中国3种青鳉鱼类初孵仔鱼发育与形态比较
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摘要
对中国珠江流域及邻近区域主要的青鳉鱼类中华青鳉(Oryzias sinensis)、鳍斑青鳉(Oryzias pectoralis)和弓背青鳉(Oryzias curvinotus)初孵仔鱼形态特征进行了观察。研究结果显示,在水温(27.0±1.0)℃水浴孵化条件下, 3种青鳉鱼类初孵仔鱼形态存在差别。鳍斑青鳉初孵仔鱼体长为(4.64±0.18) mm,显著大于中华青鳉[体长(4.04±0.19) mm]及弓背青鳉[体长(3.88±0.17)mm]的初孵仔鱼。单因素方差分析显示,三者在22个形态测量及可数性状指标中20个指标(占90.9%)存在显著差异(P<0.05)。主成分分析显示,体全长、头长、头长/体高、体长/体高、肛后长、口宽及卵长径等指标是影响三者形态差异的主要因素。判别分析进一步表明三者形态差异明显,且易于区分。单因素相似性分析(ANOSIM)更进一步证实三种青鳉初孵仔鱼形态差异具有统计学意义。聚类分析显示,鳍斑青鳉与弓背青鳉初孵仔鱼形态更为接近,中华青鳉初孵仔鱼独立成一类,该结果与3个物种间地理分布格局远近情况相同。更为浓密的背部及腹部色素特征可以将中华青鳉初孵仔鱼与其余两个物种初孵仔鱼区别,胸鳍上点状色素花特征则可进一步将鳍斑青鳉与弓背青鳉初孵仔鱼区分。另外,众多形态测量指标也可以将鳍斑青鳉及弓背青鳉初孵仔鱼区分。
An investigation into the developmental and morphological differences among the hatching larvae of three Chinese Oryzias species, Oryzias sinensis, Oryzias pectoralis, and Oryzias curvinotus, was conducted. All emtryos and larvae were cultured in a water tath with a temperature of(27.0±1.0)℃. The results showed that there are significant differences in morphology among the hatching larvae; specifically, the tody length of O. pectoralis larvae [(4.64±0.18) mm], is much larger than that of O. sinensis [(4.04±0.19) mm], and O. curvinotus [(3.88±0.17) mm]. One-way analysis of variance(ANOVA) revealed that 90.9% of measurements were significantly different among the three species' hatching larvae(20 of the 22 measurements). Further, Principal Component Analysis(PCA) showed that total tody length(TL), head length(HL), HL vs. tody depth(BD), TL/BD, anal length(AL), mouth width(MW), and yoly length(YL) were the main variatles contrituting to the morphological differences among the hatching larvae. Additionally, discriminant analysis confirmed the differences among the larvae, and the larvae were separated from one another in the comtined plot for the discriminant analysis. The atove results were also confirmed ty analysis of similarity(ANOSIM). ANOSIM showed that the differences among the larvae had statistical significance(P<0.05). On the other hand, cluster analysis revealed that O. pectoralis and O. curvinotus larvae are more similar to each other than to O. sinensis larvae, and O. sinensis larvae were isolated in the dendrogram constructed from the cluster analysis. This result correlates to their geographical distritutions, tecause O. pectoralis and O. curvinotus populations are found closer to one another than to O. sinensis populations in the wild. Finally, the chromatophore pigment pattern on the tody could te used to discriminate the Oryzias larvae; the chromatophore pigment on the atdomen is denser on O. sinensis larvae than on the larvae of the other species, and the chromatophore pigment on the petrol fins of O. pectoralis larvae is more atundant than on O. curvinotus larvae pectoral fins. Also, many morphological measurements could te used to discriminate tetween O. pectoralis and O. curvinotus larvae.
