丹霞山世界地质公园蜂窝状洞穴特征及成因分析
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摘要
蜂窝状洞穴以其精致的形貌和众说纷纭的成因吸引着科研人员和普通大众的兴趣。丹霞山世界地质公园蜂窝状洞穴主要产于晚白垩世丹霞组二段(锦石岩段)风成砂岩的崖壁上。本文以园区长老峰锦石岩寺和睡美人禄意堂两处蜂窝状洞穴为研究对象,通过野外实地调查,了解洞穴生长环境,定量统计分析其形态特征,并采集砂岩样品进行显微镜下观察,探讨洞穴形成与盐风化作用的关系。研究表明:蜂窝状洞穴所在的岩性主要为中—细粒长石岩屑砂岩,发育大型高角度交错层理,渗透性较好;洞穴开口均向下朝向锦江,有利于来自锦江河流的湿润水汽较长时间地保持在小洞内部;洞穴开口基本服从泰森多边形分布。因此,碎屑颗粒相对比较均匀的风成砂岩为丹霞山蜂窝状洞穴的发育提供了重要的岩石基础,锦江河流为盐风化提供了必要的湿润水汽和盐分。在初始发育阶段,从岩壁上最适合盐风化作用的若干个点开始形成细小的坑洼,逐步向同层位扩张。单个小洞穴由于盐风化作用,洞穴内部风化速率大于洞穴开口边缘,导致蜂窝状洞穴内部空间扩大较快。然后,蜂窝状洞穴的发育突破纹层的限制,逐步加大、变深而呈泰森多边形规则分布。最终,随着洞穴加深,在重力、风力的影响下,蜂窝状洞穴隔壁减薄失稳,洞穴消亡。
Objectives:Honeycombs are great interests of scientific community and the public alike owing to their delicate morphology and controversial formation processes.The honeycombs in the Danxiashan Global Geopark of South China occur along the cliff faces of the aeolian sandstones,which belong to the Second(Jinshiyan)Member of the Late Cretaceous Danxia Formation.In this study,two sites were chosen to discuss the influences of salt weathering on formation mechanisms of these honeycombs.Methods:Field investigation,size measurement,sandstone sampling and observation under a microscope were performed to obtain lithology,grain composition and fabric,and honeycomb sizes.Moreover,the Voronoi polygons were completed by using Arc GIS 10.2 software to compare with honeycomb openings.Results:The results show that the development locations of the honeycombs are largely selective.The two studied sites are facing downwards the Jinjiang River,which is beneficial for moisture availability and maintenance in them because of the curvature of the rock faces.The bedrock is aeolian sandstones with large-scale crossbeddings and well permeability.In addition,the openings of honeycombs are basically in accordance with the Voronoi diagrams.Conclusions:The relatively homogeneous thick-bedded aeolian sandstones are the crucial bedrock lithology,and the Jinjiang River supplies essential moisture for the development of the honeycombs in the study area.It can be deduced that small pits in the cliffs might generate from a number of points suitable for salt weathering during the initial development stage,and then gradually expands laterally along the same intervals.Owing to the on-going salt weathering,the inside back walls are possibly being weathered at higher rates than the side walls of the honeycombs.Then the honeycomb cells cross through laminations,resulting in enlargement and deepening of them.As a result,the honeycomb openings are in agreement with Voronoi polygons at least in part during the mature stage.Eventually,as the honeycomb cells deepen,the side walls become thin and unstable and might suffer sudden collapse owing to the influence of the gravity and wind.
