结膜吸吮线虫病原学 流行病学及遗传多态性研究进展
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摘要
目前,有3种吸吮线虫可感染人体导致吸吮线虫病:结膜吸吮线虫(Thelazia callipaeda)、加利福尼亚吸吮线虫(T. californiensis)和大口吸吮线虫(T. gulosa)。结膜吸吮线虫主要分布在欧洲和亚洲地区,加利福尼亚吸吮线虫和大口吸吮线虫主要分布在北美地区。结膜吸吮线虫病主要流行于经济卫生条件较差的地区且当地有大量的家养或野生动物感染,虫种鉴定主要依赖口及生殖器官的特征,果蝇为其传播媒介,在亚洲是冈田绕眼果蝇(Phortica okadai),在欧洲传播媒介则为变色伏绕眼果蝇(P. variegate)。我国是世界上结膜吸吮线虫病例数最多的国家,其他亚洲国家如韩国、日本等也有大量病例报道;欧洲地区病例较少,但在多数国家感染该虫的野生及家养动物较普遍。基于cox1基因,在全球范围内共鉴定出21个单倍型,其中单倍型1(Haplotype1)仅在欧洲不同地区不同宿主之间循环,其他20个单倍型分布于东亚国家(中、韩、日),又以我国的结膜吸吮线虫遗传多态性水平最高。遗传差异性分析表明,亚洲结膜吸吮线虫类群与欧洲类群存在长期地理隔离,且这两个类群在更新世中期已经开始分化。
Thelazia callipaeda,T.californiensis and T.gulosa are three causative agents of human thelaziasis.Most of the reported cases were caused by T.callipaeda,occurring in the old world,particularly in Asian and European countries.T.californiensis and T.gulosa have rarely been reported infecting humans in North America.T.callipaeda has long been called the oriental eye worm,referring to its traditional distribution across eastern and southeastern Asia(i.e.,China,Korea,Japan,Indonesia,Thailand,and India) where infection is endemic in animals and humans,usually in poorer rural areas and mainly among children and the elderly.The identification of the parasite was mainly based on the characteristics of oral and genital organs.In Asia and Europe,vectors for this nematode are male Phortica okadai and P.variegata drosophilids respectively,which feed on ocular secretions of hosts and transmit infective stage larvae to domestic and wild carnivores,lagomorphs,and humans.China probably has the largest number of cases with thelaziasis in the world,and lots of cases have been existed in other Asian countries such as Japan and Korea.Although a few of human cases have been reported,there were high infection rates of wild animals and domesticated dogs and cats in most of European countries.Based on the cox1 gene,a total of 21 haplotypes were identified in the samples from worldwide,in which,one circulated only in European countries(h1),while the other 20 haplotypes were distributed in Korea,Japan and China.In general,the Chinese clinical isolates of T.callipaeda expressed high genetic diversity.The population differences between Europe and Asian countries were greater than those among China,Korea and Japan.The T.callipaeda populations from Europe and Asia should be divided into two separate sub-populations.These two groups started to diverge during the middle Pleistocene.
Thelazia callipaeda,T.californiensis and T.gulosa are three causative agents of human thelaziasis.Most of the reported cases were caused by T.callipaeda,occurring in the old world,particularly in Asian and European countries.T.californiensis and T.gulosa have rarely been reported infecting humans in North America.T.callipaeda has long been called the oriental eye worm,referring to its traditional distribution across eastern and southeastern Asia(i.e.,China,Korea,Japan,Indonesia,Thailand,and India) where infection is endemic in animals and humans,usually in poorer rural areas and mainly among children and the elderly.The identification of the parasite was mainly based on the characteristics of oral and genital organs.In Asia and Europe,vectors for this nematode are male Phortica okadai and P.variegata drosophilids respectively,which feed on ocular secretions of hosts and transmit infective stage larvae to domestic and wild carnivores,lagomorphs,and humans.China probably has the largest number of cases with thelaziasis in the world,and lots of cases have been existed in other Asian countries such as Japan and Korea.Although a few of human cases have been reported,there were high infection rates of wild animals and domesticated dogs and cats in most of European countries.Based on the cox1 gene,a total of 21 haplotypes were identified in the samples from worldwide,in which,one circulated only in European countries(h1),while the other 20 haplotypes were distributed in Korea,Japan and China.In general,the Chinese clinical isolates of T.callipaeda expressed high genetic diversity.The population differences between Europe and Asian countries were greater than those among China,Korea and Japan.The T.callipaeda populations from Europe and Asia should be divided into two separate sub-populations.These two groups started to diverge during the middle Pleistocene.
