我国东南典型侵蚀区坡地磷素流失机制模拟研究
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摘要
为了研究侵蚀区坡地坡面径流和壤中流磷素流失特征,以浙江省湖州市安吉县花岗岩风化母质上发育的红壤为研究对象进行人工模拟降雨试验.结果表明,坡面径流和壤中流中的总磷流失浓度、总磷流失量均随着降雨强度的增大而增大,随着降雨强度的增大产流初期坡面冲刷效应显现;坡面径流总磷流失量所占每场降雨总磷流失量百分比分布在51%~92%;坡面径流总磷流失浓度在整个过程中波动幅度很大;坡面径流中总磷流失浓度在坡度25°下最高,壤中流中的总磷流失浓度在坡度8°下最高;坡度8°下坡面TP流失量最大,坡面总磷流失量受坡面径流量和雨强影响极显著(p<0.01);壤中流总磷流失量较小,受雨强影响极显著(p<0.01);磷素流失以坡面径流流失为主,壤中流流失为辅,磷素主要以颗粒态通过坡面径流流失,以溶解态通过壤中流流失.
In order to determine the effects of slope and rain intensity on total phosphorus loss,the slope and subsurface runoff of typical granite erosion slope land under different rainfall intensities( 90,120 and150 mm·h~(-1)) and slopes( 8°,15°and 25°) were studied in the flume( 2.0 m length×1.0 m width× 0. 6 m depth) through an indoor artificial simulated rainfall experiment. Main conclusions were as follows:(1) The total Phosphorus loss concentrations varied with different slope,and it showed highest at the slope of 25°. Total Phosphorus loss concentration of subsurface runoff on different slope followed the trend of 8° >15° >25°,and it decreased rapidly at the beginning of the subsurface runoff duration and then changed steadily.(2)Total Phosphorus loss of slope runoff on 8°-slope was much higher than that on other slopes,and it was significantly influenced by rain intensity and the volume of slope runoff( p<0.01). Total Phosphorus loss of subsurface runoff was less,which was greatly influenced by rainfall intensity( p<0.01).(3)The volume of slope runoff was significantly affected by rainfall intensity( p<0.05),while the volume of subsurface runoff was highly related to slope( p<0.01).(4)Total Phosphorus loss of slope runoff under different rainfall intensity conditions was 150 mm·h~(-1)>120 mm·h~(-1)>90 mm·h~(-1),which was consistent with the results for total Phosphorus loss of subsurface runoff and that influenced by rainfall intensity.(5)Analysis results showed that the critical slope was close to 8°-slope and the critical rainfall intensity was 120 mm·h~(-1) under the test conditions.(6) Phosphorus loss was mainly effected by slope runoff,while subsurface runoff loss was less important. Phosphorus loss through slope runoff was mainly in particulate phosphorus form,and it was mainly loss in dissolved phosphorus form through subsurface runoff.
In order to determine the effects of slope and rain intensity on total phosphorus loss,the slope and subsurface runoff of typical granite erosion slope land under different rainfall intensities( 90,120 and150 mm·h~(-1)) and slopes( 8°,15°and 25°) were studied in the flume( 2.0 m length×1.0 m width× 0. 6 m depth) through an indoor artificial simulated rainfall experiment. Main conclusions were as follows:(1) The total Phosphorus loss concentrations varied with different slope,and it showed highest at the slope of 25°. Total Phosphorus loss concentration of subsurface runoff on different slope followed the trend of 8° >15° >25°,and it decreased rapidly at the beginning of the subsurface runoff duration and then changed steadily.(2)Total Phosphorus loss of slope runoff on 8°-slope was much higher than that on other slopes,and it was significantly influenced by rain intensity and the volume of slope runoff( p<0.01). Total Phosphorus loss of subsurface runoff was less,which was greatly influenced by rainfall intensity( p<0.01).(3)The volume of slope runoff was significantly affected by rainfall intensity( p<0.05),while the volume of subsurface runoff was highly related to slope( p<0.01).(4)Total Phosphorus loss of slope runoff under different rainfall intensity conditions was 150 mm·h~(-1)>120 mm·h~(-1)>90 mm·h~(-1),which was consistent with the results for total Phosphorus loss of subsurface runoff and that influenced by rainfall intensity.(5)Analysis results showed that the critical slope was close to 8°-slope and the critical rainfall intensity was 120 mm·h~(-1) under the test conditions.(6) Phosphorus loss was mainly effected by slope runoff,while subsurface runoff loss was less important. Phosphorus loss through slope runoff was mainly in particulate phosphorus form,and it was mainly loss in dissolved phosphorus form through subsurface runoff.
