重庆雪玉洞洞穴滴水水文地球化学时空变化特征及其环境意义
|
摘要
为揭示不同类型的洞穴滴水水文地球化学指标季节变化特征及其对外界气候变化的响应机制,从2015年3月至2017年3月对重庆丰都雪玉洞内的4处滴水点的地球化学指标进行两年的动态监测,结果表明,4个滴水点的水化学类型主要为HCO_3~--Ca~(2+)型,且常年处于沉积状态,但不同类型的滴水点在滴量及离子浓度方面差异明显;受制于基岩溶蚀作用、稀释作用、先期沉积作用(PCP)等地球化学进程,4个滴水点的Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、HCO_3~-、EC、pH、pCO_2、SIc等地球化学指标具有显著的季节变化规律,可以很好地响应外部气候环境变化;不同类型滴水点的Mg/Ca比变化规律并不一致,这与每个滴水点的运移路径不同及PCP强度不同有关;4个滴水点的δ~(13)C_(DIC)受到土壤CO_2浓度及水动力条件的影响,与外界气温降水量均表现出一定的相关性,但在以管道流为主的滴水点中,δ~(13)C_(DIC)往往在短时间尺度上表现出雨量效应.
Geochemical indexes of drip water were monitored to unveil their seasonal variability and response mechanism to the external climate from March 2015 to March 2017 at four sites in Xueyu Cave,Chongqing municipality.The results showed that four drips show a significant difference in ion concentration and discharge despite all sites having simple HCO_3~--Ca~(2+)waters and being super-saturated with respect to calcite.Being subject to geochemical processes,such as bedrock dissolution,dilution,and prior calcite precipitation(PCP),the geochemistry indexes,such as Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),HCO_3~-,EC,pH,pCO_2,and SIc,at the four sites showed extraordinary seasonal variations and could perfectly respond to external climate events.Due to the difference of migration pathways and PCP intension,different types of drip water had diverse seasonal variations in Mg/Ca.Affected by soil CO_2 content and hydrodynamic conditions,the δ~(13)C_(DIC) of all sites had correlations with external temperature or precipitation.On a short time scale,the δ~(13)C_(DIC) values reflected the precipitation amount in the site with its flow path controlled by conduit flow.
Geochemical indexes of drip water were monitored to unveil their seasonal variability and response mechanism to the external climate from March 2015 to March 2017 at four sites in Xueyu Cave,Chongqing municipality.The results showed that four drips show a significant difference in ion concentration and discharge despite all sites having simple HCO_3~--Ca~(2+)waters and being super-saturated with respect to calcite.Being subject to geochemical processes,such as bedrock dissolution,dilution,and prior calcite precipitation(PCP),the geochemistry indexes,such as Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),HCO_3~-,EC,pH,pCO_2,and SIc,at the four sites showed extraordinary seasonal variations and could perfectly respond to external climate events.Due to the difference of migration pathways and PCP intension,different types of drip water had diverse seasonal variations in Mg/Ca.Affected by soil CO_2 content and hydrodynamic conditions,the δ~(13)C_(DIC) of all sites had correlations with external temperature or precipitation.On a short time scale,the δ~(13)C_(DIC) values reflected the precipitation amount in the site with its flow path controlled by conduit flow.
引文
[1]Yuan D X,Cheng H,Edwards R L,et al.Timing,duration,and transitions of the last interglacial Asian monsoon[J].Science,2004,304(5670):575-578.
[2]Baker A,Ito E,Smart P L,et al.Elevated and variable values of13C in speleothems in a British cave system[J].Chemical Geology,1997,136(3-4):263-270.
[3]Wang Y J,Cheng H,Edwards R L,et al.A high-resolution absolute-dated late pleistocene monsoon record from Hulu Cave,China[J].Science,2001,294(5550):2345-2348.
[4]Roberts M S,Smart P L,Baker A.Annual trace element variations in a holocene speleothem[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1998,154(1-4):237-246.
[5]Tan M,Baker A,Genty D,et al.Applications of stalagmite laminae to paleoclimate reconstructions:Comparison with dendrochronology/climatology[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2006,25(17-18):2103-2117.
