中新世以来滇藏怒江峡谷区变形与构造深度层次
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摘要
地壳不同深度上的岩石物理性质的差异决定了在垂向上的构造变形呈现不同构造样式.依据地壳内主导变形机制的差异,划分出不同的构造层次,有助于更好地解析出露地质体的构造演化.滇藏怒江峡谷区具有高差大,河流切割地壳深度大,以及在强烈的变形下不同地壳层次的岩石得以出露等独特特征,因此是地壳变形层次研究的理想区域.本文通过对怒江流域察瓦龙至福贡区段的详细区域地质考察和构造变形分析,识别出地壳深层次到浅层次的不同构造变形样式.其中,深层次的构造样式以流动构造变形为主,主要出露于马吉地区.韧性变形在整个研究区广泛出露.高黎贡右行走滑剪切带和普拉底-松塔左行走滑剪切带分别出露在马吉南北区域.以相似褶皱和近直立密集劈理为特征的构造变形样式发育在普拉底以北.脆性断裂,为浅层次变形样式,叠加改造了较深层次变形,在整个研究区都有广泛发育.因此,研究区的主要构造样式由深至浅可划分为流变构造、韧性剪切构造、相似褶皱和脆性断裂构造4个构造层次.4个构造层次不同变形样式的发育均与北东东-南西西向挤压应力场有关.结合热史演化和区域构造特征,滇藏怒江峡谷区不同深度层次构造样式的发育与中新世(21Ma)以来地壳差异性隆起或者剥露有密切的关系.
引文
季建清,钟大赉,张连生.2000a.滇西南新生代走滑断裂运动学、年代学、及对青藏高原东南部块体运动的意义.地质科学,35:336-349
季建清,钟大赉,张连生.2000b.青藏高原东南部新生代挤出块体西边界.科学通报,45:128-134
刘正宏,李世超,徐仲元,董晓杰,王兴安.2011.内蒙古大青山高级变质岩中熔体线理特征.地学前缘,18:55-61
孙东霞,季建清,刘一多,李宝龙,陈建军,钟大赉.2013.怒江河砂岩屑磷灰石裂变径迹结果与流域地貌演化.地质科学,48:501-514
唐渊,尹福光,王立全,王冬兵,廖世勇,孙志明.2013.滇西崇山剪切带南段左行走滑作用的构造特征及时代约束.岩石学报,29:1311-1324
王丹丹,李宝龙,季建清,宋述光,魏春景,龚俊峰.2013.滇西高黎贡变质带热史演化与变形时限研究.地质学报,87:1887-1900
徐汀滢,季建清,涂继耀,刘志成.2012.川东褶皱带构造发育深度层次与变形样式.地质科学,47:788-807
杨启军,徐义刚,黄小龙,罗震宇.2006.高黎贡构造带花岗岩的年代学和地球化学及其构造意义.岩石学报,22:817-834
张波,张进江,钟大赉,王晓先,曲军峰,郭磊.2010.喜马拉雅东构造结东缘碧罗雪山-崇山剪切带北段构造变形特征及构造意义.中国科学:地球科学,41:945-959
钟大赉,Tapponnier P,吴海威,张连生,嵇少丞,钟嘉猷,刘小汉,Schaerer U,Lacassin R,Leloup P.1989.大型走滑断层——碰撞后陆内变形的重要形式.科学通报,34:526-529
Akciz S O.2004.Structural and geochronological constraints on the ductile deformation observed along the Gaoligong Shan and Chong Shan shear zones,Yunnan(China).Dissertation for Doctoral Degree.Cambridge:Massachusetts Institute of Technology.1-211
Akciz S,Burchfiel B C,Crowley J L,Yin J Y,Chen L Z.2008.Geometry,kinematics,and regional significance of the Chong Shan shear zone,Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis,Yunnan,China.Geosphere,4:292-314
England P,Houseman G.1986.Finite strain calculations of continental deformation:2.Comparison with the India-Asia collision zone.J Geophys Res,91:3664-3676
Harrison T M.1981.Diffusion of~(40)Ar in hornblende.Contrib Mineral Petrol,78:324-331
Harrison T M,Duncan I,McDougall I.1985.Diffusion of~(40)Ar in biotite:Temperature,pressure and compositional effects.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,49:2461-2468
Houseman G,England P.1986.Finite strain calculations of continental deformation:1.Method and general results for convergent zones.J Geophys Res,91:3651-3663
Houseman G,England P.1993.Crustal thickening versus lateral expulsion in the Indian-Asian continental collision.J Geophys Res,98:12233-12249
Huang X M,Xu Z Q,Li H Q,Cai Z H.2015.Tectonic amalgamation of the Gaoligong shear zone and Lancangjiang shear zone,southeast ofEastern Himalayan Syntaxis.J Asian Earth Sci,106:64-78
Johannes W.1983.On the origin of layered migmatites.In:Atherton M P,Gribble C D,eds.Migmatites,Melting and Metamorphism.Nantwich:Shira Publishing.234-248
Kornfeld D,Eckert S,Appel E,Ratschbacher L,Sonntag B L,Pfander J A,Ding L,Liu D L.2014.Cenozoic clockwise rotation of the Tengchong block,southeastern Tibetan Plateau:A paleomagnetic and geochronologic study.Tectonophysics,628:105-122