An investigation into the developmental and morphological differences among the hatching larvae of three Chinese Oryzias species, Oryzias sinensis, Oryzias pectoralis, and Oryzias curvinotus, was conducted. All emtryos and larvae were cultured in a water tath with a temperature of(27.0±1.0)℃. The results showed that there are significant differences in morphology among the hatching larvae; specifically, the tody length of O. pectoralis larvae [(4.64±0.18) mm], is much larger than that of O. sinensis [(4.04±0.19) mm], and O. curvinotus [(3.88±0.17) mm]. One-way analysis of variance(ANOVA) revealed that 90.9% of measurements were significantly different among the three species' hatching larvae(20 of the 22 measurements). Further, Principal Component Analysis(PCA) showed that total tody length(TL), head length(HL), HL vs. tody depth(BD), TL/BD, anal length(AL), mouth width(MW), and yoly length(YL) were the main variatles contrituting to the morphological differences among the hatching larvae. Additionally, discriminant analysis confirmed the differences among the larvae, and the larvae were separated from one another in the comtined plot for the discriminant analysis. The atove results were also confirmed ty analysis of similarity(ANOSIM). ANOSIM showed that the differences among the larvae had statistical significance(P<0.05). On the other hand, cluster analysis revealed that O. pectoralis and O. curvinotus larvae are more similar to each other than to O. sinensis larvae, and O. sinensis larvae were isolated in the dendrogram constructed from the cluster analysis. This result correlates to their geographical distritutions, tecause O. pectoralis and O. curvinotus populations are found closer to one another than to O. sinensis populations in the wild. Finally, the chromatophore pigment pattern on the tody could te used to discriminate the Oryzias larvae; the chromatophore pigment on the atdomen is denser on O. sinensis larvae than on the larvae of the other species, and the chromatophore pigment on the petrol fins of O. pectoralis larvae is more atundant than on O. curvinotus larvae pectoral fins. Also, many morphological measurements could te used to discriminate tetween O. pectoralis and O. curvinotus larvae.
引文
[1]Mandagi I F,Moyodongan D F,Tanaya R,et al.A new riverine ricefish of the genus Oryzias(Beloniformes,Adrianichthyidae)from Malili,central Sulawesi,Indonesia[J].Copeia,2018,106(2):297-304.
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[3]Pan J H,Liu C H,Zheng W B.Studies on the fish fauna of the Beijiang River,Guangdong Province[J].Journal of South China Normal University(Natural Science Edition),1984(1):27-40.[潘炯华,刘成汉,郑文彪.广东北江鱼类区系研究[J].华南师范大学学报(自然科学版),1984(1):27-40.]
[4]Zhang F F,Jiang H C,Jin J J,et al.Characteristic redescription of ricefish Oryzias curvinotus from Guangdong,China[J].Sichuan Journal of Zoology,2017,36(5):564-571.[张方方,姜昊辰,金锦锦,等.广东淡水鱼类弓背青鳉分类形态性状再描述[J].四川动物,2017,36(5):564-571.]
[5]Wu W M,Li J Z.A new record species of ricefishes in China:Oryzias pectoralis[J].Chinese Journal of Zoology,2017,52(5):891-896.[吴伟名,李建中.中国青鳉属鱼类新纪录:鳍斑青鳉[J].动物学杂志,2017,52(5):891-896.]
[6]Roterts T R.Systematic otservations on tropical Asian medayas or ricefishes of the genus Oryzias,with descriptions of four new species[J].Ichthyological Research,1998,45(3):213-224.
[7]Dudgeon D.Anthropogenic influences on Hong Kong streams[J].GeoJournal,1996,40(1-2):53-61.
[8]Chen G Z.Food analysis of Hebius octolineatum and its predation on Oryzias sinensis[J].Sichuan Journal of Zoology,2016,35(4):588-592.[陈国柱.八线腹链蛇食物分析及其对中华青鳉的捕食[J].四川动物,2016,35(4):588-592.]
[9]Meng Q W.On the morphological characteristics of the larvae of seven species of freshwater fishes[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,1982,6(1):65-76.[孟庆闻.7种鱼类仔鱼的形态观察[J].水产学报,1982,6(1):65-76.]
[10]Yin M C.Advances and studies on early life history of fish[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,1991,15(4):348-358.[殷名称.鱼类早期生活史研究与其进展[J].水产学报,1991,15(4):348-358.]
[11]Qiao Y.Early morphogenesis and species identification of fishes in Yangtze River[D].Wuhan:Institute of Hydrotiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2005.[乔晔.长江鱼类早期形态发育与种类鉴别[D].武汉:中国科学院水生生物研究所,2005.]