[6]Fairchild I J,Borsato A,Tooth A F,et al.Controls on trace element(Sr-Mg)compositions of carbonate cave waters:implications for speleothem climatic records[J].Chemical Geology,2000,166(3-4):255-269.
[7]Oster J L,Monta1ez I P,Kelley N P.Response of a modern cave system to large seasonal precipitation variability[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2012,91:92-108.
[8]Wong C I,Banner J L,Musgrove M L.Seasonal dripwater Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca variations driven by cave ventilation:Implications for and modeling of speleothem paleoclimate records[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2011,75(12):3514-3529.
[9]Musgrove M L,Banner J L.Controls on the spatial and temporal variability of vadose dripwater geochemistry:Edwards aquifer,central Texas[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2004,68(5):1007-1020.
[10]Mc Donald J,Drysdale R,Hill D,et al.The hydrochemical response of cave drip waters to sub-annual and inter-annual climate variability,Wombeyan Caves,SE Australia[J].Chemical Geology,2007,244(3-4):605-623.
[11]Fairchild I J,Tuckwell G W,Baker A,et al.Modelling of dripwater hydrology and hydrogeochemistry in a weakly karstified aquifer(Bath,UK):Implications for climate change studies[J].Journal of Hydrology,2006,321(1-4):213-231.
[12]Dorale J A,Liu Z.Limitations of Hendy Test criteria in judging the paleoclimatic suitability of speleothems and the need for replication[J].Journal of Cave and Karst Studies,2009,71(1):73-80.
[13]Baker A,Smith C L,Jex C,et al.Annually laminated speleothems:a review[J].International Journal of Speleology,2008,37(3):193-206.
[14]彭玲莉,李廷勇.岩溶洞穴滴水环境监测研究进展[J].中国岩溶,2012,31(3):316-326.Peng L L,Li T Y.Research progress of monitoring for dripping water environment in karst caves[J].Carsologica Sinica,2012,31(3):316-326.
[15]Mc Donald J,Drysdale R,Hill D.The 2002-2003 El Ni1o recorded in Australian cave drip waters:Implications for reconstructing rainfall histories using stalagmites[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2004,31(22):L22202.
[16]Baker A,Genty D,Fairchild I J.Hydrological characterisation of stalagmite dripwaters at Grotte de Villars,Dordogne,by the analysis of inorganic species and luminescent organic matter[J].Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2000,4(3):439-449.
[17]Tooth A F,Fairchild I J.Soil and karst aquifer hydrological controls on the geochemical evolution of speleothem-forming drip waters,crag cave,Southwest Ireland[J].Journal of Hydrology,2003,273(1-4):51-68.
[18]Sp9tl C,Fairchild I J,Tooth A F.Cave air control on dripwater geochemistry,obir caves(Austria):Implications for speleothem deposition in dynamically ventilated caves[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2005,69(10):2451-2468.
[19]Faimon J,BodlákováR,Pracny P,et al.Transfer of climatic variables by dripwater:a case study from KaterˇinskáCave(Moravian Karst)[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75:1151.
[20]王新中,班凤梅,潘根兴.洞穴滴水地球化学的空间和时间变化及其控制因素——以北京石花洞为例[J].第四纪研究,2005,25(2):258-264.Wang X Z,Ban F M,Pan G X.Temporal and spatial variation of cave dripwater geochemistry in Shihua Cave,Beijing,China[J].Quaternary Sciences,2005,25(2):258-264.
[21]张美良,朱晓燕,林玉石,等.桂林盘龙洞滴水的物理化学指标变化研究及其意义[J].地球与环境,2009,37(1):1-10.Zhang M L,Zhu X Y,Lin Y S,et al.Study on the variation of physical-chemical properties of dripping water in the Panlong Cave in Guilin and its significance[J].Earth and Environment,2009,37(1):1-10.
[22]王世杰,罗维均,刘秀明,等.贵州七星洞系统中水文地球化学特征对滴水δ13CDIC的影响及其意义[J].地学前缘,2009,16(6):66-76.Wang S J,Luo W J,Liu X M,et al.Effects of hydrogeochemistry onδ13CDICvalues of drip water in Qixing Cave,Guizhou,China and their implications[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2009,16(6):66-76.
