特大城市河流表层沉积物磷形态分布及有效性:以成都市为例
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摘要
为研究河流沉积物内源污染与人类活动的响应关系,采集成都市内33个点位的河流表层沉积物,采用SMT和DGT方法监测沉积物中各形态磷及生物有效性磷含量,结合多元统计方法分析其空间分布特征,计算沉积物及其孔隙水中有效态磷的释放通量.结果表明,成都市河流表层沉积物各形态磷存在空间差异性;成都市河流表层沉积物TP的平均含量为1 132.41 mg·kg~(-1),高于成都市土壤背景值365.00 mg·kg~(-1),Ca-P为最主要磷形态,平均占TP的70.58%;研究区域可划分为3类,第1、3类的磷形态结构差异大,而第2类小,且第1、3类各形态磷含量普遍高于第2类;ω(DGT-P)分别与水体ω(DTP)、具有生物有效性的ω(Fe/Al-P)和ω(OP)均有良好的相关性,DGT技术可作为快速原位检测沉积物生物有效磷含量的可靠方法;有效态磷释放量较高的为N8> W11> N2,分别为20.05、17.13、14.79 mg·(m2·d)-1,其释放能力与人类活动密切相关.
A total of 33 surface sediments were collected from rivers in Chengdu.The content of phosphorus species was measured with the chemical continuous extraction method(SMT) and in situ monitoring techniques(DGT).Multivariate statistical analysis was used to analyze the spatial distribution of phosphorus species in sediments.The release flux of DGT-P in sediments and their pore water was calculated in this study.It is helpful to understand the influence of sediment endogenous pollution and human activities on the environment.The results show that the phosphorus species have a spatial variability.The average content of TP in the surface sediments is 1 132.41 mg·kg~(-1),which is higher than the background value of 365.00 mg·kg~(-1) in Chengdu.The Ca-P is the most dominant species,accounting for 70.58% of the TP on average.The study area is divided into three groups based on spatial clustering.Groups 1 and 3 show large differences of phosphorus morphological structures,while Group 2 is small.The contents of phosphorus in the surface sediment of Groups 1 and 3 are generally higher than those of Group 2.The DGT-P concentration has a good correlation with the soluble DTP concentration,bioavailable Fe/Al-P,and OP concentration,respectively.The DGT technology can be used as a fast,in situ,reliable method for measurements of the bioavailable content of sediments.The higher release fluxes of bioavailable phosphorus are N8,W11,and N2,which are 20.05,17.13,and 14.79 mg·(m2·d)-1 respectively.The available phosphorus release capacity is closely related to human activities.
A total of 33 surface sediments were collected from rivers in Chengdu.The content of phosphorus species was measured with the chemical continuous extraction method(SMT) and in situ monitoring techniques(DGT).Multivariate statistical analysis was used to analyze the spatial distribution of phosphorus species in sediments.The release flux of DGT-P in sediments and their pore water was calculated in this study.It is helpful to understand the influence of sediment endogenous pollution and human activities on the environment.The results show that the phosphorus species have a spatial variability.The average content of TP in the surface sediments is 1 132.41 mg·kg~(-1),which is higher than the background value of 365.00 mg·kg~(-1) in Chengdu.The Ca-P is the most dominant species,accounting for 70.58% of the TP on average.The study area is divided into three groups based on spatial clustering.Groups 1 and 3 show large differences of phosphorus morphological structures,while Group 2 is small.The contents of phosphorus in the surface sediment of Groups 1 and 3 are generally higher than those of Group 2.The DGT-P concentration has a good correlation with the soluble DTP concentration,bioavailable Fe/Al-P,and OP concentration,respectively.The DGT technology can be used as a fast,in situ,reliable method for measurements of the bioavailable content of sediments.The higher release fluxes of bioavailable phosphorus are N8,W11,and N2,which are 20.05,17.13,and 14.79 mg·(m2·d)-1 respectively.The available phosphorus release capacity is closely related to human activities.
引文
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[2]刘佳,雷丹,李琼,等.黄柏河流域梯级水库沉积物磷形态特征及磷释放通量分析[J].环境科学,2018,39(4):1608-1615.Liu J,Lei D,Li Q,et al.Characteristics of phosphorus fractions and phosphate diffusion fluxes of sediments in cascade reservoirs of the Huangbai River[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(4):1608-1615.
