( Ctenopharyngodon idellus) with the similar body weight was divided into 3 groups with 3 replicates per group and 30 fish per replicate and fed under three nutritional modes( Pennisetum purpereum,20% Pennisetum purpereum + 80%compound feed,compound feed,dry sample base),respectively. The experiment lasted for 180 d. Results showed as follows: 1) under Pennisetum purpereum mode,the specific growth rate and ether extract content in abdominal muscle,dorsal muscle and hepatopancreas were significantly lower than those under other nutritional modes( P<0.05),while the feed conversion efficiency and crude protein content in the above tissues and Ca in abdominal muscle and dorsal muscle were significantly higher than those under other nutritional modes( P <0.05). Fat vacuole in hepatocytes was not visible. Both intermuscular and intramuscular fat were less. M uscle fibers were thinner but tightly arranged. 2) Under mixed mode,except for the lowest nitrogen-free extract content in abdominal muscle and the highest Cu,Zn,Fe contents in abdominal muscle and Ca and M n contents in the hepatopancreas,other determined nutrients in the three kinds of tissues,as well as the specific growth rate,feed conversion efficiency,muscle fiber diameter and interspace,intermuscular and intramuscular fat,and fat vacuoles in hepatocytes were all between other two nutritional modes. 3) Under compound feed mode,the specific growth rate,nitrogen-free extract in hepatopancreas,ether extract and ash contents in abdominal muscle,dorsal muscle and hepatopancreas of grass carp were significantly higher than those under other two nutritional modes( P<0.05),but the feed conversion efficiency,nitrogen-free extract content in dorsal muscle,crude protein content in three kinds of tissues,as well as Zn,M g and Fe contents in abdominal muscle,and Zn,Cu,M g and Fe contents in hepatopancreas were significantly lower than those under other two modes( P<0.05). In addition,fat vacuoles in hepatocytes,intermuscular and intramuscular fat,diameter and interspace of muscle fibers all obviously increased. On the whole,the 20% Pennisetum purpereum + 80% compound feed mixed mode is better than the other two modes for the grass carp.[Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2019,31( 6) : 2898-2906]
The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of nutritional modes on the specific growth rate,nutrients and histology of muscle and hepatopancreas of grass carp. A total 270 of grass carp( Ctenopharyngodon idellus) with the similar body weight was divided into 3 groups with 3 replicates per group and 30 fish per replicate and fed under three nutritional modes( Pennisetum purpereum,20% Pennisetum purpereum + 80%compound feed,compound feed,dry sample base),respectively. The experiment lasted for 180 d. Results showed as follows: 1) under Pennisetum purpereum mode,the specific growth rate and ether extract content in abdominal muscle,dorsal muscle and hepatopancreas were significantly lower than those under other nutritional modes( P<0.05),while the feed conversion efficiency and crude protein content in the above tissues and Ca in abdominal muscle and dorsal muscle were significantly higher than those under other nutritional modes( P <0.05). Fat vacuole in hepatocytes was not visible. Both intermuscular and intramuscular fat were less. M uscle fibers were thinner but tightly arranged. 2) Under mixed mode,except for the lowest nitrogen-free extract content in abdominal muscle and the highest Cu,Zn,Fe contents in abdominal muscle and Ca and M n contents in the hepatopancreas,other determined nutrients in the three kinds of tissues,as well as the specific growth rate,feed conversion efficiency,muscle fiber diameter and interspace,intermuscular and intramuscular fat,and fat vacuoles in hepatocytes were all between other two nutritional modes. 3) Under compound feed mode,the specific growth rate,nitrogen-free extract in hepatopancreas,ether extract and ash contents in abdominal muscle,dorsal muscle and hepatopancreas of grass carp were significantly higher than those under other two nutritional modes( P<0.05),but the feed conversion efficiency,nitrogen-free extract content in dorsal muscle,crude protein content in three kinds of tissues,as well as Zn,M g and Fe contents in abdominal muscle,and Zn,Cu,M g and Fe contents in hepatopancreas were significantly lower than those under other two modes( P<0.05). In addition,fat vacuoles in hepatocytes,intermuscular and intramuscular fat,diameter and interspace of muscle fibers all obviously increased. On the whole,the 20% Pennisetum purpereum + 80% compound feed mixed mode is better than the other two modes for the grass carp.[Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2019,31( 6) : 2898-2906]
引文
[1]农业部渔业渔政管理局.中国渔业年鉴-2016[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2016:48-49.
