东北平原区地块尺度土地质量地球化学评价合理采样密度研究
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摘要
选择吉林省公主岭市大岭地区作为东北平原区典型代表区域开展土壤元素空间变异性、经典统计学合理取样数及不同采用密度数据空间插值对比研究。结果表明:(1)受地形平坦及成土母质相对单一等因素影响,研究区土壤元素空间变异性总体较小,大部分以轻中度变异为主(变异系数<15%),受人为因素影响较大的Cd、Hg变异系数分别为35.3%、136.6%,属于高度变异。(2)经典统计学确定的研究区合理采样数为80,该样本量可在95%的置信区间及允许误差为30%的条件下反应区内土壤元素含量的均值与方差,但因未考虑样本的空间属性,不足以反应区内土壤元素空间变异特征,具有一定的局限性。(3)通过对均匀抽稀后4种不同采样密度数据与实测数据空间插值对比研究,在定量评估空间插值相对误差、地块预测值相对误差及预测等级与实测等级一致性的基础上,结合土地质量地球化学调查工作精度要求,提出研究区地块尺度地球化学评价工作合理采样密度为8个点/km2,该密度可在确保评价精度的前提下,大幅减少采样数量和工作成本。上述结论为东北平原及类似地区大面积开展地块尺度土地质量地球化学评价工作提供了关键的技术支撑,对进一步完善土地质量地球化学评价方法技术具有重要意义。
In order to identify the reasonable sampling density for land parcel scale geochemical assessment on land quality in Northeast China Plain,the authors studied spatial variability of elements in soils as well as reasonable sampling size based on classic statistics and conducted a thorough comparison of interpolation accuracies at four sampling densities in a typical area in Gongzhuling City of Jilin Province. As the area is dominated by flat land and the soils parent materials are mainly homogeneous sediments,most of elements in soils in this area display a minor to moderate variability,Cd and Hg which are sensitive to human activities have a significant higher coefficient of variation of 35.3% and 136.6%,respectively. Classic statistics show that sampling size of 80 is sufficient for providing a reliable estimation of mean and variance for the elements concentration in soils in this area( under a P value of 95% and Ertolerance level of 30%); however,classical statistics could not make out the spatial allocation of soil properties at the unsampled locations. By comparing the relative error of spatial interpolation,the predicted value for land parcel and the predicted classes at four sampling densities,the authors suggest that the reasonable sampling density is 8 samples per square kilometer for land parcel scale geochemical assessment on land quality in the study area and similar areas in the Northeast China Plain,considering the tolerance level of Er( relative error) for the geochemical assessment on land quality. The results obtained by the authors may help optimize soil sampling density in land parcel scale geochemical assessment.
In order to identify the reasonable sampling density for land parcel scale geochemical assessment on land quality in Northeast China Plain,the authors studied spatial variability of elements in soils as well as reasonable sampling size based on classic statistics and conducted a thorough comparison of interpolation accuracies at four sampling densities in a typical area in Gongzhuling City of Jilin Province. As the area is dominated by flat land and the soils parent materials are mainly homogeneous sediments,most of elements in soils in this area display a minor to moderate variability,Cd and Hg which are sensitive to human activities have a significant higher coefficient of variation of 35.3% and 136.6%,respectively. Classic statistics show that sampling size of 80 is sufficient for providing a reliable estimation of mean and variance for the elements concentration in soils in this area( under a P value of 95% and Ertolerance level of 30%); however,classical statistics could not make out the spatial allocation of soil properties at the unsampled locations. By comparing the relative error of spatial interpolation,the predicted value for land parcel and the predicted classes at four sampling densities,the authors suggest that the reasonable sampling density is 8 samples per square kilometer for land parcel scale geochemical assessment on land quality in the study area and similar areas in the Northeast China Plain,considering the tolerance level of Er( relative error) for the geochemical assessment on land quality. The results obtained by the authors may help optimize soil sampling density in land parcel scale geochemical assessment.
引文
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[25]贺灵,孙彬彬,周国华,等.浙中丘陵盆地区1∶5万土地质量地球化学调查方法研究[J].现代地质,2016,30(6):1285-1293.He L,Sun B B,Zhou G H,et al. Research of 1∶50,000 land quality geochemical survey technique at a hilly-basin area in Zhejiang Province[J]. Geoscience,2016,30(6):1285-1293.
