三峡库区小流域稻田空间格局对氮磷流失影响
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摘要
选取三峡库区涪陵段封闭性较好的王家沟小流域,分别利用2014~2015年采集的3个稻田坡面12次自然降雨地表径流样品和2次自然降雨过程地表径流样品以及2010、2015年两个子流域日径流样品,对比分析坡面稻田空间格局差异和子流域稻田空间格局变化对地表径流氮磷流失浓度影响.结果表明,坡底布设的稻田对TN、NO_3~--N和TP去除率高于坡腰,坡底稻田田块越大TP去除效果越好;次降雨过程中,3种空间格局稻田TN、NO_3~--N和TP流失浓度在大雨事件降雨前期差异最明显,而中雨事件则为降雨后期;与2010年相比,2015年两个子流域稻田空间格局变化削弱了稻田对子流域氮磷流失拦截净化能力,主要表现为小到中雨事件和基流时期TN流失浓度明显升高,中到大雨事件TP流失浓度极易呈现跳跃性浮动.因此,合理增加流域稻田数量,优化稻田空间格局是三峡库区农业面源污染控制的有效措施.
This paper used three plots of paddy field in Wangjiagou small catchment in Fuling District,Chongqing Municipality as a case study. Wangjiagou,located in Three Gorges Reservoir Area,provided a good case in terms of its closeness of surface runoff. The samples of individual rainfall of twelve times and process of two typical individual rainfalls on three plots of sloping paddy field were collected from 2014 to 2015. These samples were used to analyze the influence of spatial pattern of sloping paddy field on the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in the surface runoff. The samples of daily runoff in subcatchments in 2010 and 2015 were used to analyze the influence of spatial pattern change of subcatchments' paddy field on the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in the surface runoff. The results indicated that the removal rates of TN,NO_3~--N and TP of paddy field at the valley bottom were higher than those in the mid-slopes. The removal rate of TP would be higher if plot size of paddy field at the bottom got bigger. During individual rainfall event,the losses concentration of TN,NO_3~--N and TP in the paddy fields was significantly different among three different spatial patterns during the previous period of heavy rain event,but it became different during the next period of moderate rain event. The two subcatchments' spatial pattern change of paddy field had weakened the intercepting purification ability of nitrogen and phosphorus losses of paddy field in 2015,compared with that in 2010. TN's losses concentration increased significantly during the periods of light and moderate rain event and base flow. TP's losses concentration fluctuated during the event from moderate rain to heavy rain. Hence,increasing the area of paddy field of catchment and optimizing its spatial pattern reasonably were found as effective measures to control agricultural non-point source pollution in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region.
This paper used three plots of paddy field in Wangjiagou small catchment in Fuling District,Chongqing Municipality as a case study. Wangjiagou,located in Three Gorges Reservoir Area,provided a good case in terms of its closeness of surface runoff. The samples of individual rainfall of twelve times and process of two typical individual rainfalls on three plots of sloping paddy field were collected from 2014 to 2015. These samples were used to analyze the influence of spatial pattern of sloping paddy field on the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in the surface runoff. The samples of daily runoff in subcatchments in 2010 and 2015 were used to analyze the influence of spatial pattern change of subcatchments' paddy field on the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in the surface runoff. The results indicated that the removal rates of TN,NO_3~--N and TP of paddy field at the valley bottom were higher than those in the mid-slopes. The removal rate of TP would be higher if plot size of paddy field at the bottom got bigger. During individual rainfall event,the losses concentration of TN,NO_3~--N and TP in the paddy fields was significantly different among three different spatial patterns during the previous period of heavy rain event,but it became different during the next period of moderate rain event. The two subcatchments' spatial pattern change of paddy field had weakened the intercepting purification ability of nitrogen and phosphorus losses of paddy field in 2015,compared with that in 2010. TN's losses concentration increased significantly during the periods of light and moderate rain event and base flow. TP's losses concentration fluctuated during the event from moderate rain to heavy rain. Hence,increasing the area of paddy field of catchment and optimizing its spatial pattern reasonably were found as effective measures to control agricultural non-point source pollution in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region.
