八种国内翻斗式雨量计翻斗计量误差测评分析
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摘要
为研究翻斗式雨量计的计量性能,选取国内主流的8种雨量计,包括单层翻斗、双层翻斗两种类型,设计了雨量计动态率定装置,利用缜密的试验方案,测评分析了8种产品在不同雨强下的计量误差分布和重复性特性。结果表明,只有JDZ05、JD05、JDZ10这三种单层翻斗式雨量计能满足《翻斗式雨量传感器(GB/T21978.2-2014)》中计量误差对准确度的要求,而且仅有JDZ10满足重复性要求;为提高时段降雨量的观测精度,在翻斗式雨量计的生产和出厂率定过程中,更需要关注小雨强的计量误差和重复性;为实现对降雨强度、总量和过程的同时准确观测,建议采用组合雨量计(0.1mm+0.5mm(或1mm)分辨率)的方式进行联合观测降雨。研究成果可为翻斗式雨量计的改进及水文站点降水观测提供指导。
In order to study the measurement performance of the tipping bucket rain gauge(TBRs)commonly used by the domestic hydrological and meteorological departments,this paper selects eight domestic TBRs,including singlelayer TBRs and double-layer TBRs.The measurement error distribution and repeatability of these eight products under different rain intensities were evaluated and analyzed by meticulous test scheme and dynamic calibration device.The results show that among the products tested,only three single-layer TBRs(JDZ05、JD05、JDZ10)can meet the accuracy requirements of measuring errors of the rain gauge sensor set by the national standard(GB/T 21978.2-2014),while only JDZ10 meets the requirements of repeatability of the national standard.Besides,in order to improve the observation accuracy of rainfall during the period,it is necessary to pay more attention to the measurement error and repeatability of light rain intensity in the production and factory calibration of the TBRs.Moreover,in order to achieve accurate observation of rainfall intensity,total amount and process,it is recommended to combine 0.1 mm+0.5 mm(or 1 mm)resolution rainfall gauges for rainfall observation.The research results can provide guidance for the improvement of the TBRs and the observation of precipitation at hydrological stations.
In order to study the measurement performance of the tipping bucket rain gauge(TBRs)commonly used by the domestic hydrological and meteorological departments,this paper selects eight domestic TBRs,including singlelayer TBRs and double-layer TBRs.The measurement error distribution and repeatability of these eight products under different rain intensities were evaluated and analyzed by meticulous test scheme and dynamic calibration device.The results show that among the products tested,only three single-layer TBRs(JDZ05、JD05、JDZ10)can meet the accuracy requirements of measuring errors of the rain gauge sensor set by the national standard(GB/T 21978.2-2014),while only JDZ10 meets the requirements of repeatability of the national standard.Besides,in order to improve the observation accuracy of rainfall during the period,it is necessary to pay more attention to the measurement error and repeatability of light rain intensity in the production and factory calibration of the TBRs.Moreover,in order to achieve accurate observation of rainfall intensity,total amount and process,it is recommended to combine 0.1 mm+0.5 mm(or 1 mm)resolution rainfall gauges for rainfall observation.The research results can provide guidance for the improvement of the TBRs and the observation of precipitation at hydrological stations.
引文
[1]冯讷敏.雨量仪器综述[J].水利水文自动化,1996(3):1-6.
[2]冯讷敏.翻斗式雨量计的检测方法[J].水利水文自动化,1988(1):29-32.
[3]杨汉塘.翻斗雨量计动态计量系统误差来源及其改善措施[J].水利水文自动化,2001(4):20-25,36.
[4]王展宏.翻斗式雨量计的误差分析与改进[J].水利信息化,2012(4):53-56.
[5] Marsalek J.Calibration of the Tipping-bucket Raingage[J].Journal of Hydrology,1981,53(3/4):343-354.
[6] Niemczynowicz J.The Dynamic Calibration of Tipping-Bucket Raingauges[J].Hydrology Research,1986,17(3):203-214.
[7]姚永熙.国内外应用水文仪器简析[J].水文,2018,38(4):25-28,54.
[8] GB/T 21978.2-2014,降水量观测仪器第2部分:翻斗式雨量传感器[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2015.
[9]王俊,王建群,余达征.现代水文监测技术[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2016.
[10]朱晓原,张留柱,姚永熙.水文测验实用手册[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2013.
[11]Vasvári V.Calibration of Tipping Bucket Rain Gauges in the Graz Urban Research Area[J].Atmospheric Research,2005,77(1-4):18-28.
[2]冯讷敏.翻斗式雨量计的检测方法[J].水利水文自动化,1988(1):29-32.
[3]杨汉塘.翻斗雨量计动态计量系统误差来源及其改善措施[J].水利水文自动化,2001(4):20-25,36.
[4]王展宏.翻斗式雨量计的误差分析与改进[J].水利信息化,2012(4):53-56.
[5] Marsalek J.Calibration of the Tipping-bucket Raingage[J].Journal of Hydrology,1981,53(3/4):343-354.
[6] Niemczynowicz J.The Dynamic Calibration of Tipping-Bucket Raingauges[J].Hydrology Research,1986,17(3):203-214.
[7]姚永熙.国内外应用水文仪器简析[J].水文,2018,38(4):25-28,54.
[8] GB/T 21978.2-2014,降水量观测仪器第2部分:翻斗式雨量传感器[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2015.
[9]王俊,王建群,余达征.现代水文监测技术[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2016.
[10]朱晓原,张留柱,姚永熙.水文测验实用手册[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2013.
[11]Vasvári V.Calibration of Tipping Bucket Rain Gauges in the Graz Urban Research Area[J].Atmospheric Research,2005,77(1-4):18-28.