[26] DZT 0295-2016.土地质量地球化学评价规范[S].中华人民共和国国土资源部,北京:地质出版社,2016.DZT 0295-2016 Specification of land quality geochemical assessment[S]. Ministry of Land and Resources of the People's Republic of China,Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2016.
[27] DZT 0258-2014多目标区域地球化学调查规范(1∶250 000)[S].中华人民共和国国土资源部,北京:中国标准出版社,2014.DZT 0258-2014 Specification of multi-purpose regional geochemical survey(1∶250 000)[S]. Ministry of Land and Resources of the People's Republic of China,Beijing:China Standard Press,2014.
[28] DD2005-05生态地球化学评价样品分析技术要求(试行)[S].中国地质调查局,2005.DD2005-05 Specification of analytical method for ecogeochemistry assessment samples(a trial version)[S]. China Geological Survey,2005.
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[2]奚小环,李敏.现代地质工作重要发展领域:“十一五”期间勘查地球化学评述[J].地学前缘,2013,20(3):161-169.Xi X H,Li M. Reviews of the development of the exploration geochemistry during the Eleventh Five-Year Period[J]. Earth Science Frontiers,2013,20(3):161-169.
[3]王平,奚小环.全国农业地质工作的蓝图——“农业地质调查规划要点”评述[J].中国地质,2004(S1):11-15.Wang P,Xi X H. Blueprint of nationwide agrogeological environmental survey—On the “Main Points of the Plan of Nationwide Agrogeological Environmental Survey”[J]. Geology in China,2004(S1):11-15.
[4]黄勇,杨忠芳.中国土地质量评价的研究现状及展望[J].地质通报,2008,27(2):207-211.Huang Y,Yang Z F. Land quality evaluation in China:present status and prospect[J]. Geological Bulletin of China,2008,27(2):207-211.
[5]刘耀林,焦利民.土地评价理论、方法与系统开发[M].北京:科学出版社,2008:101-102.Liu Y L,Jiao L M. Theory,method and system development of land evaluation[M]. Beijing:Science publishing house,2008:101-102.
[6]张晓萍,焦锋,李锐.地块尺度土地可持续利用评价指标与方法探讨——以陕北安塞纸坊沟为例[J].环境科学进展,1999,7(5):29-33.Zhang X P,Jiao F,Li R. The indices and method approach of land sustainable use evaluation in land patch scale—Take the Zhifang gully in Ansai,Shaanxi province as example[J]. Advances in Environmental Science,1998,7(5):29-33.
[7]许树辉.地块尺度耕地质量评价与方法探讨——以湖南省浏阳市为例[J].长江流域资源与环境,2004,13(1):47-52.Xu S H. Indicators and method of arable land quality evaluation at the patch scale—A case study of Liyang,Hunan province[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2004,13(1):47-52.
[8]张仁铎.空间变异理论及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2005:5-6.Zhang R D. Theory of spatial variation and its application[M].Beijing:Science publishing house,2005:5-6.
[9]王秀,苗孝可,孟志军,等.插值方法对GIS土壤养分插值结果的影响[J].土壤通报,2005,36(6):826-830.Wang X,Miao X K,Meng Z J,et al. Effect on soil nutrition interpolation result of different interpolation styles[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2005,36(6):826-830.
[10]朱会义,刘述林,贾绍凤.自然地理要素空间插值的几个问题[J].地理研究,2004(04):425-432.Zhu H Y,Liu S L,Jia S F. Natural geographical elements of spatial interpolation problems[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2004(4):425-432.
[11] Long J,Liu Y L,Xing S H,et al. Effects of sampling density on interpolation accuracy for farmland soil organic matter concentration in a large region of complex topography[J]. Ecological Indicators,2018,93:562-571.
[12] Bogunovic I,Mesic M,Zgorelec Z,et al. Spatial variation of soil nutrients on sandy-loam soil[J]. Soil and Tillage Research,2014,144:174-183.
[13] Bhunia G S,Shit P K,Maiti R. Comparison of GIS-based interpolation methods for spatial distribution of soil organic carbon(SOC)[J]. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences,2018,17(2):114-126.
[14]苏晓燕,赵永存,杨浩,等.不同采样点数量下土壤有机质含量空间预测方法对比[J].地学前缘,2011,18(6):34-40.Su X Y,Zhao Y C,Yang H,et al. A comparison of predictive methods for mapping the spatial distribution of soil organic matter content with different sampling densities[J]. Earth Science Frontiers,2011,18(6):34-40.