[2]DU Z Y,LIU Y J,TIAN L X,et al.Effect of dietary lipid level on grow th,feed utilization and body composition by juvenile grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,2005,11(2):139-146.
[3]田丽霞,刘永坚,冯健,等.不同种类淀粉对草鱼生长、肠系膜脂肪沉积和鱼体组成的影响[J].水产学报,2002,26(3):247-251.
[4]朱瑞俊,李小勤,谢骏,等.饲料中添加氯化胆碱对草鱼成鱼生长、脂肪沉积和脂肪代谢酶活性的影响[J].中国水产科学,2010,17(3):527-535.
[5]郭建林,马恒甲,孙丽慧,等.不同精、青饲料比例对草鱼生长、形体及肌肉营养成分的影响[J].浙江海洋学院学报(自然科学版),2012,31(6):503-508.
[6]毕香梅,郁二蒙,王广军,等.摄食青草和人工配合饲料的草鱼肌肉营养成分分析及比较[J].广东农业科学,2011,38(1):132-134.
[7]程汉良,蒋飞,彭永兴,等.野生与养殖草鱼肌肉营养成分比较分析[J].食品科学,2013,34(13):266-270.
[8]郁二蒙,谢骏,卢炳国,等.脆肉鲩与普通草鱼肌肉显微结构观察[J].南方农业学报,2014,45(4):671-675.
[9]朱志伟,李汴生,阮征,等.脆肉鲩鱼肉与普通鲩鱼鱼肉理化特性比较研究[J].现代食品科技,2008,24(2):109-112,119.
[10]许晓莹,李小勤,孙文通,等.杜仲对草鱼生长、肌肉品质和胶原蛋白基因表达的影响[J].水产学报,2018,42(5):787-796.
[11]王昌河,谢振丽,吕建伟.动物组织石蜡切片H-E染色的快速方法[J].生物学通报,2012,47(7):50-51.
[12]李彬.饲料蛋白质水平对三种规格草鱼生长、饲料利用以及氮代谢的影响[D].硕士学位论文.武汉:华中农业大学,2014.
[13]蒋湘辉,刘刚,金广海,等.饲料蛋白质和能量水平对草鱼生长和鱼体组成的影响[J].水产学杂志,2010,23(1):24-27.
[14]田娟,高攀,蒋明,等.饲料蛋白能量比对草鱼幼鱼生长性能、蛋白利用和体成分的影响[J].淡水渔业,2016,46(4):83-90.
[15]杨严鸥.饲料质量和摄食水平对不同食性鱼类生长和活动的影响[D].博士学位论文.武汉:华中农业大学,2003.
[16]商龙臣,李晶,李斌.膳食纤维饱腹感的研究进展[J].食品安全质量检测学报,2018,9(2):372-379.
[17]VALENTE L M P,CABRAL E M,SOUSA V,et al.Plant protein blends in diets for Senegalese sole affect skeletal muscle grow th,flesh texture and the expression of related genes[J].Aquaculture,2016,453:77-85.
[18]蒋阳阳,何吉祥,李海洋,等.不同饵料蛋糖比对草鱼幼鱼生长性能、体组成和消化酶活性的影响[J].南方农业学报,2016,47(5):753-758.
[19]JIANG J,SHI D,ZHOU X Q,et al.Effects of lysine and methionine supplementation on grow th,body composition and digestive function of grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)fed plant protein diets using high-level canola meal[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,2016,22(5):1126-1133.
[20]SALEM M,MANOR M L,AUSSANASUWANNA-KUL A,et al.Effect of sexual maturation on muscle gene expression of rainbow trout:RNA-Seq approach[J].Physiological Reports,2013,1(5):e00120.
[21]JOHANSEN K A,OVERTURF K.Alterations in expression of genes associated w ith muscle metabolism and grow th during nutritional restriction and refeeding in rainbow trout[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B:Biochemistry and M olecular Biology,2006,144(1):119-127.
[22]ZHAO H H,XIA J G,ZHANG X,et al.Diet affects muscle quality and grow th traits of grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idellus):a comparison betw een grass and artificial feed[J].Frontiers in Physiology,2018,9:283.
[23]ZHANG L,FENG L,JIANG W D,et al.The impaired flesh quality by iron deficiency and excess is associated w ith increasing oxidative damage and decreasing antioxidant capacity in the muscle of young grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,2016,22(1):191-201.