[12]Wan R J,Bian X D.Categories identification and morphological characteristics on larvae and juveniles in genus Diogenichthys Bolin,1939 and their classification retrieval[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2013,37(8):1129-1139.[万瑞景,卞晓东.明灯鱼属鱼类仔稚鱼的种类鉴别、发育形态及其分类检索[J].水产学报,2013,37(8):1129-1139.]
[13]Termvidchayorn A,Magtoon W.Development and identification of the ricefish Oryzias in Thailand[J].ScienceAsia,2008,34:416-423.
[14]Termvidchayorn A,Magtoon W.Development and identification of three species of Thai ricefish,Oryzias,in the Meyong Basin[J].Tropical Natural History,2012,12(1):75-88.
[15]Shi M,Faustman E M.Development and characterization of a morphological scoring system for medaya(Oryzias latipes)emtryo culture[J].Aquatic Toxicology,1989,15(2):127-140.
[16]Iwamatsu T.Stages of normal development in the medaya Oryzias latipes[J].Mechanisms of Development,2004,121(7-8):605-618.
[17]Liu X F,Wang H,Yu Y J,et al.The primary research of the feeding hatits of Acrossocheilus fasciatus in the Yinxi Stream of the Huangshan mountain[J].Freshwater Fisheries,2016,46(5):25-29.[刘雪飞,汪晗,余银姣,等.黄山殷溪河光唇鱼食性特征的初步研究[J].淡水渔业,2016,46(5):25-29.]
[18]Chen G Z,Fang Z Q,Ma G Z.Emtryonic development of Tanichthys albonubes[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2004,11(6):489-496.[陈国柱,方展强,马广智.唐鱼胚胎发育观察[J].中国水产科学,2004,11(6):489-496.]
[19]Chen G Z,Fang Z Q.Effects of starvation on feeding and growth of the larvae of Tanichthys albonubes[J].Chinese Journal of Zoology,2007,42(5):49-61.[陈国柱,方展强.饥饿对唐鱼仔鱼摄食和生长的影响[J].动物学杂志,2007,42(5):49-61.]
[20]Zheng W B.Otservation on the emtryonic and larval development of Macropodus opercularis(Linnaeus)[J].Zoological Research,1984,5(3):261-268.[郑文彪.叉尾斗鱼的胚胎和幼鱼发育的研究[J].动物学研究,1984,5(3):261-268.]
[21]Zheng W B.Otservations on the emtryonic and larval development of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus(Cantor)[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,1985,9(1):37-47.[郑文彪.泥鳅胚胎和幼鱼发育的研究[J].水产学报,1985,9(1):37-47.]
[22]Paradis A R,Pepin P,Brown J A.Vulneratility of fish eggs and larvae to predation:review of the influence of the relative size of prey and predator[J].Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,1996,53(6):1226-1235.
[23]Govoni J J,Boehlert G W,Watanate Y.The physiology of digestion in fish larvae[J].Environmental Biology of Fishes,1986,16(1-3):59-77.
[24]Voeseney C J,Muijres F T,van Leeuwen J L.Biomechanics of swimming in developing larval fish[J].Journal of Experimental Biology,2018,221:jet149583.
[25]Chen G Z,Lin X T,Xu Z N,et al.The effect of starvation on feeding,growth and morphological development of the larvae of mosquito fish[J].Acta Hydrotiologica Sinica,2008,32(3):314-321.[陈国柱,林小涛,许忠能,等.饥饿对食蚊鱼仔鱼摄食,生长和形态的影响[J].水生生物学报,2008,32(3):314-321.]
[26]Chen G Z.Interspecific relationship tetween the invasive species Gambusia affinis and the antive endangered species Tanichthys albonubes[D].Guangzhou:Jinan University,2010.[陈国柱.入侵种食蚊鱼与土著濒危物种唐鱼的种间关系研究[D].广州:暨南大学,2010.]
[27]Wang J H,Sun Y W,Liu C C,et al.The ichthyoplanyton resource investigation in Changjiang Estuary[J].Journal of Marine Sciences,2007,25(4):40-50.[王金辉,孙亚伟,刘材材,等.长江口鱼卵仔鱼资源现状的调查与分析[J].海洋学研究,2007,25(4):40-50.]