[23]Finch A A,Shaw P A,Holmgren K,et al.Corroborated rainfall records from aragonitic stalagmites[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2003,215(1-2):265-273.
[24]朱学稳,张远海,韩道山,等.重庆丰都雪玉洞群的洞穴特征和洞穴沉积物[J].中国岩溶,2004,23(2):85-90.Zhu X W,Zhang Y H,Han D S,et al.Cave characteristics and speleothems in Xueyu Cave group,Fengdu,Chongqing City[J].Carsologica Sinica,2004,23(2):85-90.
[25]王翱宇.洞穴岩溶动力系统运行规律与环境信息保存的研究——以重庆雪玉洞为例[D].重庆:西南大学,2010.11-13.Wang A Y.Study on operation regularity and environmental information reservation of cave karst dynamic system-a cave study of Xueyu Cave[D].Chongqing:Southwest University,2010.11-13.
[26]蒲俊兵,沈立成,王翱宇,等.重庆丰都雪玉洞水文地球化学指标的时空变化研究[J].中国岩溶,2009,28(1):49-54.Pu J B,Shen L C,Wang A Y,et al.Space-time variation of hydro-geochemistry index of the Xueyu Cave system in Fengdu county,Chongqing[J].Carsologica Sinica,2009,28(1):49-54.
[27]Pu J B,Yuan D X,Zhao H P,et al.Hydrochemical and p CO2variations of a cave stream in a subtropical karst area,Chongqing,SW China:piston effects,dilution effects,soil CO2and buffer effects[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2014,71(9):4039-4049.
[28]Pu J B,Wang A Y,Yin J J,et al.Processes controlling dripwater hydrochemistry variations in Xueyu Cave,SW China:implications for speleothem palaeoclimate signal interpretations[J].Boreas,2015,44(3):603-617.
[29]Wigley T M L.WATSPEC:a computer program for determining the equilibrium speciation of aqueous solutions[M].London:British Geomorphological Research Group Technical Bulletin,1977.48.
[30]Baker A,Barnes W L,Smart P L.Variations in the discharge and organic matter content of stalagmite drip waters in Lower Cave,Bristol[J].Hydrological Processes,1997,11(11):1541-1555.
[31]Genty D,Deflandre G.Drip flow variations under a stalactite of the Père No3l cave(Belgium).Evidence of seasonal variations and air pressure constraints[J].Journal of Hydrology,1998,211(1-4):208-232.
[32]王晓晓,殷建军,徐尚全,等.雪玉洞上覆土壤CO2变化及对表层岩溶泉水化学特征的影响[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(2):85-89.Wang X X,Yin J J,Xu S Q,et al.The variations of soil CO2and hydrochemistry of epikarst spring above Xueyu Cave[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,27(2):85-89.
[33]Ban F M,Pan G X,Zhu J,et al.Temporal and spatial variations in the discharge and dissolved organic carbon of drip waters in Beijing Shihua Cave,China[J].Hydrological Processes,2008,22(18):3749-3758.
[34]Baldini J U L,Mc Dermott F,Fairchild I J.Spatial variability in cave drip water hydrochemistry:Implications for stalagmite paleoclimate records[J].Chemical Geology,2006,235(3-4):390-404.
[35]Wu K Y,Shen L C,Zhang T S,et al.Links between host rock,water,and speleothems of Xueyu Cave in Southwestern China:lithology,hydrochemistry,and carbonate geochemistry[J].Arabian Journal of Geosciences,2015,8(11):8999-9013.
[36]赵瑞一,吕现福,刘子琦,等.岩溶泉水化学性质及δ13CDIC影响因素[J].环境科学,2015,36(7):2430-2436.Zhao R Y,LüX F,Liu Z Q,et al.Influencing factors for hydrochemistry andδ13CDICof karst springs[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(7):2430-2436.
[37]谭明,潘根兴,王先锋,等.石笋与环境-石笋纹层形成的环境机理初探[J].中国岩溶,1999,18(3):197-205.Tan M,Pan G X,Wang X F,et al.Stalagmites and environment-preliminary study on the formation of laminated stalagmites[J].Carsologica Sinica,1999,18(3):197-205.