[3]杨耿,秦延文,韩超南,等.岷江干流表层沉积物中磷形态空间分布特征[J].环境科学,2018,39(5):2165-2173.Yang G,Qin Y W,Han C N,et al.Distribution of phosphorus fractions in surface sediments of Minjiang Mainstreams[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(5):2165-2173.
[4]Xu D,Chen Y,Ding S,et al.Diffusive gradients in thin films technique equipped with a mixed binding gel for simultaneous measurements of dissolved reactive phosphorus and dissolved iron[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2013,47(18):10477-84.
[5]Xue W,Lu S Y.Effects of inactivation agents and temperature on phosphorus release from sediment in Dianchi Lake,China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,74(5):3857-3865.
[6]Zhang W Q,Jin X,Zhu X L,et al.Phosphorus characteristics,distribution,and relationship with environmental factors in surface sediments of river systems in Eastern China[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2016,23(19):19440-19449.
[7]揣小明,杨柳燕,程书波,等.太湖和呼伦湖沉积物对磷的吸附特征及影响因素[J].环境科学,2014,35(3):951-957.Chuai X M,Yang L Y,Cheng S B,et al.Characteristics and influencing factors of phosphorus adsorption on sediment in Lake Taihu and Lake Hulun[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(3):951-957.
[8]Huang L D,Qiu W,Xu X F,et al.Opposite response of phosphorus sorption to p H and ionic strength:a comparative study in two different shallow lake sediments[J].Chemistry and Ecology,2013,29(6):519-528.
[9]Li L P,Liu L,Wang S R,et al.Spatial distribution of phosphorus fractions in sediment and the potential mobility of phosphorus in Dianchi Lake[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,74(5):3721-3731.
[10]金晓丹,吴昊,陈志明,等.长江河口水库沉积物磷形态、吸附和释放特性[J].环境科学,2015,36(2):448-456.Jin X D,Wu H,Chen Z M,et al.Phosphorus fractions,sorption characteristics and its release in the sediments of Yangtze Estuary Reservoir,China[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(2):448-456.
[11]Li H X,He H J,Yang S F,et al.The contribution of opalassociated phosphorus to bioavailable phosphorus in surface and core sediments in the East China Sea[J].Journal of Ocean University of China,2018,17(3):571-580.
[12]Liu J Z,Luo X X,Zhang N M,et al.Phosphorus released from sediment of Dianchi Lake and its effect on growth of Microcystis aeruginosa[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2016,23(16):16321-16328.
[13]许春雪,袁建,王亚平,等.沉积物中磷的赋存形态及磷形态顺序提取分析方法[J].岩矿测试,2011,30(6):785-794.Xu C X,Yuan J,Wang Y P,et al.Speciation and release mechanism of phosphorus in sediments and analysis methods for sequential extraction[J].Rock and Mineral Analysis,2011,30(6):785-794.
[14]Song G D,Liu S M.Phosphorus speciation and distribution in surface sediments of the Yellow Sea and East China Sea and potential impacts on ecosystem[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2015,34(4):84-91.
[15]Ruban V,López-Sánchez J F,Pardo P,et al.Harmonized protocol and certified reference material for the determination of extractable contents of phosphorus in freshwater sediments-a synthesis of recent works[J].Fresenius'Journal of Analytical Chemistry,2001,370(2-3):224-228.
[16]俞振飞,王国祥,钱君龙,等.SMT法测定沉积物标准样品有机磷形态分析方法探究[J].中国环境监测,2013,29(3):117-122.Yu Z F,Wang G X,Qian J L,et al.A research of characterizing the organic phosphorus from standard sediment samples by SMT[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2013,29(3):117-122.
[17]Davison W,Zhang H.In situ speciation measurements of trace components in natural waters using thin-film gels[J].Nature,1994,367(6463):546-548.
[18]Wu Z H,Wang S R.Release mechanism and kinetic exchange for phosphorus(P)in lake sediment characterized by diffusive gradients in thin films(DGT)[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2017,331:36-44.