引文
[1]Ongley E D,Zhang X L,Yu T.Current status of agricultural and rural non-point source Pollution assessment in China[J].Environmental Pollution,2010,158(5):1159-1168.
[2]Naramngam S,Tong S T Y.Environmental and economic implications of various conservative agricultural practices in the Upper Little Miami River basin[J].Agricultural Water Management,2013,119:65-79.
[3]张维理,武淑霞,冀宏杰,等.中国农业面源污染形势估计及控制对策I.21世纪初期中国农业面源污染的形势估计[J].中国农业科学,2004,37(7):1008-1017.Zhang W L,Wu S X,Ji H J,et al.Estimation of agricultural non-point source pollution in China and the alleviating strategies I.Estimation of agricultural non-point source pollution in China in early 21 century[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2004,37(7):1008-1017.
[4]Giles J.Nitrogen study fertilizes fears of pollution[J].Nature,2005,433(7028):791.
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[6]Blanche S B,Shaw D R,Massey J H,et al.Fluometuron adsorption to vegetative filter strip components[J].Weed Science,2003,51(1):125-129.
[7]彭世彰,高焕芝,张正良.灌区沟塘湿地对稻田排水中氮磷的原位削减效果及机理研究[J].水利学报,2010,41(4):406-411.Peng S Z,Gao H Z,Zhang Z L.Effect of pond wetland on N and P removal in drainage water from paddy field and its mechanism[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2010,41(4):406-411.
[8]徐琪,杨林章,董元华,等.中国稻田生态系统[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1998.Xu Q,Yang L Z,Dong Y H,et al.Rice field ecosystem in China[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1998.
[9]Greenland D J.The sustainability of rice farming[M].London:CAB International Publication in Association with the International Rice Research Institute,1998.110-113.
[10]曹志洪,林先贵,杨林章,等.论“稻田圈”在保护城乡生态环境中的功能Ⅱ.稻田土壤氮素养分的累积、迁移及其生态环境意义[J].土壤学报,2006,43(2):256-260.Cao Z H,Lin X G,Yang L Z,et al.Ecological function of“paddy field ring”to urban and rural environment II.Characteristics of nitrogen accumulation,movement in paddy field ecosystem and its relation to environmental protection[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2006,43(2):256-260.
[11]阎建忠,卓仁贵,谢德体,等.不同生计类型农户的土地利用——三峡库区典型村的实证研究[J].地理学报,2010,65(11):1401-1410.Yan J Z,Zhuo R G,Xie D T,et al.Land use characters of farmers of different livelihood strategies:cases in three gorges reservoir area[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2010,65(11):1401-1410.
[12]谢德体,倪九派,丁恩俊,等.三峡库区农业面源污染防控技术研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2015.
[13]林彬,冯明磊,胡荣桂,等.三峡库区小流域农户氮循环和排放特征[J].环境科学,2010,31(3):632-638.Lin B,Feng M L,Hu G R,et al.Characteristics of nitrogen cycling in farm systems in a small watershed of Three Gorges Reservoir Area,China[J].Environmental Science,2010,31(3):632-638.
[14]郭胜,李崇明,郭劲松,等.三峡水库蓄水后不同水位期干流氮、磷时空分异特征[J].环境科学,2011,32(5):1266-1272.Guo S,Li C M,Guo J S,et al.Spatio-temporal variation of nitrogen,phosphorus in different period in Three Gorges Reservoir after its impoundment[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(5):1266-1272.
[15]Nakasone H,Abbas M A,Kuroda H.Nitrogen transport and transformation in packed soil columns from paddy fields[J].Paddy and Water Environment,2004,2(3):115-124.
[16]殷国玺,张展羽,郭相平,等.地表控制排水对氮质量浓度和排放量影响的试验研究[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(1):21-24.Yin G X,Zhang Z Y,Guo X P,et al.Experimental study on effect of controlled drainage from ground surface on concentration and discharge of nitrogen[J].Journal of Hohai University(Natural Sciences),2006,34(1):21-24.