引文
陈玲,刘德富,宋林旭,等.2013.不同雨强下黄棕壤坡耕地径流养分输出机制研究[J].环境科学,34(6):2151-2158
陈晓安,杨洁,汤崇军,等.2017.雨强和坡度对红壤坡耕地地表径流及壤中流的影响[J].农业工程学报,33(9):141-146
丁文峰,张平仓.2009.紫色土坡面壤中流养分输出特征[J].水土保持学报,23(4):15-19
Du E,Jackson C R,Klaus J,et al.2016.Interflow dynamics on a low relief forested hillslope:Lots of fill,little spill[J].Journal of Hydrology,534(271):648-658
Ekanade O.1997.Hill-slope agro-ecosystems and their implications on environmental systems in rural southwestern Nigeria[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,61(2):97-102
冯勇.2014.不同坡度和雨强条件下紫色土壤中流氮磷养分流失特征研究[J].水土保持应用技术,(4):4-6
Giménez R,Govers G.2008.Effects of freshly incorporated straw residue on rill erosion and hydraulics[J].Catena,72(2):214-223
Heckrath G,Brookes P C,Poulton P R,et al.1995.Phosphorus Leaching from Soils Containing Different Phosphorus Concentrations in the Broadbalk Experiment[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,24(5):904-910
何淑勤,宫渊波,郑子成.2014.紫色土区坡耕地壤中流磷素流失特征研究[J].水土保持学报,28(2):20-24
侯立柱,冯绍元,丁跃元,等.2009.多层渗滤介质系统对城市雨水径流氮磷污染物的净化作用[J].环境科学学报,29(5):960-967
贾海燕,雷阿林,雷俊山,等.2006.紫色土地区水文特征对硝态氮流失的影响研究[J].环境科学学报,26(10):1658-1664
贾海燕,叶闽,雷俊山,等.2009.紫色土地区壤中流磷流失特征及其环境效应[J].人民长江,40(21):59-61
Knapen A,Poesen J,Govers G,et al.2008.The effect of conservation tillage on runoff erosivity and soil erodibility during concentrated flow[J].Hydrological Processes,22(10):1497-1508
廖敏,叶照金,黄宇,等.2017.长兴县合溪水库集雨区苗木地不同施肥管理模式对径流磷素流失的影响[J].生态学报,37(21):7342-7350
Li F,Zhang G,Xu Y J.2014.Spatiotemporal variability of climate and streamflow in the Songhua River Basin,northeast China[J].Journal of Hydrology,514:53-64
Li Z,Zhang G,Yu X,et al.2015.Phosphorus loss and its estimation in a small watershed of the Yimeng mountainous area,China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,73(3):1205-1216
李桂芳,郑粉莉,卢嘉,等.2015.降雨和地形因子对黑土坡面土壤侵蚀过程的影响[J].农业机械学报,46(4):147-154
林超文,庞良玉,罗春燕,等.2009.平衡施肥及雨强对紫色土养分流失的影响[J].生态学报,29(10):5552-5560
刘刚才,林三益,刘淑珍.2002.四川丘陵区常规耕作制下紫色土径流发生特征及其表面流数值模拟[J].水利学报,33(12):101-108
Ma T,Li C,Lu Z,et al.2015.Rainfall intensity-duration thresholds for the initiation of landslides in Zhejiang Province,China[J].Geomorphology,245:193-206
彭旭东,戴全厚,李昌兰,等.2017.模拟雨强和地下裂隙对喀斯特地区坡耕地养分流失的影响[J].农业工程学报,33(2):131-140
蒲玉琳,谢德体,林超文,等.2014.紫色土区不同植物篱模式控制坡耕地氮素流失效应[J].农业工程学报,30(23):138-147
钱婧,张丽萍,王文艳,等.2015.施肥条件下坡面菜地径流携氮流失模拟降雨试验[J].水土保持学报,29(5):248-253