Objectives:Honeycombs are great interests of scientific community and the public alike owing to their delicate morphology and controversial formation processes.The honeycombs in the Danxiashan Global Geopark of South China occur along the cliff faces of the aeolian sandstones,which belong to the Second(Jinshiyan)Member of the Late Cretaceous Danxia Formation.In this study,two sites were chosen to discuss the influences of salt weathering on formation mechanisms of these honeycombs.Methods:Field investigation,size measurement,sandstone sampling and observation under a microscope were performed to obtain lithology,grain composition and fabric,and honeycomb sizes.Moreover,the Voronoi polygons were completed by using Arc GIS 10.2 software to compare with honeycomb openings.Results:The results show that the development locations of the honeycombs are largely selective.The two studied sites are facing downwards the Jinjiang River,which is beneficial for moisture availability and maintenance in them because of the curvature of the rock faces.The bedrock is aeolian sandstones with large-scale crossbeddings and well permeability.In addition,the openings of honeycombs are basically in accordance with the Voronoi diagrams.Conclusions:The relatively homogeneous thick-bedded aeolian sandstones are the crucial bedrock lithology,and the Jinjiang River supplies essential moisture for the development of the honeycombs in the study area.It can be deduced that small pits in the cliffs might generate from a number of points suitable for salt weathering during the initial development stage,and then gradually expands laterally along the same intervals.Owing to the on-going salt weathering,the inside back walls are possibly being weathered at higher rates than the side walls of the honeycombs.Then the honeycomb cells cross through laminations,resulting in enlargement and deepening of them.As a result,the honeycomb openings are in agreement with Voronoi polygons at least in part during the mature stage.Eventually,as the honeycomb cells deepen,the side walls become thin and unstable and might suffer sudden collapse owing to the influence of the gravity and wind.
引文
(The literature whose publishing year followed by a“&”is in Chinese with English abstract;The literature whose publishing year followed by a“#”is in Chinese without English abstract)
陈丕基.1997.晚白垩世中国东南沿岸山系与中南地区的沙漠和盐湖化.地层学杂志,21(3):203~213.
广东省地质调查院.2008.中华人民共和国地质图(1:50000):丹霞山世界地质公园.
郭青林,王旭东,薛平,张国彬,樊再轩,侯文芳,张正模.2009.敦煌莫高窟底层洞窟岩体内水汽与盐分空间分布及其关系研究.岩石力学与工程学报,28(增2):3769~3775.
黄进.2010.丹霞山地貌.北京:科学出版社.
吕洪波,苏德辰,章雨旭,冯雪东,李春旺.2017.中国不同气候带盐风化作用的地貌特征.地质论评,63(4):911~926.
欧阳杰,彭华,罗晓莹,陈再雄,张安新,马育宣.2017.丹霞山国家珍稀濒危保护植物丹霞梧桐空间分布的微地貌环境特征研究.地理科学,37(10):1585~1592.
彭华,邱卓炜,潘志新.2014.丹霞山顺层洞穴风化特征的试验研究.地理科学,34(4):454~463.
谭艳,朱诚,吴立,孙伟,王晓翠,贾天骄,彭华,侯荣丰.2015.广东丹霞山砂岩蜂窝状洞穴及白斑成因.山地学报,33(3):279~287.
谢绍锋,欧阳君祥,肖化顺.2017.基于泰森多边形与条件熵的林火易发性空间分布研究.林业资源管理,(4):50~58.
徐叔鹰.1993.干旱区盐风化过程的初步研究.干旱区地理,16(2):14~20.
杨雯婷,黄坤,张勤勤.2016.基于泰森多边形的油库配送区域优化.油气储运,35(1):68~72.
张显球,林小燕.2013.粤北丹霞盆地白垩系长坝组的介形类动物群.微体古生物学报,30(1):58~86.
张显球.1992.丹霞盆地白垩系的划分与对比.地层学杂志,16(2):81~95.
朱诚,马春梅,张广胜.2015.中国典型丹霞地貌成因研究.北京:科学出版社.
邹强,张晓华,姚玉刚,丁黄达,朱燕玲.2014.泰森多边形在环境空气监测网络布设中的应用.干旱环境监测,28(1):36~38.
Achyuthan H,Ashok Kumar K,Tiwari S K,Norwick S.2010.Areconnaissance study of tafoni development,exfoliation,and granular disintegration of natural and artificial rock surfaces in the coastal and lowland regions of Tamil Nadu,Southern India.Zeitschrift Für Geomorphologie,54(4):491~509.
