为致用而读:新闻纸在晚清官场的兴起(1861-1890)
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摘要
本文通过梳理部分"洋务派"官员的日记、奏折和书信,勉力还原1860年代初到1880年代末晚清官员阅读新闻纸的情形。研究发现,1861年总理衙门设立后,新闻纸逐渐参与到中西交涉的多重事务之中。在此期间,除了继续打探西方军事情报以外,晚清官员在处理贸易、教案、边疆与朝贡国危机等重大事件中,也十分关注新闻纸上的外国动态、国际形势和对中西交涉的评论,并常根据新闻纸报道处理实际事务。本文认为,晚清洋务官员对新闻纸的实用主义心态,是特殊历史脉络的产物。这种阅读方式在甲午以后,让位于报纸的文人论政,为致用而读遂成为历史书写的低音。
Depending on the diaries, memorials and letters, this article involved in a less significant period of history of Chinese modern journalism and explored a situation of reading newspapers in official circle between 1861-1890. It is found that translating and reading newspapers have become an institutionalized requirement of the government after the establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1861. During this period, many officials were accustomed to deal with the international affairs by the news such as trading, JIAOAN and conflict. In conclusion, the pragmatic attitude on the newspapers was a product of a special historical mind where rooted in the people's attitude to the west. After 1895, This kind of reading was replaced by the famous WENRENL UNZHENG.
Depending on the diaries, memorials and letters, this article involved in a less significant period of history of Chinese modern journalism and explored a situation of reading newspapers in official circle between 1861-1890. It is found that translating and reading newspapers have become an institutionalized requirement of the government after the establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1861. During this period, many officials were accustomed to deal with the international affairs by the news such as trading, JIAOAN and conflict. In conclusion, the pragmatic attitude on the newspapers was a product of a special historical mind where rooted in the people's attitude to the west. After 1895, This kind of reading was replaced by the famous WENRENL UNZHENG.
引文
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[2]王汎森.执拗的低音:一些历史思考方式的反思[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2014.
[3]卞冬磊.“打探”西方:新闻纸在晚清官场的初兴(1850-1870)[J].新闻与传播研究,2019(2),第114-125页,第128页.
[4]蒋廷黻编.近代中国外交史资料辑要(上)[M].上海:东方出版社,2014.
[5]魏源.海国图志[M].河南:中州古籍出版社,1999.
[6]曾国藩.曾国藩全集25·书信4[M].长沙:岳麓书社,2011a.
[7]芮玛丽著,房德邻译.同治中兴:中国保守主义的最后抵抗[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2002.
[8]郝延平,王尔敏.中国人对西方关系看法的变化,1840-1895年[A].费正清,刘广京编.剑桥中国晚清史(下卷)[C].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2007.
[9]太平天国历史博物馆编.吴煦档案选编(第五辑)[M].南京:江苏人民出版社,1984.
[10]蔡少卿整理.薛福成日记(上)[M].长春:吉林文史出版社,2004.
[11]朱有献主编.中国近代学制史料(上册)[C].上海:华东师范大学出版社,1983.
[12]丁守和编.中国历代奏议大典[Z].哈尔滨:哈尔滨出版社,1994.
[13]曾国藩.曾国藩全集25·书信4[M].长沙:岳麓书社,2011b.
[14]赵春晨编.丁日昌集(下)[C].上海:上海古籍出版社,2010.
[15]中国科学院历史研究所第三所主编.刘坤一遗集(第5册)[C].北京:中华书局,1959.
[16]王维江.“清流”与《申报》[J].近代史研究,2007(6),第62-77页,第161页.
[17]马忠文,任青编.中国近代思想家文库:薛辐成卷[C].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2014.
[18]顾廷龙,戴逸主编.李鸿章全集31·信函(三)[C].合肥:安徽教育出版社,2008.
[19]沈云龙主编.中国近代史史料丛刊三编(第十四辑)[C].台北:文海出版社,1998.
[20]钟叔河,杨坚整理.郭嵩焘:伦敦与巴黎日记[M].长沙:岳麓书社,1984.
[21]左宗棠.左宗棠全集·奏稿六[C].长沙:岳麓书社,2014a.
[22]左宗棠.左宗棠全集·书信二[C].长沙:岳麓书社,2014b.
[23]王家壁.“光绪元年二月二十七日大理寺少卿王家壁奏折,”洋务运动(二)[M].上海:上海书店出版社,2000.
[24]徐中约.晚清的对外关系,1866-1905[A].费正清,刘广京编.剑桥中国晚清史(下卷)[C].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2007.
[25]欧阳昱.见闻琐录[M].长沙:岳麓书社,1986.
[26]丁凤麟、王欣之编.薛辐成选集[C].上海:上海人民出版社,1987.
[27]史晓风整理.恽毓鼎澄斋日记(第1册)[C].杭州:浙江古籍出版社.2005.
[28]李慈铭.越缦堂读书记[M].上海:上海书店出版社,2000.
[29]周可真.顾炎武年谱[M].苏州:苏州大学出版社,1998.
[30][美]罗威廉著,陈乃宜,李兴华,胡玲等译.救世:陈宏谋与十八世纪中国的精英意识[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2013.
[31]陈寅恪.寒柳堂集[C].上海:上海古籍出版社,1982.
[32]朱传誉.记“述报”——一张不载于报史之重要报纸[A].载李瞻编.中国新闻史(六)[M].台北:学生书局,1979.
[33]中华书局编辑部编.王韬日记(增订本)[M].北京:中华书局,2015.
[34]王韬.论日报渐行于中土[A].张之华主编.中国新闻事业史文选[C].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999.