[15] Zhang,Z Q,Yu,D S,Shi X Z.Priority selection rating of sampling density and interpolation method for detecting the spatial variability of soil organic carbon in China[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,5(73):2287-2297.
[16]范曼曼,吴鹏豹,张欢,等.采样密度对土壤有机质空间变异解析的影响[J].农业现代化研究,2016,37(3):594-600.Fan M M,Wu P B,Zhang H,et al. Effect of sampling density on spatial variability analysis of soil organic matter[J]. Research of Agricultural Modernization,2016,37(3):594-600.
[17]张圣民,许明祥,张志霞,等.黄土高原不同地貌类型区农田土壤有机碳采样布点方法研究[J].自然资源学报,2018,33(4):634-643.Zhang S M,Xu M X,Zhang Z X,et al. Methods of sampling soil0rganic carbon in farmlands with different landform types on the loess plateau[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,2018,33(4):634-643.
[18]赵倩倩,赵庚星,姜怀龙,等.县域土壤养分空间变异特征及合理采样数研究[J].自然资源学报,2012,27(8):1382-1391.Zhao Q Q,Zhao G X,Jiang H L,et al. Study on spatial variability of soil nutrients and reasonable sampling number at county scale[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,2012,27(8):1382-1391.
[19]陈光,贺立源,詹向雯.耕地养分空间插值技术与合理采样密度的比较研究[J].土壤通报,2008,39(5):1007-1011.Chen G,He L Y,Zhan X W. Comparison of spatial interpolation technique of soil nutrient and reasonable sampling density[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2008,39(5):1007-1011.
[20]张志霞,许明祥,刘京,等.黄土高原不同地貌区土壤有机碳空间变异与合理取样数研究[J].自然资源学报,2014,29(12):2103-2113.Zhang Z X,Xu M X,Liu J,et al. Spatial variation and reasonable sampling number of soil organic carbon under different geomorphic types on the Loess Plateau[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,2014,29(12):2103-2113.
[21]齐雁冰,常庆瑞,刘梦云,等.县域农田土壤养分空间变异及合理样点数确定[J].土壤通报,2014,45(3):556-561.QI Y B,Chang Q R,Liu M Y et al. County-scale spatial variability of soil nutrient distribution and determination of reasonable sampling density[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2014,45(3):556-561.
[22]阎波杰,潘瑜春,赵春江.区域土壤重金属空间变异及合理采样数确定[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(S2):260-264.Yan B J,Pan Y C,Zhao C J. Spatial variability and reasonable sampling number of regional soil heavy metals[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2008,24(S2):260-264.
[23]李凯,赵华甫,吴克宁,等.土壤重金属Cd污染指数的适宜插值方法和合理采样数量研究[J].土壤通报,2016,47(05):1056-1064.Li K,Zhao H F,Wu K N,et al. Suitable interpolation method and reasonable sampling quantity of Cd pollution index in soil[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2016,47(5):1056-1064.
[24]王大鹏,于成广,宋淑娥,等.基于Arc GIS的表层土壤元素空间插值与地球化学分级分析[J].土壤通报,2015,46(6):1307-1313.Wang D P,Yu C G,Song S E,et al. The comparative analysis of surface soil elements and its geochemical grade use interpolation and measured data based on Arc GIS[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2015,46(6):1307-1313.
[25]贺灵,孙彬彬,周国华,等.浙中丘陵盆地区1∶5万土地质量地球化学调查方法研究[J].现代地质,2016,30(6):1285-1293.He L,Sun B B,Zhou G H,et al. Research of 1∶50,000 land quality geochemical survey technique at a hilly-basin area in Zhejiang Province[J]. Geoscience,2016,30(6):1285-1293.
[26] DZT 0295-2016.土地质量地球化学评价规范[S].中华人民共和国国土资源部,北京:地质出版社,2016.DZT 0295-2016 Specification of land quality geochemical assessment[S]. Ministry of Land and Resources of the People's Republic of China,Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2016.
[27] DZT 0258-2014多目标区域地球化学调查规范(1∶250 000)[S].中华人民共和国国土资源部,北京:中国标准出版社,2014.DZT 0258-2014 Specification of multi-purpose regional geochemical survey(1∶250 000)[S]. Ministry of Land and Resources of the People's Republic of China,Beijing:China Standard Press,2014.
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