洋河水库流域面源污染负荷的空间分布特征
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摘要
为探究洋河水库流域面源污染的空间分布特征,基于气象、土地利用、农业管理等数据资料,计算2013年洋河水库流域农村生活污水、固体废弃物、畜禽养殖流失、化肥流失、水土流失污染和城镇地表径流污染源中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH3-N)、化学耗氧量(COD)的污染物排放负荷,并通过GIS空间分析反映流域内的污染分布情况。结果表明,畜禽养殖污染物排泄量对研究区污染负荷贡献最大,年产生量51 621.34t,入河量2 961.52t,占比分别为92%和85%;从总量上看,洋河水库流域的面源污染负荷分布在西洋河支流;单位面积负荷量最大的区域是迷雾河支流区域范围。据此确定了西洋河和迷雾河流域为今后洋河水库流域面源污染重点治理的区域,此研究结果可为洋河水库流域面源污染防治及消减提供理论依据。
Yanghe Reservoir is one of the primary drinking water sources for Qinhuangdao City.The four largest reservoir tributaries are Dongyang River,Xiyang River,Miwu River and Maguying River.The aim of this study was to characterize the spatial distribution of non-point source(NPS)pollution in the Yanghe Reservoir watershed and provide a theoretical basis for controlling NPS loading to the reservoir.Data on weather,land use and agricultural management in the basin for 2013 was used to calculate the load of four pollutants(TN,TP,NH3-N and COD).Pollutant sources included domestic wastewater,solid waste,livestock and poultry breeding,chemical fertilizer loss,soil erosion and urban runoff.The spatial distribution of sources was analyzed using ArcGIS.Release of the four pollutants to the watershed amounted to55 900.55 tand river loading totaled 3 476.70 t.The main pollutants reaching the rivers were COD(2 519.53 t)and TN(567.43 t),with breeding of poultry and livestock identified as the primary source.Pollutant production at breeding facilities was 51 621.34 t/a and the amount carried into Yanghe River was2 961.52 t/a,accounting for 92% and 85% of the calculated totals.The pollutant load from the Xiyang River watershed was the largest,followed by the Miwu River watershed.The Miwu watershed had the highest pollutant production per unit area and priority areas identified for NPS pollution control were the watersheds of the Xiyang and Miwu Rivers.
Yanghe Reservoir is one of the primary drinking water sources for Qinhuangdao City.The four largest reservoir tributaries are Dongyang River,Xiyang River,Miwu River and Maguying River.The aim of this study was to characterize the spatial distribution of non-point source(NPS)pollution in the Yanghe Reservoir watershed and provide a theoretical basis for controlling NPS loading to the reservoir.Data on weather,land use and agricultural management in the basin for 2013 was used to calculate the load of four pollutants(TN,TP,NH3-N and COD).Pollutant sources included domestic wastewater,solid waste,livestock and poultry breeding,chemical fertilizer loss,soil erosion and urban runoff.The spatial distribution of sources was analyzed using ArcGIS.Release of the four pollutants to the watershed amounted to55 900.55 tand river loading totaled 3 476.70 t.The main pollutants reaching the rivers were COD(2 519.53 t)and TN(567.43 t),with breeding of poultry and livestock identified as the primary source.Pollutant production at breeding facilities was 51 621.34 t/a and the amount carried into Yanghe River was2 961.52 t/a,accounting for 92% and 85% of the calculated totals.The pollutant load from the Xiyang River watershed was the largest,followed by the Miwu River watershed.The Miwu watershed had the highest pollutant production per unit area and priority areas identified for NPS pollution control were the watersheds of the Xiyang and Miwu Rivers.
引文
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Zhang Y F,Tao C Y,Huang Y,2011.Study on control counter measures of agricultural non-point source pollution in lakeside belt of Poyang Lake[J].Meteorological and Environmental Research,2(7):62-65.
冯建社,凌绍华,2014.洋河水库污染现状及防治对策探讨[J].环境与发展,26(3):109-111.
河北省人民政府,2014.河北经济年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社.
河北省水文水资源勘测局,2004.2004年河北省水资源评价[R].石家庄:河北省水文水资源勘测局.
和晓荣,王秀英,和武,2015.金沙江中游库区水污染综合防治措施研究[J].水利水电技术,46(12):71-76.
康启燕,张富,陈瑾,等,2015.安家沟流域面源污染空间分布特征[J].四川农业大学学报,33(4):415-421.
李怀恩,李家科,2013.流域非点源污染负荷定量化方法研究与应用[M].北京:科学出版社,622.
刘娜,2005.洋河水库底泥氮磷释放规律实验研究[D].太原:太原理工大学.
栾建国,陈文祥,李永祥,等,2008.水库小流域生态修复对策初步研究[J].水生态学杂志,1(1):678-684.
马广文,王圣瑞,王业耀,等,2015.鄱阳湖湖流域面源污染负荷模拟与氮和磷时空分布特征[J].环境科学学报,35(5):1285-1291.
薛亚东,2009.松华坝水库上游牧羊河氮、磷主要来源研究[J].水生态学杂志,2(6):132-134.
杨林章,冯彦房,施卫明,等,2013.我国农业面源污染治理技术研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报,21(1):96-101.
张丹,杨洪霞,段慧,等,2014.我国非点源污染的基本特征与时空分布规律研究综述[J].四川环境,33(4):140-145.
邹曦,郑志伟,张志永,等,2014.二级生物措施削减面源污染负荷的初步试验[J].水生态学杂志,35(6):93-98.
Geza M,McCray J E,2008.Effects of soil data resolution on SWAT model stream flow and water quality predictions[J].Journal of Environmental Management,88(3):393-406.
Jayakrishnan R,Srinivasan R,Santhi C,et al,2005.Advances in the application of the SWAT model for water resources management[J].Hydrological Processes,19(3):749-762.
Zhang Y F,Tao C Y,Huang Y,2011.Study on control counter measures of agricultural non-point source pollution in lakeside belt of Poyang Lake[J].Meteorological and Environmental Research,2(7):62-65.