Benavente D,Martínez-Martínez J,Cueto N,García-del-Cura M A.2007.Salt weathering in dual-porosity building dolostones.Engineering Geology,94(3~4),215~226.
Bruthans J,Filippi M,Slavík M,SvobodováE.2018.Origin of honeycombs:Testing the hydraulic and case hardening hypotheses.Geomorphology,303:68~83.
Cardell C,Rivas T,Mosquera M J,Birginie J M,Moropoulou A,Prieto B,Silva B,Van Grieken R.2003.Patterns of damage in igneous and sedimentary rocks under conditions simulating sea---salt weathering.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,28(1):1~14.
Chen Piji.1997&.Coastal Mountains of SE China,desertization and saliniferous lakes of Central China during the Upper Cretaceous.Journal of Stratigraphy,21(3):203~213.
Chen Sufang,Li Mingwan,Hou Rongfeng,Liao Wenbo,Zhou Renchao,Fan Qiang.2014.Low genetic diversity and weak population differentiation in Firmiana danxiaensis,a tree species endemic to Danxia landform in northern Guangdong,China.Biochemical Systematics and Ecology,55:66~72.
Conca J L,Rossman G R.1982.Case hardening of sandstone.Geology,10(10):520~523.
Dill H G,Weber B,Gerdes A.2010.Constraining the physicalchemical conditions of Pleistocene cavernous weathering in late Paleozoic granites.Geomorphology,121(3~4):283~290.
Doehne,E.2002.Salt weathering:a selective review.Geological Society,London,Special Publications,205:51~64.
Dorn R I,Mahaney W C,Krinsley D H.2017.Case hardening:turning weathering rinds into protective shells.Elements,13(3):165~169.
Goudie A S,Viles H A.1997.Salt Weathering Hazards.Chichester:John Wiley and Sons.
Goudie A S,Wright E,Viles H A.2002.The roles of salt(sodium nitrate)and fog in weathering:a laboratory simulation of conditions in the northern Atacama Desert,Chile.Catena,48(4):255~266.
Grisez L.1960.Alvéolisation littorale de schistes métamorphiques.Revue Géomorphologie Dynamique,11:164~167.
Guangdong Geologic Survey Institute,2008#.Geological Map(1:50000)of the People's Republic of China:Danxiashan Global Geopark.
Guo Qingling,Wang Xudong,Xue Ping,Zhang Guobin,Fan Zaixuan,Hou Wenfang,Zhang Zhengmo.2009&.Research on spatial distribution and relations of salinity and moisture content inside rock mass of low-layer caves in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,28(Supp.2):3769~3775.
Harvey A.2012.Introducing Geomorphology:a Guide to Landforms and Processes.Edinburgh:Dunedin Academic Press:1~124.
Huang Jin.2010#.Landforms of the Mt.Danxiashan.Beijing:Science Press.
Huang Rihui,Wang Wei.2017.Microclimatic,chemical,and mineralogical evidence for tafoni weathering processes on the Miaowan Island,South China.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,134:281~292.
Labus M,Bochen J.2012.Sandstone degradation:an experimental study of accelerated weathering.Environmental Earth Sciences,67(7):2027~2042.
LüHongbo,Su Dechen,Zhang Yuxu,Feng Xuedong,Li Chunwang.2017&.Landform features of salt weathering in different climatic zones in China.Geological Review,63(4):911~926.
Mustoe G E.2010&.Biogenic origin of coastal honeycomb weathering.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,35(4):424~434.
Ouyang Jie,Peng Hua,Luo Xiaoying,Chen Zaixiong,Zhang Anxin,Ma Yuxuan.2017&.Environmental features of the micro-landforms of the spatial distribution of the national rare species of Firmiana danxiaensis on the Danxiashan mountain.Scientia Geographica Sinica,37(10):1585~1592.
