韩语母语者汉语书面语句法复杂性测量指标及与写作质量关系研究
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摘要
文章对韩语母语者汉语书面语句法复杂性的测量指标进行了实证研究,并检验了有效句法复杂性测量指标与写作质量的关系。研究发现,话题链数量、话题链分句总数、零形成分数量、T单位长度4个指标可以作为韩语母语者汉语写作句法复杂性发展的有效测量指标,而T单位数量、T单位分句数、话题链长度、话题链分句长度、话题链分句数不是有效的发展测量指标。另外,研究还发现,话题链数量、话题链分句总数、零形成分数量、T单位长度既能有效区分韩语母语者的汉语水平,也能有效预测写作质量。
This paper conducts an empirical study on the measurement indices of grammatical complexity of South Korean speakers' Chinese writing,and tests the relationship between effective measurement indices and writing quality.As revealed by quantitative statistics,four measurement indices are proven effective which are the number of topic chains,the total number of topic chain clauses,the number of empty categories and the length of T-unit,while the number of T-unit,the number of T-unit chain clauses,the mean length of topic chain,the mean length of topic chain clauses and the mean number of topic chain are not effective indices.Besides,the number of topic chains,the total number of topic chain clauses,the number of empty categories and the length of T-unit can distinguish different Chinese level of South Korean,and also can distinguish their writing quality.
This paper conducts an empirical study on the measurement indices of grammatical complexity of South Korean speakers' Chinese writing,and tests the relationship between effective measurement indices and writing quality.As revealed by quantitative statistics,four measurement indices are proven effective which are the number of topic chains,the total number of topic chain clauses,the number of empty categories and the length of T-unit,while the number of T-unit,the number of T-unit chain clauses,the mean length of topic chain,the mean length of topic chain clauses and the mean number of topic chain are not effective indices.Besides,the number of topic chains,the total number of topic chain clauses,the number of empty categories and the length of T-unit can distinguish different Chinese level of South Korean,and also can distinguish their writing quality.
引文
Banerjee,Jayanti,Xun Yan,Mark Chapman,&Heather Elliott.2015.Keeping up with the times:Revising and refreshing a rating scale.Assessing Writing26.4:5-19.
Biber,Douglas,Bethany Gray,&Kornwipa Poonpon.2011.Should we use characteristics of conversation to measure grammatical complexity in L2writing development?TESOL Quarterly45.1:5-35.
Cao,Xianwen(曹贤文),&Sujuan Deng(邓素娟).2012.Hanyu muyu he eryu shumian biaoxian de duibi fenxi:Yi xiaoxue gaonianji zhongguo xuesheng he daxue gaonianji yuenan xuesheng de tongti hanyu zuowen weili汉语母语和二语书面表现的对比分析---以小学高年级中国学生和大学高年级越南学生的同题汉语作文为例[The contrastive analysis of the writing performance in Chinese as L1and L2:Based on the Chinese compositions on the same topic among Chinese senior elementary students and Vietnam senior university students].Huawen Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu华文教学与研究[TCSOL Studies]2012.2:39-46.
Cao,Xiuling(曹秀玲),Suying Yang(杨素英),Yueyuan Huang(黄月圆),Liqun Gao(高立群),&Xiliang Cui(崔希亮).2006.Hanyu zuowei di’er yuyan huatiju xide yanjiu汉语作为第二语言话题句习得研究[The L2acquisition of Chinese topic constructions].Shijie Hanyu Jiaoxue世界汉语教学[Chinese Teaching in the World]2006.3:86-102.
Chao,Yuenren.1968.A Grammar of Spoken Chinese.Berkeley,Los Angeles:University of California Press.
Chu,Chauncey C.1998.A Discourse Grammar of Mandarin Chinese.New York:Peter Lang.
Crossley,Scott A.,&Danielle S.McNamara.2014.Does writing development equal writing quality?A computational investigation of syntactic complexity in L2learners.Journal of Second Language Writing26:66-79.
Field,Andy.2009.Discovering Statistics Using SPSS(3rd ed.).London:SAGE Publications.
Guo,Zhigang(郭志刚).2012.Shehui Tongji Fenxi Fangfa:SPSS Ruanjian Yingyong社会统计分析方法---SPSS软件应用[Methods of Social Statistical Analysis:SPSS Software Application].Beijing:Zhongguo Renmin Daxue Chubanshe北京:中国人民大学出版社[Beijing:China Renmin University Press].