[38]Huang Y M,Fairchild I J.Partitioning of Sr2+and Mg2+into calcite under karst-analogue experimental conditions[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2001,65(1):47-62.
[39]刘肖,杨琰,彭涛,等.河南鸡冠洞洞穴水对极端气候的响应及其控制因素研究[J].环境科学,2015,36(5):1582-1589.Liu X,Yang Y,Peng T,et al.Response and control factors of groundwater to extreme weather,Jiguan Cave,Henan Province,China[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(5):1582-1589.
[40]Frisia S,Fairchild I J,Fohlmeister J,et al.Carbon massbalance modelling and carbon isotope exchange processes in dynamic caves[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2011,75(2):380-400.
[41]王翱宇,蒲俊兵,沈立成,等.重庆雪玉洞CO2浓度变化的自然与人为因素探讨[J].热带地理,2010,30(3):272-277.Wang A Y,Pu J B,Shen L C,et al.Natural and human factors of CO2concentration variations in Xueyu Cave,Chongqing[J].Tropical Geography,2010,30(3):272-277.
[42]庞征,王天阳,李凤全,等.金华北山洞穴滴水的水文水化学动态变化及意义[J].浙江师范大学学报(自然科学版),2016,39(4):449-456.Pang Z,Wang T Y,Li F Q,et al.The change of hydrological and water chemistry of drip water in Jinhua North Mountain Caves and its implications[J].Journal of Zhejiang Normal University(Natural Sciences),2016,39(4):449-456.
[43]闫志为,刘辉利,张志卫.温度及CO2对方解石、白云石溶解度影响特征分析[J].中国岩溶,2009,28(1):7-10,41.Yan Z W,Liu H L,Zhang Z W.Influences of temperature and p CO2on the solubility of calcite and dolomite[J].Carsologica Sinica,2009,28(1):7-10,41.
[44]Liu Z H,Groves C,Yuan D X,et al.Hydrochemical variations during flood pulses in the south-west China peak cluster karst:impacts of Ca CO3-H2O-CO2interactions[J].Hydrological Processes,2004,18(13):2423-2437.
[45]Goede A,Vogel J C.Trace element variations and dating of a Late Pleistocene Tasmanian speleothem[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,1991,88(1-2):121-131.
[46]Sherwin C M,Baldini J U L.Cave air and hydrological controls on prior calcite precipitation and stalagmite growth rates:Implications for palaeoclimate reconstructions using speleothems[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2011,75(14):3915-3929.
[47]Partin J W,Cobb K M,Adkins J F,et al.Trace metal and carbon isotopic variations in cave dripwater and stalagmite geochemistry from northern Borneo[J].Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,2013,14(9):3567-3585.
[48]Cruz Jr F W,Burns S J,Jercinovic M,et al.Evidence of rainfall variations in Southern Brazil from trace element ratios(Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca)in a Late Pleistocene stalagmite[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2007,71(9):2250-2263.
[49]Luo W J,Wang S J,Xie X N,et al.Temporal and spatial variations in hydro-geochemistry of cave percolation water and their implications for four caves in Guizhou,China[J].Chinese Journal of Geochemistry,2013,32(2):119-129.
[50]Lambert W J,Aharon P.Controls on dissolved inorganic carbon andδ13C in cave waters from De Soto Caverns:Implications for speleothemδ13C assessments[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2011,75(3):753-768.
[51]Wu X,Zhu X Y,Pan M C,et al.Dissolved inorganic carbon isotope compositions of drip water in Panlong cave,southwest China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,74(2):1029-1037.
[52]Li T Y,Li H C,Xiang X J,et al.Transportation characteristics ofδ13C in the plants-soil-bedrock-cave system in Chongqing karst area[J].Science China Earth Science,2012,55(4):685-694.
[2]Baker A,Ito E,Smart P L,et al.Elevated and variable values of13C in speleothems in a British cave system[J].Chemical Geology,1997,136(3-4):263-270.
[3]Wang Y J,Cheng H,Edwards R L,et al.A high-resolution absolute-dated late pleistocene monsoon record from Hulu Cave,China[J].Science,2001,294(5550):2345-2348.