Paradise T R.2013a.Tafoni and other rock basins.In:Shroder J F,Pope G A.eds.Treatise on Geomorphology,4:111~126.San Diego:Academic Press.
Paradise T R.2013b.Assessment of tafoni distribution and environmental factors on a sandstone djinn block above Petra,Jordan.Applied Geography,42(8):176~185.
Peng Hua,Qiu Zhuowei,Pan Zhixin.2014&.Experimental study on the weathering features of bedding caves at Mt.Danxiashan.Scientia Geographica Sinica,34(4):454~463.
Shu Liangshu,Zhou Xinmin,Deng Ping,Zhu Wenbin.2007.Mesozoic-Cenozoic basin features and evolution of Southeast China.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),81(4):573~586.
Sunamura T,Aoki H.2011.Application of an S-shaped curve model to the temporal development of tafoni of salt-weathering origin.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,36(12):1624~1631.
Tan Yan,Zhu Cheng,Wu Li,Sun Wei,WangX iaocui,Jia Tianjiao,Peng Hua,Hou Rongfeng.2015&.Geomorphogensis on sandstone honeycombs and white spot in the Mt.Danxiashan,Guangdong Province,South China.Mountain Research,33(3):279~287.
Warke P A,Smith B J.2000.Salt distribution in clay-rich weathered sandstone.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,25(12):1333~1342.
Xie Shaofeng,Ouyang Junxiang,Xiao Huashun.2017&.Research on the forest fire susceptibility spatial distribution of voronoi and conditional entropy.Forest Resources Management,(4):50~58.
Xu Shuying.1993&.Preliminary study on the salt weathering process in arid area.Arid Land Geography,16(2):14~20.
Yang Wenting,Huang Kun,Zhang Qinqin.2016&.Optimization of tankfarm distribution region based on Thiessen-Polygon.Oil&Gas Storage and Transportation,35(1):68~72.
Young R W,Wray R A L,Young A R M.2009.Sandstone Landforms.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Zhang Xianqiu.1992#.Cretaceous subdivision and correlation in the Danxia Basin.Journal of Stratigraphy,16(2):81~95.
ZhangX ianqiu,Lin Xiaoyan.2013&.Cretaceous Ostracods from the Changba Formation in the Danxia Basin of northern Guangdong Province.Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica,30(1):58~86.
Zhu Cheng,Ma Chunmei,Zhang Guangsheng.2015#.Development mechanisms of typical Danxia landforms in China.Beijing:Science Press.
Zou Qiang,Zhang Xiaohua,Yao Yugang,Ding Huangda,Zhu Yanling.2014&.Thiessen polygon and its application in planning of ambient air monitoring network.Arid Environmental Monitoring,28(1):36~38.
陈丕基.1997.晚白垩世中国东南沿岸山系与中南地区的沙漠和盐湖化.地层学杂志,21(3):203~213.
广东省地质调查院.2008.中华人民共和国地质图(1:50000):丹霞山世界地质公园.
郭青林,王旭东,薛平,张国彬,樊再轩,侯文芳,张正模.2009.敦煌莫高窟底层洞窟岩体内水汽与盐分空间分布及其关系研究.岩石力学与工程学报,28(增2):3769~3775.
黄进.2010.丹霞山地貌.北京:科学出版社.
吕洪波,苏德辰,章雨旭,冯雪东,李春旺.2017.中国不同气候带盐风化作用的地貌特征.地质论评,63(4):911~926.
欧阳杰,彭华,罗晓莹,陈再雄,张安新,马育宣.2017.丹霞山国家珍稀濒危保护植物丹霞梧桐空间分布的微地貌环境特征研究.地理科学,37(10):1585~1592.
彭华,邱卓炜,潘志新.2014.丹霞山顺层洞穴风化特征的试验研究.地理科学,34(4):454~463.
谭艳,朱诚,吴立,孙伟,王晓翠,贾天骄,彭华,侯荣丰.2015.广东丹霞山砂岩蜂窝状洞穴及白斑成因.山地学报,33(3):279~287.