[17]黄金良,李青生,洪华生,等.九龙江流域土地利用/景观格局-水质的初步关联分析[J].环境科学,2011,32(1):64-72.Huang J L,Li Q S,Hong H S,et al.Preliminary study on linking land use&landscape pattern and water quality in the Jiulong river watershed[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(1):64-72.
[18]House C H,Broome S W,Hoover M T.Treatment of nitrogen and phosphorus by a constructed upland-wetland wastewater treatment system[J].Water Science and Technology,1994,29(4):177-184.
[19]Chen C L,Gao M,Xie D T,et al.Spatial and temporal variations in non-point source losses of nitrogen and phosphorus in a small agricultural catchment in the Three Gorges Region[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2016,188(4):257.
[20]冯源嵩,林陶,杨庆媛.百花湖周边城市近郊小流域氮、磷输出时空特征[J].环境科学,2014,35(12):4537-4543.Feng Y S,Lin T,Yang Q Y.Temporal and spatial characteristic of nitrogen and phosphorus output in the suburb watershed around the Baihua lake[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(12):4537-4543.
[21]陈成龙,高明,倪九派,等.三峡库区小流域不同土地利用类型对氮素流失影响[J].环境科学,2016,37(5):1707-1716.Chen C L,Gao M,Ni J P,et al.Nitrogen losses under the action of different land use types of small catchment in Three Gorges Region[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(5):1707-1716.
[22]Franklin D,Truman C,Potter T,et al.Nitrogen and phosphorus runoff losses from variable and constant intensity rainfall simulations on loamy sand under conventional and strip tillage systems[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2007,36(3):846-854.
[23]梁斐斐,蒋先军,袁俊吉,等.降雨强度对三峡库区坡耕地土壤氮、磷流失主要形态的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(4):81-85.Ling F F,Jiang X J,Yuan J J,et al.Main features of the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus and rainfall intensity influence in the slope farmland of the Three Gorges reservoir area[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,26(4):81-85.
[24]于兴修,李振炜,刘前进,等.沂蒙山区典型小流域降雨径流的磷素输出特征[J].环境科学,2012,33(8):2644-2651.Yu X X,Li Z W,Liu Q J,et al.Output characteristics of rainfall runoff phosphorus pollution from a typical small watershed in Yimeng mountainous area[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(8):2644-2651.
[25]徐亚娟,高扬,朱宁华,等.紫色土流域次降雨条件下碳、磷非点源输出过程及其流失负荷[J].生态学报,2014,34(17):5021-5029.Xu Y J,Gao Y,Zhu N H,et al.The dynamic process of carbon and phosphorus losses by runoff and associated loss load in a farmland-dominated watershed of purple soil region[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(17):5021-5029.
[26]Basnyat P,Teeter L D,Flynn K M,et al.Relationships between landscape characteristics and nonpoint source pollution inputs to coastal estuaries[J].Environmental Management,1999,23(4):539-549.
[27]沈珍瑶,刘瑞民,叶闽,等.长江上游非点源污染特征及其变化规律[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[28]袁俊吉.稻田生态系统对外源氮、磷的消纳[D].重庆:西南大学,2011.15-18.
[29]何军,崔远来,王建鹏,等.不同尺度稻田氮磷排放规律试验[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(10):56-62.He J,Cui Y L,Wang J P,et al.Experiments on nitrogen and phosphorus losses from paddy fields under different scales[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2010,26(10):56-62.
[30]曹志洪,林先贵,杨林章,等.论“稻田圈”在保护城乡生态环境中的功能Ⅰ.稻田土壤磷素径流迁移流失的特征[J].土壤学报,2005,42(5):799-804.Cao Z H,Lin X G,Yang L Z,et al.Ecological function of“paddy field ring”to urban and rural environmentⅠ.Characteristics of soil P losses from paddy fields to waterbodies with runoff[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2005,42(5):799-804.
