三门湾近期水动力特性观测研究
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摘要
利用2013年夏季包括大、中、小潮的三门湾大范围、同步水文观测资料,系统分析了三门湾近期潮动力的时空变化特征.结果表明,三门湾属于强潮海湾,湾顶处的各项潮汐特征值均大于湾口处.潮汐属于正规半日潮性质,潮波在向湾顶传播过程中浅水分潮增强明显.涨、落潮流历时相当,涨、落潮平均流速大小也比较接近,整体上优势流保持在45%~58%之间,涨落潮动力相对平衡.涨、落潮流矢表现出明显的往复流运动形式,整体涨落潮流向顺应三门湾的平面形态,主流向与湾内等深线基本平行.底摩擦对潮流的垂向结构作用明显,流速在垂向方向存在着明显的差异,大致成对数型结构分布,即表层或次表层流速最大,越靠下层流速越小,底层流速最小.各个测站之间,底层流速相对集中,越靠上层各测站之间流速大小差异越大,表层和次表层各站点之间流速大小差异最大.流速梯度极大值出现在急流附近,流速梯度的极小值出现在憩流附近.海床底部的粗糙度对流速梯度有着较大的影响.
In this paper,the characteristics of tidal dynamics in Sanmen Bay have been analyzed on water current observations in 2013. The result shows that Sanmen Bay is a strong tidal bay where the tidal is higher in top of the bay than the bay mouth. The tidal property belongs to regular semidiurnal tide and the amplitude of shallow water constituents comes to stronger toward the top of the bay. The flood/ebb time duration is similar and the flood/ebb current velocities are similar,too. The dominant current is between 45% ~ 58%. Flow vector is parallel to the coastal line in the rectilinear current movement,and the bottom friction has significant effects on the vertical structure of tidal current. The flow rate in vertical direction is different remarkably and distributes logarithmically. It is the maximum in the surface or subsurface water and decreases toward the bottom with minimized value in the underlying water. At all the stations,the underlying flow rate is relatively concentrated. The more upper the layer,the more differences in the flow rate at all the stations. The largest velocity gradient appears in the time of rapid flow and the smallest velocity gradient appears in the time of slack water. Roughness of the sea bed at the bottom has great impact on the velocity gradient.
In this paper,the characteristics of tidal dynamics in Sanmen Bay have been analyzed on water current observations in 2013. The result shows that Sanmen Bay is a strong tidal bay where the tidal is higher in top of the bay than the bay mouth. The tidal property belongs to regular semidiurnal tide and the amplitude of shallow water constituents comes to stronger toward the top of the bay. The flood/ebb time duration is similar and the flood/ebb current velocities are similar,too. The dominant current is between 45% ~ 58%. Flow vector is parallel to the coastal line in the rectilinear current movement,and the bottom friction has significant effects on the vertical structure of tidal current. The flow rate in vertical direction is different remarkably and distributes logarithmically. It is the maximum in the surface or subsurface water and decreases toward the bottom with minimized value in the underlying water. At all the stations,the underlying flow rate is relatively concentrated. The more upper the layer,the more differences in the flow rate at all the stations. The largest velocity gradient appears in the time of rapid flow and the smallest velocity gradient appears in the time of slack water. Roughness of the sea bed at the bottom has great impact on the velocity gradient.
引文
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[2]沈焕庭,李九发.长江河口水沙输运[M].北京:海洋出版社,2011.
[3]宋泽坤,王松,程和琴,等.长江口北支缩窄工程对水动力环境影响数值分析[J].人民长江,2014,45(1):11-15.
[4]蒋陈娟,李九发,吴华林,等.长江河口北槽水沙过程对航道整治工程的响应[J].海洋学报,2013,35(4):129-141.
[5]罗章仁.香港填海造地及其影响分析[J].地理学报,1997(3):220-227.
[6]吴辉,朱建荣.长江河口北支倒灌盐水输送机制分析[J].海洋学报,2007,29(1):17-25.
[7]杨世伦,朱骏,赵庆英.长江供沙量减少对水下三角洲发育影响的初步研究[J].海洋学报,2003,5(5):83-91.
[8]张田雷.大型涉水工程对九段沙湿地的冲淤效应研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2011.
[9]梁娟,李春初.人类活动影响下磨刀门河口的泥沙输运沉积[J].泥沙研究,2010(3):67-72.
[10]何用,胡晓张.珠江河口治理规划方案下伶仃洋泥沙运动及冲淤演变规律分析[J].人民珠江,2010,31(6):21-24.
[11]包芸.人类重大工程改变河口潮波传播方向引发的灾害与恢复[J].中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2014(5):531-538.
[12]杜景龙,杨世伦,张文祥,等.长江口北槽深水航道工程对九段沙冲淤影响研究[J].海洋工程,2005,23(3):78-83.
[13]付桂,李九发,戴志军,等.长江口南汇咀岸滩围垦工程潮流数值模拟研究[J].海洋湖沼通报,2007(4):47-54.
[14]张田雷.大型涉水工程对九段沙湿地的冲淤效应研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2011.
[15]胡方西,曹沛奎.三门湾潮波运动特征及其与地貌发育的关系[J].海洋与湖沼,1981,12(3):225-234.
[16]许雪峰,羊天柱.三门湾多个围垦工程的整体影响数学模型研究[J].海洋学研究,2006,24(s1):49-59.
[17]夏小明.三门湾潮汐汊道系统的稳定性[D].杭州:浙江大学,2011.
[18]杨士瑛,陈波.三门湾悬移质输运特征[J].海洋湖沼通报,2007(4):21-29.
[19]彭姱容.三门湾水动力环境对围填海的响应[D].杭州:浙江大学,2013.
[20]夏小明,谢钦春.浙江三门湾海岸发育与持续利用[J].海洋通报,1996(4):49-57.
[21]方国洪,郑文振,陈宗镛,等.潮汐和潮流的分析和预报[M].北京:海洋出版社,1986.
[22]张怠.长江口最大浑浊带水沙特性研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2014.
[23]沈焕庭,李九发,朱慧芳,等.长江河口悬沙输移特性[J].泥沙研究,1986(1):1-13.
[24]刘高伟,程和琴,计娜,等.近10年来长江河口北港上段河道水域水动力及含沙量变化特征[J].海洋通报,2014,17(4):428-435.
[25]杨云平,李义天,王冬,等.长江口滞流点研究进展[J].泥沙研究,2011(6):1-6.