Leloup P H,Arnaud N,Lacassin R,Kienast J R,Harrison T M,Trong T T P,Replumaz A,Tapponnier P.2001.New constraints on the structure,thermochronology,and timing of the Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone,SE Asia.J Geophys Res,106:6683-6732
Leloup P H,Lacassin R,Tapponnier P,Scharer U,Zhong D L,Liu X H,Zhang L S,Ji S C,Trinh P T.1995.The Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone(Yunnan,China),tertiary transform boundary of Indochina.Tectonophysics,251:3-84
Lin T H,Lo C H,Chung S L,Hsu F J,Yeh M W,Lee T Y,Ji J Q,Wang Y Z,Liu D Y.2009.~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar dating of the Jiali and Gaoligong shear zones:Implications for crustal deformation around the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis.J Asian Earth Sci,34:674-685
Liu F L,Wang F,Liu P H,Yang H,Meng E.2015.Multiple partial melting events in the Ailao Shan-Red River and Gaoligong Shan complex belts,SE Tibetan Plateau:Zircon U-Pb dating of granitic leucosomes within migmatites.J Asian Earth Sci,110:151-169
Liu J L,Tang Y,Tran M D,Cao S Y,Zhao L,Zhang Z C,Zhao Z D,Chen W.2012.The nature ofthe Ailao Shan-Red River(ASRR)shear zone:Constraints from structural,microstructural and fabric analyses of metamorphic rocks from the Diancang Shan,Ailao Shan and Day Nui Con Voi massifs.J Asian Earth Sci,47:231-251
Mattauer M.1980.Les deformations des materiaux de l'écorce terrestre.Paris:Hermann.1-493
Mehnert K R.1968.Migmatites and the Origin of Granitic Rocks.Amsterdam:Elsevier.1-393
Molnar P,England P.1990.Late Cenozoic uplift of mountain ranges and global climate change:Chicken or egg?Nature,346:29-34
Molnar P,Tapponnier P.1975.Cenozoic Tectonics of Asia:Effects of a Continental Collision:Features of recent continental tectonics in Asia can be interpreted as results of the India-Eurasia collision.Science,189:419-426
Parrish R R.2001.The response of mineral chronometers to metamorphism and deformation in orogenic belts.Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ,184:289-301
Scharer U,Tapponnier P,Lacassin R,Leloup P H,Zhong D L,Ji S C.1990.Intraplate tectonics in Asia:A precise age for large-scale Miocene movement along the Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone,China.Earth Planet Sci Lett,97:65-77
Sch(a|¨)rer U,Zhang L S,Tapponnier P.1994.Duration of strike-slip movements in large shear zones:The Red River belt,China.Earth Planet Sci Lett,126:379-397
Searle M P.2006.Role of the Red River Shear zone,Yunnan and Vietnam,in the continental extrusion of SE Asia.J Geol Soc,163:1025-1036
Searle M P,Yeh M W,Lin T H,Chung S L.2010.Structural constraints on the timing of left-lateral shear along the Red River shear zone in the Ailao Shan and Diancang Shan Ranges,Yunnan,SW China.Geosphere,6:316-338
Scholz C H.1988.The brittle-plastic transition and the depth of seismic faulting.Geol Rundsch,77:319-328
Sibson R H.1977.Fault rocks and fault mechanisms.J Geol Soc,133:191-213
Song S G,Niu Y L,Wei C J,Ji J Q,Su L.2010.Metamorphism,anatexis,zircon ages and tectonic evolution of the Gongshan block in the northern Indochina continent-An eastern extension of the Lhasa Block.Lithos,120:327-346