单艳红,杨林章,颜廷梅,等.2005.水田土壤溶液磷氮的动态变化及潜在的环境影响[J].生态学报,25(1):115-121
Sharpley A N,Mc Dowell R W,Kleinman P J A.2001.Phosphorus loss from land to water:Integrating agricultural and environmenta management[J].Plant Soil,237(2):287-307
沈海鸥,郑粉莉,温磊磊,等.2015.降雨强度和坡度对细沟形态特征的综合影响[J].农业机械学报,46(7):162-170
沈连峰,苗蕾,韩敏,等.2012.河南省淮河流域不同土地利用类型氮磷流失的特征分析[J].水土保持学报,26(4):77-80
Shore M,Jordan P,Mellander P E,et al.2014.Evaluating the critica source area concept of phosphorus loss from soils to water-bodies in agricultural catchments[J].Science of the Total Environment,490(490):405-415
Tan C S,Zhang T Q.2011.Surface runoff and sub-surface drainage phosphorus losses under regular free drainage and controlled drainage with sub-irrigation systems in southern Ontario[J].Canadian Journal of Soil Science,91(3):349-359
Uusitalo R,Turtola E,Kauppila T,et al.2001.Particulate phosphorus and sediment in surface runoff and drainflow from clayey soils[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,30(2):589-595
王丽,王力,王全九.2015.PAM对不同坡度坡地产流产沙及氮磷流失的影响[J].环境科学学报,35(12):3956-3964
吴希媛,张丽萍,张妙仙,等.2007.不同雨强下坡地氮流失特征[J].生态学报,27(11):4576-4582
邬燕虹,张丽萍,陈儒章,等.2017.坡长和雨强对氮素流失影响的模拟降雨试验研究[J].水土保持学报,31(2):7-12
席运官,王涛.2008.太湖流域发展有机农业控制面源污染的可行性分析[J].农业资源与环境学报,25(5):5-8
徐勤学,王天巍,李朝霞,等.2010.紫色土坡地壤中流特征[J].水科学进展,21(2):229-234
Zhang T Q,Tan C S,Zheng Z M,et al.2015.Tile drainage phosphorus loss with long-term consistent cropping systems and fertilization[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,44(2):503-511
赵小蓉,钟晓英,李贵桐,等.2006.我国23个土壤磷素淋失风险评估Ⅱ.淋失临界值与土壤理化性质和磷吸附特性的关系[J].生态学报,26(9):3011-3017
赵勇钢,赵世伟,曹丽花,等.2008.半干旱典型草原区退耕地土壤结构特征及其对入渗的影响[J].农业工程学报,24(6):14-20
郑海金,胡建民,黄鹏飞,等.2014.红壤坡耕地地表径流与壤中流氮磷流失比较[J].水土保持学报,28(6):41-45
郑海金,王辉文,杨洁,等.2015.地表径流和壤中流对坡耕地氮磷流失影响研究概述[J].中国水土保持,(2):36-39
郑侃,金昌杰,王安志,等.2008.森林流域坡面流与壤中流耦合模型的构建与应用[J].应用生态学报,19(5):936-941
郑子成,秦凤,李廷轩.2015.不同坡度下紫色土地表微地形变化及其对土壤侵蚀的影响[J].农业工程学报,31(8):168-175
Zhou B,Vogt R D,Lu X,et al.2015.Land use as an explanatory factor for potential phosphorus loss risk,assessed by P indices and their governing parameters[J].Environmental Science Processes&Impacts,17(8):1443
周明华,朱波,汪涛,等.2010.紫色土坡耕地磷素流失特征及施肥方式的影响[J].水利学报,41(11):1374-1381
朱波,汪涛,况福虹,等.2008.紫色土坡耕地硝酸盐淋失特征[J].环境科学学报,28(3):525-533
褚利平,王克勤,宋泽芬,等.2010.烤烟坡耕地壤中流氮、磷浓度的动态特征[J].农业环境科学学报,29(7):1346-1354
左继超,郑海金,奚同行,等.2017.自然降雨条件下红壤坡地磷素随径流垂向分层输出特征[J].环境科学,38(10):4178-4186