[4]Roberts M S,Smart P L,Baker A.Annual trace element variations in a holocene speleothem[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1998,154(1-4):237-246.
[5]Tan M,Baker A,Genty D,et al.Applications of stalagmite laminae to paleoclimate reconstructions:Comparison with dendrochronology/climatology[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2006,25(17-18):2103-2117.
[6]Fairchild I J,Borsato A,Tooth A F,et al.Controls on trace element(Sr-Mg)compositions of carbonate cave waters:implications for speleothem climatic records[J].Chemical Geology,2000,166(3-4):255-269.
[7]Oster J L,Monta1ez I P,Kelley N P.Response of a modern cave system to large seasonal precipitation variability[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2012,91:92-108.
[8]Wong C I,Banner J L,Musgrove M L.Seasonal dripwater Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca variations driven by cave ventilation:Implications for and modeling of speleothem paleoclimate records[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2011,75(12):3514-3529.
[9]Musgrove M L,Banner J L.Controls on the spatial and temporal variability of vadose dripwater geochemistry:Edwards aquifer,central Texas[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2004,68(5):1007-1020.
[10]Mc Donald J,Drysdale R,Hill D,et al.The hydrochemical response of cave drip waters to sub-annual and inter-annual climate variability,Wombeyan Caves,SE Australia[J].Chemical Geology,2007,244(3-4):605-623.
[11]Fairchild I J,Tuckwell G W,Baker A,et al.Modelling of dripwater hydrology and hydrogeochemistry in a weakly karstified aquifer(Bath,UK):Implications for climate change studies[J].Journal of Hydrology,2006,321(1-4):213-231.
[12]Dorale J A,Liu Z.Limitations of Hendy Test criteria in judging the paleoclimatic suitability of speleothems and the need for replication[J].Journal of Cave and Karst Studies,2009,71(1):73-80.
[13]Baker A,Smith C L,Jex C,et al.Annually laminated speleothems:a review[J].International Journal of Speleology,2008,37(3):193-206.
[14]彭玲莉,李廷勇.岩溶洞穴滴水环境监测研究进展[J].中国岩溶,2012,31(3):316-326.Peng L L,Li T Y.Research progress of monitoring for dripping water environment in karst caves[J].Carsologica Sinica,2012,31(3):316-326.
[15]Mc Donald J,Drysdale R,Hill D.The 2002-2003 El Ni1o recorded in Australian cave drip waters:Implications for reconstructing rainfall histories using stalagmites[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2004,31(22):L22202.
[16]Baker A,Genty D,Fairchild I J.Hydrological characterisation of stalagmite dripwaters at Grotte de Villars,Dordogne,by the analysis of inorganic species and luminescent organic matter[J].Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2000,4(3):439-449.
[17]Tooth A F,Fairchild I J.Soil and karst aquifer hydrological controls on the geochemical evolution of speleothem-forming drip waters,crag cave,Southwest Ireland[J].Journal of Hydrology,2003,273(1-4):51-68.
[18]Sp9tl C,Fairchild I J,Tooth A F.Cave air control on dripwater geochemistry,obir caves(Austria):Implications for speleothem deposition in dynamically ventilated caves[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2005,69(10):2451-2468.
[19]Faimon J,BodlákováR,Pracny P,et al.Transfer of climatic variables by dripwater:a case study from KaterˇinskáCave(Moravian Karst)[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75:1151.
[20]王新中,班凤梅,潘根兴.洞穴滴水地球化学的空间和时间变化及其控制因素——以北京石花洞为例[J].第四纪研究,2005,25(2):258-264.Wang X Z,Ban F M,Pan G X.Temporal and spatial variation of cave dripwater geochemistry in Shihua Cave,Beijing,China[J].Quaternary Sciences,2005,25(2):258-264.
[21]张美良,朱晓燕,林玉石,等.桂林盘龙洞滴水的物理化学指标变化研究及其意义[J].地球与环境,2009,37(1):1-10.Zhang M L,Zhu X Y,Lin Y S,et al.Study on the variation of physical-chemical properties of dripping water in the Panlong Cave in Guilin and its significance[J].Earth and Environment,2009,37(1):1-10.