Tapponnier P,Peltzer G,Le Dain A Y,Armijo R,Cobbold P.1982.Propagating extrusion tectonics in Asia:New insights from simple experiments with plasticine.Geology,10:611-616
Tapponnier P,Xu Z Q,Roger F,Meyer B,Arnaud N,Wittlinger G,Yang J S.2001.Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet Plateau.Science,294:1671-1677
van der Pluijm B A,Marshak S.2004.Earth Structure:An Introduction to Structural Geology and Tectonics.2nd ed.New York:W.W.Norton&Company,Inc.1-656
Wang E,Burchfiel B C.1997.Interpretation of cenozoic tectonics in the right-lateral accommodation zone between the Ailao Shan shear zone and the Eastern Himalayan syntaxis.Int Geol Rev,39:191-219
Wang Y J,Fan W M,Zhang Y H,Peng T P,Chen X Y,Xu Y G.2006.Kinematics and~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar geochronology of the Gaoligong and Chongshan shear systems,western Yunnan,China:Implications for early Oligocene tectonic extrusion of SE Asia.Tectonophysics,418:235-254
Watterson J.1999.The future of failure:Stress or strain?J Struct Geol,21:939-948
Zhang B,Zhang J J,Chang Z F,Wang X X,Cai F L,Lai Q Z.2012a.The Biluoxueshan transpressive deformation zone monitored by synkinematic plutons,around the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis.Tectonophysics,574-575:158-180
Zhang B,Zhang J J,Zhong D L.2010.Structure,kinematics and ages of transpression during strain-partitioning in the Chongshan shear zone,western Yunnan,China.J Struct Geol,32:445-463
Zhang B,Zhang J J,Zhong D L,Yang L K,Yue Y H,Yan S Y.2012b.Polystage deformation of the Gaoligong metamorphic zone:Structures,~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar mica ages,and tectonic implications.J Struct Geol,37:1-18
Zhang Z F,Eckert J.2005.Unified tensile fracture criterion.Phys Rev Lett,94:094301
Zheng Y D,Wang T,Ma M B,Davis G A.2004.Maximum effective moment criterion and the origin of low-angle normal faults.J Struct Geol,26:271-285
季建清,钟大赉,张连生.2000b.青藏高原东南部新生代挤出块体西边界.科学通报,45:128-134
刘正宏,李世超,徐仲元,董晓杰,王兴安.2011.内蒙古大青山高级变质岩中熔体线理特征.地学前缘,18:55-61
孙东霞,季建清,刘一多,李宝龙,陈建军,钟大赉.2013.怒江河砂岩屑磷灰石裂变径迹结果与流域地貌演化.地质科学,48:501-514
唐渊,尹福光,王立全,王冬兵,廖世勇,孙志明.2013.滇西崇山剪切带南段左行走滑作用的构造特征及时代约束.岩石学报,29:1311-1324
王丹丹,李宝龙,季建清,宋述光,魏春景,龚俊峰.2013.滇西高黎贡变质带热史演化与变形时限研究.地质学报,87:1887-1900
徐汀滢,季建清,涂继耀,刘志成.2012.川东褶皱带构造发育深度层次与变形样式.地质科学,47:788-807
杨启军,徐义刚,黄小龙,罗震宇.2006.高黎贡构造带花岗岩的年代学和地球化学及其构造意义.岩石学报,22:817-834
张波,张进江,钟大赉,王晓先,曲军峰,郭磊.2010.喜马拉雅东构造结东缘碧罗雪山-崇山剪切带北段构造变形特征及构造意义.中国科学:地球科学,41:945-959
钟大赉,Tapponnier P,吴海威,张连生,嵇少丞,钟嘉猷,刘小汉,Schaerer U,Lacassin R,Leloup P.1989.大型走滑断层——碰撞后陆内变形的重要形式.科学通报,34:526-529
Akciz S O.2004.Structural and geochronological constraints on the ductile deformation observed along the Gaoligong Shan and Chong Shan shear zones,Yunnan(China).Dissertation for Doctoral Degree.Cambridge:Massachusetts Institute of Technology.1-211
Akciz S,Burchfiel B C,Crowley J L,Yin J Y,Chen L Z.2008.Geometry,kinematics,and regional significance of the Chong Shan shear zone,Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis,Yunnan,China.Geosphere,4:292-314
England P,Houseman G.1986.Finite strain calculations of continental deformation:2.Comparison with the India-Asia collision zone.J Geophys Res,91:3664-3676