引文
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[9]Zhang X,Shi YL,Han LL,et al.Population structure analysis of the neglected parasite Thelazia callipaeda revealed high genetic diversity in Eastern Asia isolates[J].PLoS Negl Trop Dis,2018,12(1):e0006165.
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[12]王增贤,沈继龙,王红岩,等.结膜吸吮线虫病的研究进展[J].中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志,2006,24(4):299-303.
[13]Otranto D,Cantacessi C,Testini G,et al.Phortica variegata as an intermediate host of Thelazia callipaeda under natural conditions:evidence for pathogen transmission by a male arthropod vector[J].Int J Parasitol,2006,36(10-11):1167-1173.
[14]Otranto D,Lia RP,Buono V,et al.Biology of Thelazia callipaeda(Spirurida,Thelaziidae)eyeworms in naturally infected definitive hosts[J].Parasitology,2004,129(5):627-633.
[15]Anderson R.Nematode parasites of vertebrates.Their development and transmission[J].J Phytopathol,2000,164(1):81-82.
[16]Otranto D,Traversa D.Thelazia eye worm:an original endo-and ectoparasitic nematode[J].Trends Parasitol,2005,21(1):1-4.
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[18]Liu GH,Shao RF,Cai XQ,et al.Gnathostomas pinigerum mitochondrial genome sequence:a novel gene arrangement and its phylogenetic position within the class Chromadorea[J].Sci Rep,2015,5:12691.
[19]Park JK,Sultana T,Lee SH,et al.Monophyly of clade III nematodes is not supported by phylogenetic analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequences[J].BMC Genomics,2011,12(1):392.
[20]Mcnulty SN,Mullin AS,Vaughan JA,et al.Comparing the mitochondrial genomes of Wolbachia-dependent and Independent filarial nematode species[J].BMC Genomics,2012,13:145.
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[22]Kim JH,Lee SJ,Kim M.Thelazia callipaeda discovered by chance during cataract surgery[J].BMJ Case Rep,2013,2013:bcr2013201214.
[23]Ikeme MM.Kerato-conjunctivitis in cattle in the plateau area of Northern Nigeria.A study of Thelazia rhodesi as a possible aetiologicalagent[J].Bull Epizoot Dis Afr,1967,15(4):363-367.
[24]Smeal MG.Observations on the occurrence of Thelazia or eyeworm infection of cattle in northern New South Wales[J].Aust Vet J,1968,44(11):516-521.
[25]Mihalca AD,Ionica AM,D'amico G,et al.Thelazia callipaeda in wild carnivores from Romania:new host and geographical records[J].Parasit Vectors,2016,9(1):350.
[26]Otranto D,Ferroglio E,Lia RP,et al.Current status and epidemiological observation of Thelazia callipaeda(Spirurida,Thelaziidae)in dogs,cats and foxes in Italy:a“coincidence”or a parasitic disease of the Old Continent?[J].Vet Parasitol,2003,116(4):315-325.
[27]金大雄.我国人眼部的寄生虫[J].中华眼科杂志,1957,7(3):227-233.
[28]周祖.人眼结膜吸吮线虫病83例病例分析[J].中华眼科杂志,1980,16(1):64-67.
[29]蒋则孝,许隆祺,余森海.我国人体结膜吸吮线虫病[J].中国寄生虫病防治杂志,1991,4(1):48-51.
[30]王增贤,胡跃,沈继龙,等.湖北省结膜吸吮线虫病原流行区感染情况及中间宿主的纵向调查[J].中华流行病学杂志,2003,24(7):56-58.
[31]郑明辉,叶昌林,江楠,等.贵州省遵义地区人体结膜吸吮线虫线粒体DNA分析[J].中国血吸虫病防治杂志,2017,29(5):598-601,614.
[32]江楠,刘晖,曹建平,等.贵州铜仁地区人体结膜吸吮线虫病1例[J/OL].中国血吸虫病防治杂志:1-2.[2019-01-15].https://doi.org/10.16250/j.32.1374.2018109.
[33]王凤仙,韩立坡,刘秀平,等.结膜吸吮线虫病两例分析[J].中国斜视与小儿眼科杂志,2018,26(1):3-4.
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