[24]ZHU Q L,LUO Z,ZHUO M Q,et al.In vitro exposure to copper influences lipid metabolism in hepatocytes from grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)[J].Fish Physiology and Biochemistry,2014,40(2):595-605.
[25]TAN Q S,LIU Q,CHEN X X,et al.Growth performance,biochemical indices and hepatopancreatic function of grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idellus,w ould be impaired by dietary rapeseed meal[J].Aquaculture,2013,414-415:119-126.
[26]徐奇友,许治冲,王常安,等.不同温度下饲料脂肪水平对松浦镜鲤幼鱼肝脏游离脂肪酸、血清生化及肝脏组织结构的影响[J].东北农业大学学报,2012,43(9):118-126.
[27]蒋利和,吴宏玉,黄凯,等.饲料糖水平对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长和肝代谢功能的影响[J].水产学报,2013,37(2):245-255.
[28]刘永坚,刘栋辉,田丽霞,等.饲料蛋白质和能量水平对红姑鱼生长和鱼体组成的影响[J].水产学报,2002,26(3):242-246.
[29]LESEL R,FROMAGEOT C,LESEL M.Cellulose digestibility in grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idella and in goldfish,Carassius auratus[J].Aquaculture,1986,54(1/2):11-17.
[30]FENG Y,HUANG X L,DUAN Y J,et al.The Effect of vitamin E and metallothionein on the antioxidant capacities of cadmium-damaged liver in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus[J].BioM ed Research International,2018,2018:7935396.
[31]TANG Q Q,FENG L,JIANG W D,et al.Effects of dietary copper on grow th,digestive,and brush border enzyme activities and antioxidant defense of hepatopancreas and intestine for young grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)[J].Biological Trace Element Research,2013,155(3):370-380.
[32]李科云,龚福春,李大雄.鱼用优质高产饲草的引种与品比筛选试验报告[J].草业科学,1999,16(4):53-59.
[33]冯德庆.南方山区鱼用优质牧草筛选和饲喂草鱼效果研究[D].硕士学位论文.福州:福建农林大学,2009:14-16.
[34]冯德庆,黄秀声,唐龙飞,等.草鱼、鳊对南方几种牧草的适口性评价研究[J].中国草地学报,2006,28(4):75-78.
[2]DU Z Y,LIU Y J,TIAN L X,et al.Effect of dietary lipid level on grow th,feed utilization and body composition by juvenile grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,2005,11(2):139-146.
[3]田丽霞,刘永坚,冯健,等.不同种类淀粉对草鱼生长、肠系膜脂肪沉积和鱼体组成的影响[J].水产学报,2002,26(3):247-251.
[4]朱瑞俊,李小勤,谢骏,等.饲料中添加氯化胆碱对草鱼成鱼生长、脂肪沉积和脂肪代谢酶活性的影响[J].中国水产科学,2010,17(3):527-535.
[5]郭建林,马恒甲,孙丽慧,等.不同精、青饲料比例对草鱼生长、形体及肌肉营养成分的影响[J].浙江海洋学院学报(自然科学版),2012,31(6):503-508.
[6]毕香梅,郁二蒙,王广军,等.摄食青草和人工配合饲料的草鱼肌肉营养成分分析及比较[J].广东农业科学,2011,38(1):132-134.
[7]程汉良,蒋飞,彭永兴,等.野生与养殖草鱼肌肉营养成分比较分析[J].食品科学,2013,34(13):266-270.
[8]郁二蒙,谢骏,卢炳国,等.脆肉鲩与普通草鱼肌肉显微结构观察[J].南方农业学报,2014,45(4):671-675.
[9]朱志伟,李汴生,阮征,等.脆肉鲩鱼肉与普通鲩鱼鱼肉理化特性比较研究[J].现代食品科技,2008,24(2):109-112,119.
[10]许晓莹,李小勤,孙文通,等.杜仲对草鱼生长、肌肉品质和胶原蛋白基因表达的影响[J].水产学报,2018,42(5):787-796.
[11]王昌河,谢振丽,吕建伟.动物组织石蜡切片H-E染色的快速方法[J].生物学通报,2012,47(7):50-51.
[12]李彬.饲料蛋白质水平对三种规格草鱼生长、饲料利用以及氮代谢的影响[D].硕士学位论文.武汉:华中农业大学,2014.
[13]蒋湘辉,刘刚,金广海,等.饲料蛋白质和能量水平对草鱼生长和鱼体组成的影响[J].水产学杂志,2010,23(1):24-27.