Harrison T M.1981.Diffusion of~(40)Ar in hornblende.Contrib Mineral Petrol,78:324-331
Harrison T M,Duncan I,McDougall I.1985.Diffusion of~(40)Ar in biotite:Temperature,pressure and compositional effects.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,49:2461-2468
Houseman G,England P.1986.Finite strain calculations of continental deformation:1.Method and general results for convergent zones.J Geophys Res,91:3651-3663
Houseman G,England P.1993.Crustal thickening versus lateral expulsion in the Indian-Asian continental collision.J Geophys Res,98:12233-12249
Huang X M,Xu Z Q,Li H Q,Cai Z H.2015.Tectonic amalgamation of the Gaoligong shear zone and Lancangjiang shear zone,southeast ofEastern Himalayan Syntaxis.J Asian Earth Sci,106:64-78
Johannes W.1983.On the origin of layered migmatites.In:Atherton M P,Gribble C D,eds.Migmatites,Melting and Metamorphism.Nantwich:Shira Publishing.234-248
Kornfeld D,Eckert S,Appel E,Ratschbacher L,Sonntag B L,Pfander J A,Ding L,Liu D L.2014.Cenozoic clockwise rotation of the Tengchong block,southeastern Tibetan Plateau:A paleomagnetic and geochronologic study.Tectonophysics,628:105-122
Leloup P H,Arnaud N,Lacassin R,Kienast J R,Harrison T M,Trong T T P,Replumaz A,Tapponnier P.2001.New constraints on the structure,thermochronology,and timing of the Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone,SE Asia.J Geophys Res,106:6683-6732
Leloup P H,Lacassin R,Tapponnier P,Scharer U,Zhong D L,Liu X H,Zhang L S,Ji S C,Trinh P T.1995.The Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone(Yunnan,China),tertiary transform boundary of Indochina.Tectonophysics,251:3-84
Lin T H,Lo C H,Chung S L,Hsu F J,Yeh M W,Lee T Y,Ji J Q,Wang Y Z,Liu D Y.2009.~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar dating of the Jiali and Gaoligong shear zones:Implications for crustal deformation around the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis.J Asian Earth Sci,34:674-685
Liu F L,Wang F,Liu P H,Yang H,Meng E.2015.Multiple partial melting events in the Ailao Shan-Red River and Gaoligong Shan complex belts,SE Tibetan Plateau:Zircon U-Pb dating of granitic leucosomes within migmatites.J Asian Earth Sci,110:151-169
Liu J L,Tang Y,Tran M D,Cao S Y,Zhao L,Zhang Z C,Zhao Z D,Chen W.2012.The nature ofthe Ailao Shan-Red River(ASRR)shear zone:Constraints from structural,microstructural and fabric analyses of metamorphic rocks from the Diancang Shan,Ailao Shan and Day Nui Con Voi massifs.J Asian Earth Sci,47:231-251
Mattauer M.1980.Les deformations des materiaux de l'écorce terrestre.Paris:Hermann.1-493
Mehnert K R.1968.Migmatites and the Origin of Granitic Rocks.Amsterdam:Elsevier.1-393
Molnar P,England P.1990.Late Cenozoic uplift of mountain ranges and global climate change:Chicken or egg?Nature,346:29-34
Molnar P,Tapponnier P.1975.Cenozoic Tectonics of Asia:Effects of a Continental Collision:Features of recent continental tectonics in Asia can be interpreted as results of the India-Eurasia collision.Science,189:419-426
Parrish R R.2001.The response of mineral chronometers to metamorphism and deformation in orogenic belts.Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ,184:289-301