谢绍锋,欧阳君祥,肖化顺.2017.基于泰森多边形与条件熵的林火易发性空间分布研究.林业资源管理,(4):50~58.
徐叔鹰.1993.干旱区盐风化过程的初步研究.干旱区地理,16(2):14~20.
杨雯婷,黄坤,张勤勤.2016.基于泰森多边形的油库配送区域优化.油气储运,35(1):68~72.
张显球,林小燕.2013.粤北丹霞盆地白垩系长坝组的介形类动物群.微体古生物学报,30(1):58~86.
张显球.1992.丹霞盆地白垩系的划分与对比.地层学杂志,16(2):81~95.
朱诚,马春梅,张广胜.2015.中国典型丹霞地貌成因研究.北京:科学出版社.
邹强,张晓华,姚玉刚,丁黄达,朱燕玲.2014.泰森多边形在环境空气监测网络布设中的应用.干旱环境监测,28(1):36~38.
Achyuthan H,Ashok Kumar K,Tiwari S K,Norwick S.2010.Areconnaissance study of tafoni development,exfoliation,and granular disintegration of natural and artificial rock surfaces in the coastal and lowland regions of Tamil Nadu,Southern India.Zeitschrift Für Geomorphologie,54(4):491~509.
Benavente D,Martínez-Martínez J,Cueto N,García-del-Cura M A.2007.Salt weathering in dual-porosity building dolostones.Engineering Geology,94(3~4),215~226.
Bruthans J,Filippi M,Slavík M,SvobodováE.2018.Origin of honeycombs:Testing the hydraulic and case hardening hypotheses.Geomorphology,303:68~83.
Cardell C,Rivas T,Mosquera M J,Birginie J M,Moropoulou A,Prieto B,Silva B,Van Grieken R.2003.Patterns of damage in igneous and sedimentary rocks under conditions simulating sea---salt weathering.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,28(1):1~14.
Chen Piji.1997&.Coastal Mountains of SE China,desertization and saliniferous lakes of Central China during the Upper Cretaceous.Journal of Stratigraphy,21(3):203~213.
Chen Sufang,Li Mingwan,Hou Rongfeng,Liao Wenbo,Zhou Renchao,Fan Qiang.2014.Low genetic diversity and weak population differentiation in Firmiana danxiaensis,a tree species endemic to Danxia landform in northern Guangdong,China.Biochemical Systematics and Ecology,55:66~72.
Conca J L,Rossman G R.1982.Case hardening of sandstone.Geology,10(10):520~523.
Dill H G,Weber B,Gerdes A.2010.Constraining the physicalchemical conditions of Pleistocene cavernous weathering in late Paleozoic granites.Geomorphology,121(3~4):283~290.
Doehne,E.2002.Salt weathering:a selective review.Geological Society,London,Special Publications,205:51~64.
Dorn R I,Mahaney W C,Krinsley D H.2017.Case hardening:turning weathering rinds into protective shells.Elements,13(3):165~169.
Goudie A S,Viles H A.1997.Salt Weathering Hazards.Chichester:John Wiley and Sons.
Goudie A S,Wright E,Viles H A.2002.The roles of salt(sodium nitrate)and fog in weathering:a laboratory simulation of conditions in the northern Atacama Desert,Chile.Catena,48(4):255~266.
Grisez L.1960.Alvéolisation littorale de schistes métamorphiques.Revue Géomorphologie Dynamique,11:164~167.
Guangdong Geologic Survey Institute,2008#.Geological Map(1:50000)of the People's Republic of China:Danxiashan Global Geopark.
Guo Qingling,Wang Xudong,Xue Ping,Zhang Guobin,Fan Zaixuan,Hou Wenfang,Zhang Zhengmo.2009&.Research on spatial distribution and relations of salinity and moisture content inside rock mass of low-layer caves in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,28(Supp.2):3769~3775.