[19]范洪涛,隋殿鹏,陈宏,等.原位被动采样技术[J].化学进展,2010,22(8):1672-1678.Fan H T,Sui D P,Chen H,et al.In-situ passive sampling techniques[J].Progress in Chemistry,2010,22(8):1672-1678.
[20]Burns E E,Comber S,Blake W,et al.Determining riverine sediment storage mechanisms of biologically reactive phosphorus in situ using DGT[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(13):9816-9828.
[21]Shi Y X,Guéguen C.In situ monitoring of labile vanadium in the Mackenzie River Basin(Canada)using diffusive gradients in thin films[J].Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,2017,228(11):420.
[22]Wu Z H,Wang S R,Zhang L,et al.DGT induced fluxes in sediments model for the simulation of phosphorus process and the assessment of phosphorus release risk[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2016,23(14):14608-14620.
[23]Teasdale P R,Hayward S,Davison W.In situ,high-resolution measurement of dissolved sulfide using diffusive gradients in thin films with computer-imaging densitometry[J].Analytical Chemistry,1999,71(11):2186-2191.
[24]Barbour M T,Gerritsen J,Griffith G E,et al.A framework for biological criteria for Florida Streams using benthic macroinvertebrates[J].Journal of the North American Benthological Society,1996,15(2):185-211.
[25]黄昌勇,徐建明.土壤学[M].(第三版).北京:中国农业出版社,2010.
[26]余成,陈爽,张路,等.坦噶尼喀湖东北部入湖河流表层沉积物中磷的形态和分布特征[J].湖泊科学,2017,29(2):334-342.Yu C,Chen S,Zhang L,et al.Phosphorus fractions and their spatial distribution in surface sediments of inflow rivers in the northeastern Lake Tanganyika[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2017,29(2):334-342.
[27]刘焱见,李大鹏,李鑫,等.京杭大运河(苏州段)内源磷形态分布及其对扰动的响应[J].环境科学学报,2018,38(1):125-132.Liu Y J,Li D P,Li X,et al.Distribution of internal phosphorus and its response to disturbance in the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal(Suzhou section)[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2018,38(1):125-132.
[28]罗玉红,聂小倩,李晓玲,等.香溪河沉积物、间隙水的磷分布特征及释放通量估算[J].环境科学,2017,38(6):2345-2354.Luo Y H,Nie X Q,Li X L,et al.Distribution and emission flux estimation of phosphorus in the sediment and interstitial water of Xiangxi River[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(6):2345-2354.
[29]叶宏萌,袁旭音,徐荆棘.南京近城市河流沉积物营养水平与磷形态的空间分布[J].长江流域资源与环境,2011,20(10):1262-1267.Ye H M,Yuan X Y,Xu J J.Distribution of phosphorus speciation and trophic level of sediment from the peri-urban river,Nanjing[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2011,20(10):1262-1267.
[30]涂烨楠,仲玉芳,范华,等.杭州典型城市河道污染特征及差异性分析评价[J].环境科学与技术,2016,39(S1):360-365,375.Tu Y N,Zhong Y F,Fan H,et al.Analysis and evaluation of characteristics of river pollution and differences in typical rivers of Hangzhou[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2016,39(S1):360-365,375.
[31]尹爱经,吴鹏豹,周慧平,等.秦淮河干流沉积物磷形态沿程分布特征[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(5):1366-1373.Yin A J,Wu P B,Zhou H P,et al.Forms and distribution of phosphorus in Qinhuai River sediments along an urbanization gradient[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(5):1366-1373.
[32]刘伟,陈振楼,许世远.上海市小城镇河流沉积物磷污染特征研究[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(6):100-102,135.Liu W,Chen Z L,Xu S Y.Seasonal and spatial variation of phosphorus in river sediment of small towns in Shanghai City[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2004,18(6):100-102,135.
[33]张文强,李洁,金鑫,等.基于31P-NMR与SMT方法的海河流域典型河流沉积物中磷形态特征研究[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(6):1891-1900.Zhang W Q,Li J,Jin X,et al.Detection of phosphorus components in the sediments of typical river in the Haihe Basin by SMT and31P-NMR[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(6):1891-1900.
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