[14]田娟,高攀,蒋明,等.饲料蛋白能量比对草鱼幼鱼生长性能、蛋白利用和体成分的影响[J].淡水渔业,2016,46(4):83-90.
[15]杨严鸥.饲料质量和摄食水平对不同食性鱼类生长和活动的影响[D].博士学位论文.武汉:华中农业大学,2003.
[16]商龙臣,李晶,李斌.膳食纤维饱腹感的研究进展[J].食品安全质量检测学报,2018,9(2):372-379.
[17]VALENTE L M P,CABRAL E M,SOUSA V,et al.Plant protein blends in diets for Senegalese sole affect skeletal muscle grow th,flesh texture and the expression of related genes[J].Aquaculture,2016,453:77-85.
[18]蒋阳阳,何吉祥,李海洋,等.不同饵料蛋糖比对草鱼幼鱼生长性能、体组成和消化酶活性的影响[J].南方农业学报,2016,47(5):753-758.
[19]JIANG J,SHI D,ZHOU X Q,et al.Effects of lysine and methionine supplementation on grow th,body composition and digestive function of grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)fed plant protein diets using high-level canola meal[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,2016,22(5):1126-1133.
[20]SALEM M,MANOR M L,AUSSANASUWANNA-KUL A,et al.Effect of sexual maturation on muscle gene expression of rainbow trout:RNA-Seq approach[J].Physiological Reports,2013,1(5):e00120.
[21]JOHANSEN K A,OVERTURF K.Alterations in expression of genes associated w ith muscle metabolism and grow th during nutritional restriction and refeeding in rainbow trout[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B:Biochemistry and M olecular Biology,2006,144(1):119-127.
[22]ZHAO H H,XIA J G,ZHANG X,et al.Diet affects muscle quality and grow th traits of grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idellus):a comparison betw een grass and artificial feed[J].Frontiers in Physiology,2018,9:283.
[23]ZHANG L,FENG L,JIANG W D,et al.The impaired flesh quality by iron deficiency and excess is associated w ith increasing oxidative damage and decreasing antioxidant capacity in the muscle of young grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,2016,22(1):191-201.
[24]ZHU Q L,LUO Z,ZHUO M Q,et al.In vitro exposure to copper influences lipid metabolism in hepatocytes from grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)[J].Fish Physiology and Biochemistry,2014,40(2):595-605.
[25]TAN Q S,LIU Q,CHEN X X,et al.Growth performance,biochemical indices and hepatopancreatic function of grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idellus,w ould be impaired by dietary rapeseed meal[J].Aquaculture,2013,414-415:119-126.
[26]徐奇友,许治冲,王常安,等.不同温度下饲料脂肪水平对松浦镜鲤幼鱼肝脏游离脂肪酸、血清生化及肝脏组织结构的影响[J].东北农业大学学报,2012,43(9):118-126.
[27]蒋利和,吴宏玉,黄凯,等.饲料糖水平对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长和肝代谢功能的影响[J].水产学报,2013,37(2):245-255.
[28]刘永坚,刘栋辉,田丽霞,等.饲料蛋白质和能量水平对红姑鱼生长和鱼体组成的影响[J].水产学报,2002,26(3):242-246.
[29]LESEL R,FROMAGEOT C,LESEL M.Cellulose digestibility in grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idella and in goldfish,Carassius auratus[J].Aquaculture,1986,54(1/2):11-17.
[30]FENG Y,HUANG X L,DUAN Y J,et al.The Effect of vitamin E and metallothionein on the antioxidant capacities of cadmium-damaged liver in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus[J].BioM ed Research International,2018,2018:7935396.
[31]TANG Q Q,FENG L,JIANG W D,et al.Effects of dietary copper on grow th,digestive,and brush border enzyme activities and antioxidant defense of hepatopancreas and intestine for young grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)[J].Biological Trace Element Research,2013,155(3):370-380.
[32]李科云,龚福春,李大雄.鱼用优质高产饲草的引种与品比筛选试验报告[J].草业科学,1999,16(4):53-59.
[33]冯德庆.南方山区鱼用优质牧草筛选和饲喂草鱼效果研究[D].硕士学位论文.福州:福建农林大学,2009:14-16.
[34]冯德庆,黄秀声,唐龙飞,等.草鱼、鳊对南方几种牧草的适口性评价研究[J].中国草地学报,2006,28(4):75-78.