Harvey A.2012.Introducing Geomorphology:a Guide to Landforms and Processes.Edinburgh:Dunedin Academic Press:1~124.
Huang Jin.2010#.Landforms of the Mt.Danxiashan.Beijing:Science Press.
Huang Rihui,Wang Wei.2017.Microclimatic,chemical,and mineralogical evidence for tafoni weathering processes on the Miaowan Island,South China.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,134:281~292.
Labus M,Bochen J.2012.Sandstone degradation:an experimental study of accelerated weathering.Environmental Earth Sciences,67(7):2027~2042.
LüHongbo,Su Dechen,Zhang Yuxu,Feng Xuedong,Li Chunwang.2017&.Landform features of salt weathering in different climatic zones in China.Geological Review,63(4):911~926.
Mustoe G E.2010&.Biogenic origin of coastal honeycomb weathering.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,35(4):424~434.
Ouyang Jie,Peng Hua,Luo Xiaoying,Chen Zaixiong,Zhang Anxin,Ma Yuxuan.2017&.Environmental features of the micro-landforms of the spatial distribution of the national rare species of Firmiana danxiaensis on the Danxiashan mountain.Scientia Geographica Sinica,37(10):1585~1592.
Paradise T R.2013a.Tafoni and other rock basins.In:Shroder J F,Pope G A.eds.Treatise on Geomorphology,4:111~126.San Diego:Academic Press.
Paradise T R.2013b.Assessment of tafoni distribution and environmental factors on a sandstone djinn block above Petra,Jordan.Applied Geography,42(8):176~185.
Peng Hua,Qiu Zhuowei,Pan Zhixin.2014&.Experimental study on the weathering features of bedding caves at Mt.Danxiashan.Scientia Geographica Sinica,34(4):454~463.
Shu Liangshu,Zhou Xinmin,Deng Ping,Zhu Wenbin.2007.Mesozoic-Cenozoic basin features and evolution of Southeast China.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),81(4):573~586.
Sunamura T,Aoki H.2011.Application of an S-shaped curve model to the temporal development of tafoni of salt-weathering origin.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,36(12):1624~1631.
Tan Yan,Zhu Cheng,Wu Li,Sun Wei,WangX iaocui,Jia Tianjiao,Peng Hua,Hou Rongfeng.2015&.Geomorphogensis on sandstone honeycombs and white spot in the Mt.Danxiashan,Guangdong Province,South China.Mountain Research,33(3):279~287.
Warke P A,Smith B J.2000.Salt distribution in clay-rich weathered sandstone.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,25(12):1333~1342.
Xie Shaofeng,Ouyang Junxiang,Xiao Huashun.2017&.Research on the forest fire susceptibility spatial distribution of voronoi and conditional entropy.Forest Resources Management,(4):50~58.
Xu Shuying.1993&.Preliminary study on the salt weathering process in arid area.Arid Land Geography,16(2):14~20.
Yang Wenting,Huang Kun,Zhang Qinqin.2016&.Optimization of tankfarm distribution region based on Thiessen-Polygon.Oil&Gas Storage and Transportation,35(1):68~72.
Young R W,Wray R A L,Young A R M.2009.Sandstone Landforms.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Zhang Xianqiu.1992#.Cretaceous subdivision and correlation in the Danxia Basin.Journal of Stratigraphy,16(2):81~95.
ZhangX ianqiu,Lin Xiaoyan.2013&.Cretaceous Ostracods from the Changba Formation in the Danxia Basin of northern Guangdong Province.Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica,30(1):58~86.
Zhu Cheng,Ma Chunmei,Zhang Guangsheng.2015#.Development mechanisms of typical Danxia landforms in China.Beijing:Science Press.
Zou Qiang,Zhang Xiaohua,Yao Yugang,Ding Huangda,Zhu Yanling.2014&.Thiessen polygon and its application in planning of ambient air monitoring network.Arid Environmental Monitoring,28(1):36~38.