[2]Naramngam S,Tong S T Y.Environmental and economic implications of various conservative agricultural practices in the Upper Little Miami River basin[J].Agricultural Water Management,2013,119:65-79.
[3]张维理,武淑霞,冀宏杰,等.中国农业面源污染形势估计及控制对策I.21世纪初期中国农业面源污染的形势估计[J].中国农业科学,2004,37(7):1008-1017.Zhang W L,Wu S X,Ji H J,et al.Estimation of agricultural non-point source pollution in China and the alleviating strategies I.Estimation of agricultural non-point source pollution in China in early 21 century[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2004,37(7):1008-1017.
[4]Giles J.Nitrogen study fertilizes fears of pollution[J].Nature,2005,433(7028):791.
[5]Yao J T,Ding H M,Xu J.Study on intercepting method for nitrogen and phosphorus in ecological ditches and pond[J].Meteorological and Environmental Research,2012,3(11):58-60,70.
[6]Blanche S B,Shaw D R,Massey J H,et al.Fluometuron adsorption to vegetative filter strip components[J].Weed Science,2003,51(1):125-129.
[7]彭世彰,高焕芝,张正良.灌区沟塘湿地对稻田排水中氮磷的原位削减效果及机理研究[J].水利学报,2010,41(4):406-411.Peng S Z,Gao H Z,Zhang Z L.Effect of pond wetland on N and P removal in drainage water from paddy field and its mechanism[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2010,41(4):406-411.
[8]徐琪,杨林章,董元华,等.中国稻田生态系统[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1998.Xu Q,Yang L Z,Dong Y H,et al.Rice field ecosystem in China[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1998.
[9]Greenland D J.The sustainability of rice farming[M].London:CAB International Publication in Association with the International Rice Research Institute,1998.110-113.
[10]曹志洪,林先贵,杨林章,等.论“稻田圈”在保护城乡生态环境中的功能Ⅱ.稻田土壤氮素养分的累积、迁移及其生态环境意义[J].土壤学报,2006,43(2):256-260.Cao Z H,Lin X G,Yang L Z,et al.Ecological function of“paddy field ring”to urban and rural environment II.Characteristics of nitrogen accumulation,movement in paddy field ecosystem and its relation to environmental protection[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2006,43(2):256-260.
[11]阎建忠,卓仁贵,谢德体,等.不同生计类型农户的土地利用——三峡库区典型村的实证研究[J].地理学报,2010,65(11):1401-1410.Yan J Z,Zhuo R G,Xie D T,et al.Land use characters of farmers of different livelihood strategies:cases in three gorges reservoir area[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2010,65(11):1401-1410.
[12]谢德体,倪九派,丁恩俊,等.三峡库区农业面源污染防控技术研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2015.
[13]林彬,冯明磊,胡荣桂,等.三峡库区小流域农户氮循环和排放特征[J].环境科学,2010,31(3):632-638.Lin B,Feng M L,Hu G R,et al.Characteristics of nitrogen cycling in farm systems in a small watershed of Three Gorges Reservoir Area,China[J].Environmental Science,2010,31(3):632-638.
[14]郭胜,李崇明,郭劲松,等.三峡水库蓄水后不同水位期干流氮、磷时空分异特征[J].环境科学,2011,32(5):1266-1272.Guo S,Li C M,Guo J S,et al.Spatio-temporal variation of nitrogen,phosphorus in different period in Three Gorges Reservoir after its impoundment[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(5):1266-1272.
[15]Nakasone H,Abbas M A,Kuroda H.Nitrogen transport and transformation in packed soil columns from paddy fields[J].Paddy and Water Environment,2004,2(3):115-124.
[16]殷国玺,张展羽,郭相平,等.地表控制排水对氮质量浓度和排放量影响的试验研究[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(1):21-24.Yin G X,Zhang Z Y,Guo X P,et al.Experimental study on effect of controlled drainage from ground surface on concentration and discharge of nitrogen[J].Journal of Hohai University(Natural Sciences),2006,34(1):21-24.