陈晓安,杨洁,汤崇军,等.2017.雨强和坡度对红壤坡耕地地表径流及壤中流的影响[J].农业工程学报,33(9):141-146
丁文峰,张平仓.2009.紫色土坡面壤中流养分输出特征[J].水土保持学报,23(4):15-19
Du E,Jackson C R,Klaus J,et al.2016.Interflow dynamics on a low relief forested hillslope:Lots of fill,little spill[J].Journal of Hydrology,534(271):648-658
Ekanade O.1997.Hill-slope agro-ecosystems and their implications on environmental systems in rural southwestern Nigeria[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,61(2):97-102
冯勇.2014.不同坡度和雨强条件下紫色土壤中流氮磷养分流失特征研究[J].水土保持应用技术,(4):4-6
Giménez R,Govers G.2008.Effects of freshly incorporated straw residue on rill erosion and hydraulics[J].Catena,72(2):214-223
Heckrath G,Brookes P C,Poulton P R,et al.1995.Phosphorus Leaching from Soils Containing Different Phosphorus Concentrations in the Broadbalk Experiment[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,24(5):904-910
何淑勤,宫渊波,郑子成.2014.紫色土区坡耕地壤中流磷素流失特征研究[J].水土保持学报,28(2):20-24
侯立柱,冯绍元,丁跃元,等.2009.多层渗滤介质系统对城市雨水径流氮磷污染物的净化作用[J].环境科学学报,29(5):960-967
贾海燕,雷阿林,雷俊山,等.2006.紫色土地区水文特征对硝态氮流失的影响研究[J].环境科学学报,26(10):1658-1664
贾海燕,叶闽,雷俊山,等.2009.紫色土地区壤中流磷流失特征及其环境效应[J].人民长江,40(21):59-61
Knapen A,Poesen J,Govers G,et al.2008.The effect of conservation tillage on runoff erosivity and soil erodibility during concentrated flow[J].Hydrological Processes,22(10):1497-1508
廖敏,叶照金,黄宇,等.2017.长兴县合溪水库集雨区苗木地不同施肥管理模式对径流磷素流失的影响[J].生态学报,37(21):7342-7350
Li F,Zhang G,Xu Y J.2014.Spatiotemporal variability of climate and streamflow in the Songhua River Basin,northeast China[J].Journal of Hydrology,514:53-64
Li Z,Zhang G,Yu X,et al.2015.Phosphorus loss and its estimation in a small watershed of the Yimeng mountainous area,China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,73(3):1205-1216
李桂芳,郑粉莉,卢嘉,等.2015.降雨和地形因子对黑土坡面土壤侵蚀过程的影响[J].农业机械学报,46(4):147-154
林超文,庞良玉,罗春燕,等.2009.平衡施肥及雨强对紫色土养分流失的影响[J].生态学报,29(10):5552-5560
刘刚才,林三益,刘淑珍.2002.四川丘陵区常规耕作制下紫色土径流发生特征及其表面流数值模拟[J].水利学报,33(12):101-108
Ma T,Li C,Lu Z,et al.2015.Rainfall intensity-duration thresholds for the initiation of landslides in Zhejiang Province,China[J].Geomorphology,245:193-206
彭旭东,戴全厚,李昌兰,等.2017.模拟雨强和地下裂隙对喀斯特地区坡耕地养分流失的影响[J].农业工程学报,33(2):131-140
蒲玉琳,谢德体,林超文,等.2014.紫色土区不同植物篱模式控制坡耕地氮素流失效应[J].农业工程学报,30(23):138-147
钱婧,张丽萍,王文艳,等.2015.施肥条件下坡面菜地径流携氮流失模拟降雨试验[J].水土保持学报,29(5):248-253