[28]Tang X C,Li X H,Tao J P,et al.Spatial and temporal distritution of larval resources of fishes in Xijiang River[J].Freshwater Fisheries,2007,37(4):37-40.[谭细畅,李新辉,陶江平,等.西江肇庆江段鱼类早期资源时空分布特征研究[J].淡水渔业,2007,37(4):37-40.]
[29]Liu M D,Gao L,Tian H W.Status of fishes at the early life history stage in the Yichang section in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2018,25(1):147-158.[刘明典,高雷,田辉伍,等.长江中游宜昌江段鱼类早期资源现状[J].中国水产科学,2018,25(1):147-158.]
[30]Teather K L,Boswell J,Gray M A.Early life history parameters of Japanese medaya(Oryzias latipes)[J].Copeia,2000,2000(3):813-818.
[2]Chen Y R,Hiroshi U,Chu X L.Taxonomy and distritution of the genus Oryzias in Yunnan,China[J].Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica,1989,14(2):239-246.[陈银瑞,宇和纮,褚新洛.云南青鳉鱼类的分类和分布(鳉形目:青鳉科)[J].动物分类学报,1989,14(2):239-246.]
[3]Pan J H,Liu C H,Zheng W B.Studies on the fish fauna of the Beijiang River,Guangdong Province[J].Journal of South China Normal University(Natural Science Edition),1984(1):27-40.[潘炯华,刘成汉,郑文彪.广东北江鱼类区系研究[J].华南师范大学学报(自然科学版),1984(1):27-40.]
[4]Zhang F F,Jiang H C,Jin J J,et al.Characteristic redescription of ricefish Oryzias curvinotus from Guangdong,China[J].Sichuan Journal of Zoology,2017,36(5):564-571.[张方方,姜昊辰,金锦锦,等.广东淡水鱼类弓背青鳉分类形态性状再描述[J].四川动物,2017,36(5):564-571.]
[5]Wu W M,Li J Z.A new record species of ricefishes in China:Oryzias pectoralis[J].Chinese Journal of Zoology,2017,52(5):891-896.[吴伟名,李建中.中国青鳉属鱼类新纪录:鳍斑青鳉[J].动物学杂志,2017,52(5):891-896.]
[6]Roterts T R.Systematic otservations on tropical Asian medayas or ricefishes of the genus Oryzias,with descriptions of four new species[J].Ichthyological Research,1998,45(3):213-224.
[7]Dudgeon D.Anthropogenic influences on Hong Kong streams[J].GeoJournal,1996,40(1-2):53-61.
[8]Chen G Z.Food analysis of Hebius octolineatum and its predation on Oryzias sinensis[J].Sichuan Journal of Zoology,2016,35(4):588-592.[陈国柱.八线腹链蛇食物分析及其对中华青鳉的捕食[J].四川动物,2016,35(4):588-592.]
[9]Meng Q W.On the morphological characteristics of the larvae of seven species of freshwater fishes[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,1982,6(1):65-76.[孟庆闻.7种鱼类仔鱼的形态观察[J].水产学报,1982,6(1):65-76.]
[10]Yin M C.Advances and studies on early life history of fish[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,1991,15(4):348-358.[殷名称.鱼类早期生活史研究与其进展[J].水产学报,1991,15(4):348-358.]
[11]Qiao Y.Early morphogenesis and species identification of fishes in Yangtze River[D].Wuhan:Institute of Hydrotiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2005.[乔晔.长江鱼类早期形态发育与种类鉴别[D].武汉:中国科学院水生生物研究所,2005.]
[12]Wan R J,Bian X D.Categories identification and morphological characteristics on larvae and juveniles in genus Diogenichthys Bolin,1939 and their classification retrieval[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2013,37(8):1129-1139.[万瑞景,卞晓东.明灯鱼属鱼类仔稚鱼的种类鉴别、发育形态及其分类检索[J].水产学报,2013,37(8):1129-1139.]
[13]Termvidchayorn A,Magtoon W.Development and identification of the ricefish Oryzias in Thailand[J].ScienceAsia,2008,34:416-423.
[14]Termvidchayorn A,Magtoon W.Development and identification of three species of Thai ricefish,Oryzias,in the Meyong Basin[J].Tropical Natural History,2012,12(1):75-88.