[17]黄金良,李青生,洪华生,等.九龙江流域土地利用/景观格局-水质的初步关联分析[J].环境科学,2011,32(1):64-72.Huang J L,Li Q S,Hong H S,et al.Preliminary study on linking land use&landscape pattern and water quality in the Jiulong river watershed[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(1):64-72.
[18]House C H,Broome S W,Hoover M T.Treatment of nitrogen and phosphorus by a constructed upland-wetland wastewater treatment system[J].Water Science and Technology,1994,29(4):177-184.
[19]Chen C L,Gao M,Xie D T,et al.Spatial and temporal variations in non-point source losses of nitrogen and phosphorus in a small agricultural catchment in the Three Gorges Region[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2016,188(4):257.
[20]冯源嵩,林陶,杨庆媛.百花湖周边城市近郊小流域氮、磷输出时空特征[J].环境科学,2014,35(12):4537-4543.Feng Y S,Lin T,Yang Q Y.Temporal and spatial characteristic of nitrogen and phosphorus output in the suburb watershed around the Baihua lake[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(12):4537-4543.
[21]陈成龙,高明,倪九派,等.三峡库区小流域不同土地利用类型对氮素流失影响[J].环境科学,2016,37(5):1707-1716.Chen C L,Gao M,Ni J P,et al.Nitrogen losses under the action of different land use types of small catchment in Three Gorges Region[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(5):1707-1716.
[22]Franklin D,Truman C,Potter T,et al.Nitrogen and phosphorus runoff losses from variable and constant intensity rainfall simulations on loamy sand under conventional and strip tillage systems[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2007,36(3):846-854.
[23]梁斐斐,蒋先军,袁俊吉,等.降雨强度对三峡库区坡耕地土壤氮、磷流失主要形态的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(4):81-85.Ling F F,Jiang X J,Yuan J J,et al.Main features of the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus and rainfall intensity influence in the slope farmland of the Three Gorges reservoir area[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,26(4):81-85.
[24]于兴修,李振炜,刘前进,等.沂蒙山区典型小流域降雨径流的磷素输出特征[J].环境科学,2012,33(8):2644-2651.Yu X X,Li Z W,Liu Q J,et al.Output characteristics of rainfall runoff phosphorus pollution from a typical small watershed in Yimeng mountainous area[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(8):2644-2651.
[25]徐亚娟,高扬,朱宁华,等.紫色土流域次降雨条件下碳、磷非点源输出过程及其流失负荷[J].生态学报,2014,34(17):5021-5029.Xu Y J,Gao Y,Zhu N H,et al.The dynamic process of carbon and phosphorus losses by runoff and associated loss load in a farmland-dominated watershed of purple soil region[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(17):5021-5029.
[26]Basnyat P,Teeter L D,Flynn K M,et al.Relationships between landscape characteristics and nonpoint source pollution inputs to coastal estuaries[J].Environmental Management,1999,23(4):539-549.
[27]沈珍瑶,刘瑞民,叶闽,等.长江上游非点源污染特征及其变化规律[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[28]袁俊吉.稻田生态系统对外源氮、磷的消纳[D].重庆:西南大学,2011.15-18.
[29]何军,崔远来,王建鹏,等.不同尺度稻田氮磷排放规律试验[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(10):56-62.He J,Cui Y L,Wang J P,et al.Experiments on nitrogen and phosphorus losses from paddy fields under different scales[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2010,26(10):56-62.
[30]曹志洪,林先贵,杨林章,等.论“稻田圈”在保护城乡生态环境中的功能Ⅰ.稻田土壤磷素径流迁移流失的特征[J].土壤学报,2005,42(5):799-804.Cao Z H,Lin X G,Yang L Z,et al.Ecological function of“paddy field ring”to urban and rural environmentⅠ.Characteristics of soil P losses from paddy fields to waterbodies with runoff[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2005,42(5):799-804.