[22]王世杰,罗维均,刘秀明,等.贵州七星洞系统中水文地球化学特征对滴水δ13CDIC的影响及其意义[J].地学前缘,2009,16(6):66-76.Wang S J,Luo W J,Liu X M,et al.Effects of hydrogeochemistry onδ13CDICvalues of drip water in Qixing Cave,Guizhou,China and their implications[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2009,16(6):66-76.
[23]Finch A A,Shaw P A,Holmgren K,et al.Corroborated rainfall records from aragonitic stalagmites[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2003,215(1-2):265-273.
[24]朱学稳,张远海,韩道山,等.重庆丰都雪玉洞群的洞穴特征和洞穴沉积物[J].中国岩溶,2004,23(2):85-90.Zhu X W,Zhang Y H,Han D S,et al.Cave characteristics and speleothems in Xueyu Cave group,Fengdu,Chongqing City[J].Carsologica Sinica,2004,23(2):85-90.
[25]王翱宇.洞穴岩溶动力系统运行规律与环境信息保存的研究——以重庆雪玉洞为例[D].重庆:西南大学,2010.11-13.Wang A Y.Study on operation regularity and environmental information reservation of cave karst dynamic system-a cave study of Xueyu Cave[D].Chongqing:Southwest University,2010.11-13.
[26]蒲俊兵,沈立成,王翱宇,等.重庆丰都雪玉洞水文地球化学指标的时空变化研究[J].中国岩溶,2009,28(1):49-54.Pu J B,Shen L C,Wang A Y,et al.Space-time variation of hydro-geochemistry index of the Xueyu Cave system in Fengdu county,Chongqing[J].Carsologica Sinica,2009,28(1):49-54.
[27]Pu J B,Yuan D X,Zhao H P,et al.Hydrochemical and p CO2variations of a cave stream in a subtropical karst area,Chongqing,SW China:piston effects,dilution effects,soil CO2and buffer effects[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2014,71(9):4039-4049.
[28]Pu J B,Wang A Y,Yin J J,et al.Processes controlling dripwater hydrochemistry variations in Xueyu Cave,SW China:implications for speleothem palaeoclimate signal interpretations[J].Boreas,2015,44(3):603-617.
[29]Wigley T M L.WATSPEC:a computer program for determining the equilibrium speciation of aqueous solutions[M].London:British Geomorphological Research Group Technical Bulletin,1977.48.
[30]Baker A,Barnes W L,Smart P L.Variations in the discharge and organic matter content of stalagmite drip waters in Lower Cave,Bristol[J].Hydrological Processes,1997,11(11):1541-1555.
[31]Genty D,Deflandre G.Drip flow variations under a stalactite of the Père No3l cave(Belgium).Evidence of seasonal variations and air pressure constraints[J].Journal of Hydrology,1998,211(1-4):208-232.
[32]王晓晓,殷建军,徐尚全,等.雪玉洞上覆土壤CO2变化及对表层岩溶泉水化学特征的影响[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(2):85-89.Wang X X,Yin J J,Xu S Q,et al.The variations of soil CO2and hydrochemistry of epikarst spring above Xueyu Cave[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,27(2):85-89.
[33]Ban F M,Pan G X,Zhu J,et al.Temporal and spatial variations in the discharge and dissolved organic carbon of drip waters in Beijing Shihua Cave,China[J].Hydrological Processes,2008,22(18):3749-3758.
[34]Baldini J U L,Mc Dermott F,Fairchild I J.Spatial variability in cave drip water hydrochemistry:Implications for stalagmite paleoclimate records[J].Chemical Geology,2006,235(3-4):390-404.
[35]Wu K Y,Shen L C,Zhang T S,et al.Links between host rock,water,and speleothems of Xueyu Cave in Southwestern China:lithology,hydrochemistry,and carbonate geochemistry[J].Arabian Journal of Geosciences,2015,8(11):8999-9013.
[36]赵瑞一,吕现福,刘子琦,等.岩溶泉水化学性质及δ13CDIC影响因素[J].环境科学,2015,36(7):2430-2436.Zhao R Y,LüX F,Liu Z Q,et al.Influencing factors for hydrochemistry andδ13CDICof karst springs[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(7):2430-2436.