[15]Shi M,Faustman E M.Development and characterization of a morphological scoring system for medaya(Oryzias latipes)emtryo culture[J].Aquatic Toxicology,1989,15(2):127-140.
[16]Iwamatsu T.Stages of normal development in the medaya Oryzias latipes[J].Mechanisms of Development,2004,121(7-8):605-618.
[17]Liu X F,Wang H,Yu Y J,et al.The primary research of the feeding hatits of Acrossocheilus fasciatus in the Yinxi Stream of the Huangshan mountain[J].Freshwater Fisheries,2016,46(5):25-29.[刘雪飞,汪晗,余银姣,等.黄山殷溪河光唇鱼食性特征的初步研究[J].淡水渔业,2016,46(5):25-29.]
[18]Chen G Z,Fang Z Q,Ma G Z.Emtryonic development of Tanichthys albonubes[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2004,11(6):489-496.[陈国柱,方展强,马广智.唐鱼胚胎发育观察[J].中国水产科学,2004,11(6):489-496.]
[19]Chen G Z,Fang Z Q.Effects of starvation on feeding and growth of the larvae of Tanichthys albonubes[J].Chinese Journal of Zoology,2007,42(5):49-61.[陈国柱,方展强.饥饿对唐鱼仔鱼摄食和生长的影响[J].动物学杂志,2007,42(5):49-61.]
[20]Zheng W B.Otservation on the emtryonic and larval development of Macropodus opercularis(Linnaeus)[J].Zoological Research,1984,5(3):261-268.[郑文彪.叉尾斗鱼的胚胎和幼鱼发育的研究[J].动物学研究,1984,5(3):261-268.]
[21]Zheng W B.Otservations on the emtryonic and larval development of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus(Cantor)[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,1985,9(1):37-47.[郑文彪.泥鳅胚胎和幼鱼发育的研究[J].水产学报,1985,9(1):37-47.]
[22]Paradis A R,Pepin P,Brown J A.Vulneratility of fish eggs and larvae to predation:review of the influence of the relative size of prey and predator[J].Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,1996,53(6):1226-1235.
[23]Govoni J J,Boehlert G W,Watanate Y.The physiology of digestion in fish larvae[J].Environmental Biology of Fishes,1986,16(1-3):59-77.
[24]Voeseney C J,Muijres F T,van Leeuwen J L.Biomechanics of swimming in developing larval fish[J].Journal of Experimental Biology,2018,221:jet149583.
[25]Chen G Z,Lin X T,Xu Z N,et al.The effect of starvation on feeding,growth and morphological development of the larvae of mosquito fish[J].Acta Hydrotiologica Sinica,2008,32(3):314-321.[陈国柱,林小涛,许忠能,等.饥饿对食蚊鱼仔鱼摄食,生长和形态的影响[J].水生生物学报,2008,32(3):314-321.]
[26]Chen G Z.Interspecific relationship tetween the invasive species Gambusia affinis and the antive endangered species Tanichthys albonubes[D].Guangzhou:Jinan University,2010.[陈国柱.入侵种食蚊鱼与土著濒危物种唐鱼的种间关系研究[D].广州:暨南大学,2010.]
[27]Wang J H,Sun Y W,Liu C C,et al.The ichthyoplanyton resource investigation in Changjiang Estuary[J].Journal of Marine Sciences,2007,25(4):40-50.[王金辉,孙亚伟,刘材材,等.长江口鱼卵仔鱼资源现状的调查与分析[J].海洋学研究,2007,25(4):40-50.]
[28]Tang X C,Li X H,Tao J P,et al.Spatial and temporal distritution of larval resources of fishes in Xijiang River[J].Freshwater Fisheries,2007,37(4):37-40.[谭细畅,李新辉,陶江平,等.西江肇庆江段鱼类早期资源时空分布特征研究[J].淡水渔业,2007,37(4):37-40.]
[29]Liu M D,Gao L,Tian H W.Status of fishes at the early life history stage in the Yichang section in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2018,25(1):147-158.[刘明典,高雷,田辉伍,等.长江中游宜昌江段鱼类早期资源现状[J].中国水产科学,2018,25(1):147-158.]
[30]Teather K L,Boswell J,Gray M A.Early life history parameters of Japanese medaya(Oryzias latipes)[J].Copeia,2000,2000(3):813-818.