Scharer U,Tapponnier P,Lacassin R,Leloup P H,Zhong D L,Ji S C.1990.Intraplate tectonics in Asia:A precise age for large-scale Miocene movement along the Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone,China.Earth Planet Sci Lett,97:65-77
Sch(a|¨)rer U,Zhang L S,Tapponnier P.1994.Duration of strike-slip movements in large shear zones:The Red River belt,China.Earth Planet Sci Lett,126:379-397
Searle M P.2006.Role of the Red River Shear zone,Yunnan and Vietnam,in the continental extrusion of SE Asia.J Geol Soc,163:1025-1036
Searle M P,Yeh M W,Lin T H,Chung S L.2010.Structural constraints on the timing of left-lateral shear along the Red River shear zone in the Ailao Shan and Diancang Shan Ranges,Yunnan,SW China.Geosphere,6:316-338
Scholz C H.1988.The brittle-plastic transition and the depth of seismic faulting.Geol Rundsch,77:319-328
Sibson R H.1977.Fault rocks and fault mechanisms.J Geol Soc,133:191-213
Song S G,Niu Y L,Wei C J,Ji J Q,Su L.2010.Metamorphism,anatexis,zircon ages and tectonic evolution of the Gongshan block in the northern Indochina continent-An eastern extension of the Lhasa Block.Lithos,120:327-346
Tapponnier P,Peltzer G,Le Dain A Y,Armijo R,Cobbold P.1982.Propagating extrusion tectonics in Asia:New insights from simple experiments with plasticine.Geology,10:611-616
Tapponnier P,Xu Z Q,Roger F,Meyer B,Arnaud N,Wittlinger G,Yang J S.2001.Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet Plateau.Science,294:1671-1677
van der Pluijm B A,Marshak S.2004.Earth Structure:An Introduction to Structural Geology and Tectonics.2nd ed.New York:W.W.Norton&Company,Inc.1-656
Wang E,Burchfiel B C.1997.Interpretation of cenozoic tectonics in the right-lateral accommodation zone between the Ailao Shan shear zone and the Eastern Himalayan syntaxis.Int Geol Rev,39:191-219
Wang Y J,Fan W M,Zhang Y H,Peng T P,Chen X Y,Xu Y G.2006.Kinematics and~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar geochronology of the Gaoligong and Chongshan shear systems,western Yunnan,China:Implications for early Oligocene tectonic extrusion of SE Asia.Tectonophysics,418:235-254
Watterson J.1999.The future of failure:Stress or strain?J Struct Geol,21:939-948
Zhang B,Zhang J J,Chang Z F,Wang X X,Cai F L,Lai Q Z.2012a.The Biluoxueshan transpressive deformation zone monitored by synkinematic plutons,around the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis.Tectonophysics,574-575:158-180
Zhang B,Zhang J J,Zhong D L.2010.Structure,kinematics and ages of transpression during strain-partitioning in the Chongshan shear zone,western Yunnan,China.J Struct Geol,32:445-463
Zhang B,Zhang J J,Zhong D L,Yang L K,Yue Y H,Yan S Y.2012b.Polystage deformation of the Gaoligong metamorphic zone:Structures,~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar mica ages,and tectonic implications.J Struct Geol,37:1-18
Zhang Z F,Eckert J.2005.Unified tensile fracture criterion.Phys Rev Lett,94:094301
Zheng Y D,Wang T,Ma M B,Davis G A.2004.Maximum effective moment criterion and the origin of low-angle normal faults.J Struct Geol,26:271-285