[37]谭明,潘根兴,王先锋,等.石笋与环境-石笋纹层形成的环境机理初探[J].中国岩溶,1999,18(3):197-205.Tan M,Pan G X,Wang X F,et al.Stalagmites and environment-preliminary study on the formation of laminated stalagmites[J].Carsologica Sinica,1999,18(3):197-205.
[38]Huang Y M,Fairchild I J.Partitioning of Sr2+and Mg2+into calcite under karst-analogue experimental conditions[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2001,65(1):47-62.
[39]刘肖,杨琰,彭涛,等.河南鸡冠洞洞穴水对极端气候的响应及其控制因素研究[J].环境科学,2015,36(5):1582-1589.Liu X,Yang Y,Peng T,et al.Response and control factors of groundwater to extreme weather,Jiguan Cave,Henan Province,China[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(5):1582-1589.
[40]Frisia S,Fairchild I J,Fohlmeister J,et al.Carbon massbalance modelling and carbon isotope exchange processes in dynamic caves[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2011,75(2):380-400.
[41]王翱宇,蒲俊兵,沈立成,等.重庆雪玉洞CO2浓度变化的自然与人为因素探讨[J].热带地理,2010,30(3):272-277.Wang A Y,Pu J B,Shen L C,et al.Natural and human factors of CO2concentration variations in Xueyu Cave,Chongqing[J].Tropical Geography,2010,30(3):272-277.
[42]庞征,王天阳,李凤全,等.金华北山洞穴滴水的水文水化学动态变化及意义[J].浙江师范大学学报(自然科学版),2016,39(4):449-456.Pang Z,Wang T Y,Li F Q,et al.The change of hydrological and water chemistry of drip water in Jinhua North Mountain Caves and its implications[J].Journal of Zhejiang Normal University(Natural Sciences),2016,39(4):449-456.
[43]闫志为,刘辉利,张志卫.温度及CO2对方解石、白云石溶解度影响特征分析[J].中国岩溶,2009,28(1):7-10,41.Yan Z W,Liu H L,Zhang Z W.Influences of temperature and p CO2on the solubility of calcite and dolomite[J].Carsologica Sinica,2009,28(1):7-10,41.
[44]Liu Z H,Groves C,Yuan D X,et al.Hydrochemical variations during flood pulses in the south-west China peak cluster karst:impacts of Ca CO3-H2O-CO2interactions[J].Hydrological Processes,2004,18(13):2423-2437.
[45]Goede A,Vogel J C.Trace element variations and dating of a Late Pleistocene Tasmanian speleothem[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,1991,88(1-2):121-131.
[46]Sherwin C M,Baldini J U L.Cave air and hydrological controls on prior calcite precipitation and stalagmite growth rates:Implications for palaeoclimate reconstructions using speleothems[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2011,75(14):3915-3929.
[47]Partin J W,Cobb K M,Adkins J F,et al.Trace metal and carbon isotopic variations in cave dripwater and stalagmite geochemistry from northern Borneo[J].Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,2013,14(9):3567-3585.
[48]Cruz Jr F W,Burns S J,Jercinovic M,et al.Evidence of rainfall variations in Southern Brazil from trace element ratios(Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca)in a Late Pleistocene stalagmite[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2007,71(9):2250-2263.
[49]Luo W J,Wang S J,Xie X N,et al.Temporal and spatial variations in hydro-geochemistry of cave percolation water and their implications for four caves in Guizhou,China[J].Chinese Journal of Geochemistry,2013,32(2):119-129.
[50]Lambert W J,Aharon P.Controls on dissolved inorganic carbon andδ13C in cave waters from De Soto Caverns:Implications for speleothemδ13C assessments[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2011,75(3):753-768.
[51]Wu X,Zhu X Y,Pan M C,et al.Dissolved inorganic carbon isotope compositions of drip water in Panlong cave,southwest China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,74(2):1029-1037.
[52]Li T Y,Li H C,Xiang X J,et al.Transportation characteristics ofδ13C in the plants-soil-bedrock-cave system in Chongqing karst area[J].Science China Earth Science,2012,55(4):685-694.