单艳红,杨林章,颜廷梅,等.2005.水田土壤溶液磷氮的动态变化及潜在的环境影响[J].生态学报,25(1):115-121
Sharpley A N,Mc Dowell R W,Kleinman P J A.2001.Phosphorus loss from land to water:Integrating agricultural and environmenta management[J].Plant Soil,237(2):287-307
沈海鸥,郑粉莉,温磊磊,等.2015.降雨强度和坡度对细沟形态特征的综合影响[J].农业机械学报,46(7):162-170
沈连峰,苗蕾,韩敏,等.2012.河南省淮河流域不同土地利用类型氮磷流失的特征分析[J].水土保持学报,26(4):77-80
Shore M,Jordan P,Mellander P E,et al.2014.Evaluating the critica source area concept of phosphorus loss from soils to water-bodies in agricultural catchments[J].Science of the Total Environment,490(490):405-415
Tan C S,Zhang T Q.2011.Surface runoff and sub-surface drainage phosphorus losses under regular free drainage and controlled drainage with sub-irrigation systems in southern Ontario[J].Canadian Journal of Soil Science,91(3):349-359
Uusitalo R,Turtola E,Kauppila T,et al.2001.Particulate phosphorus and sediment in surface runoff and drainflow from clayey soils[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,30(2):589-595
王丽,王力,王全九.2015.PAM对不同坡度坡地产流产沙及氮磷流失的影响[J].环境科学学报,35(12):3956-3964
吴希媛,张丽萍,张妙仙,等.2007.不同雨强下坡地氮流失特征[J].生态学报,27(11):4576-4582
邬燕虹,张丽萍,陈儒章,等.2017.坡长和雨强对氮素流失影响的模拟降雨试验研究[J].水土保持学报,31(2):7-12
席运官,王涛.2008.太湖流域发展有机农业控制面源污染的可行性分析[J].农业资源与环境学报,25(5):5-8
徐勤学,王天巍,李朝霞,等.2010.紫色土坡地壤中流特征[J].水科学进展,21(2):229-234
Zhang T Q,Tan C S,Zheng Z M,et al.2015.Tile drainage phosphorus loss with long-term consistent cropping systems and fertilization[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,44(2):503-511
赵小蓉,钟晓英,李贵桐,等.2006.我国23个土壤磷素淋失风险评估Ⅱ.淋失临界值与土壤理化性质和磷吸附特性的关系[J].生态学报,26(9):3011-3017
赵勇钢,赵世伟,曹丽花,等.2008.半干旱典型草原区退耕地土壤结构特征及其对入渗的影响[J].农业工程学报,24(6):14-20
郑海金,胡建民,黄鹏飞,等.2014.红壤坡耕地地表径流与壤中流氮磷流失比较[J].水土保持学报,28(6):41-45
郑海金,王辉文,杨洁,等.2015.地表径流和壤中流对坡耕地氮磷流失影响研究概述[J].中国水土保持,(2):36-39
郑侃,金昌杰,王安志,等.2008.森林流域坡面流与壤中流耦合模型的构建与应用[J].应用生态学报,19(5):936-941
郑子成,秦凤,李廷轩.2015.不同坡度下紫色土地表微地形变化及其对土壤侵蚀的影响[J].农业工程学报,31(8):168-175
Zhou B,Vogt R D,Lu X,et al.2015.Land use as an explanatory factor for potential phosphorus loss risk,assessed by P indices and their governing parameters[J].Environmental Science Processes&Impacts,17(8):1443
周明华,朱波,汪涛,等.2010.紫色土坡耕地磷素流失特征及施肥方式的影响[J].水利学报,41(11):1374-1381
朱波,汪涛,况福虹,等.2008.紫色土坡耕地硝酸盐淋失特征[J].环境科学学报,28(3):525-533
褚利平,王克勤,宋泽芬,等.2010.烤烟坡耕地壤中流氮、磷浓度的动态特征[J].农业环境科学学报,29(7):1346-1354
左继超,郑海金,奚同行,等.2017.自然降雨条件下红壤坡地磷素随径流垂向分层输出特征[J].环境科学,38(10):4178-4186