Hunt,Kellogg W.1965.Grammatical structures written at three grade levels.NCTE Research Report No.3,176-189.National Council of Teachers of English.
Hunt,Kellogg W.1966.Recent measures in syntactic development.Elementary English 43.7:732-739.
Hunt,Kellogg W.1976.Study correlates age with grammatical complexity.Linguistic Reporter 18.7:3.
Jiang,Wenying.2013.Measurements of development in L2written production:The case of L2Chinese.Applied Linguistic 34.1:1-24.
Jin,Honggang.2007.Syntactic maturity in second language writings:A case of Chinese as a foreign language(CFL).Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association 42.1:27-54.
Li,Charles N.,&Sandra A.Thompson.1976.Subject and topic:A new typology of language.Subject and Topic,ed by Charles N.Li,457-489.New York:Academic Press.
Li,Wendan.2005.TopicChainsinChinese:A Discourse Analysis and Application in Language Teaching.Deutsche:Lincom Enropa.
Lu,Xiaofei.2011.A corpus-based evaluation of syntactic complexity measures as indices of college-level ESL writers’language development.TESOL Quarterly45.1:36-62.
Lu,Xiaofei(陆小飞),&Qi Xu(许琪).2016.Eryu jufa fuzadu fenxiqi jiqi zai eryu xiezuo yanjiuzhong de yingyong二语句法复杂度分析器及其在二语写作研究中的应用[L2syntactic complexity analyzer and its application in L2writing research].Waiyu Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu外语教学与研究[Foreign Language Teaching and Research]2016.3:409-420.
Ortega,Lourdes.2003.Syntactic complexity measures and their relationship to L2proficiency:A research synthesis of college-level L2writing.Applied Linguistics 24.4:492-518.
Shi,Jiawei(施家炜).2002.Hanguo liuxuesheng hanyu jushi xide de ge’an yanjiu韩国留学生汉语句式习得的个案研究[A case study of the acquisition of Chinese sentence patterns by Korean learners].Shijie Hanyu Jiaoxue世界汉语教学[Chinese Teaching in the World]2002.4:34-42.
Tsao,Fengfu.1990.Sentence and Clause Structure in Chinese:A Functional Perspective.Taiwan:Student Book.
Wolfe-Quintero,Kate,Shunji Inagaki,&Hae Young Kim.1998.Second Language Development in Writing:Measures of Fluency,Accuracy and Complexity.Honolulu:University of Hawaii at Manoa,Second Language Teaching and Curriculum Center.
Wu,Jifeng(吴继峰).2016.Yingyu muyuzhe hanyu shumianyu jufa fuzaxing yanjiu英语母语者汉语书面语句法复杂性研究[The grammatical complexity in English native speakers’Chinese writing].Yuyan Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu语言教学与研究[Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies]2016.4:27-35.
Wu,Jifeng(吴继峰).2018.Yuyan qubiexing tezheng dui yingyu muyuzhe hanyu eryu xiezuo zhiliang pinggu de yingxiang语言区别性特征对英语母语者汉语二语写作质量评估的影响[The effect of language distinguishing features on the evaluation of English native speakers’written Chinese quality].Yuyan Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu语言教学与研究[Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies]2018.2:11-20.
Yuan,Fangyuan.2009.Measuring learner language in L2Chinese in fluency,accuracy and complexity.Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association 44.3:109-130.
[1]本研究采用字数作为T单位长度的统计单位,原因有二:第一,Jiang(2013)的研究发现,在汉语中用字、词作为T单位长度的统计单位,二者没有显著差异;第二,字数更便于统计,也更客观。
Biber,Douglas,Bethany Gray,&Kornwipa Poonpon.2011.Should we use characteristics of conversation to measure grammatical complexity in L2writing development?TESOL Quarterly45.1:5-35.
Cao,Xianwen(曹贤文),&Sujuan Deng(邓素娟).2012.Hanyu muyu he eryu shumian biaoxian de duibi fenxi:Yi xiaoxue gaonianji zhongguo xuesheng he daxue gaonianji yuenan xuesheng de tongti hanyu zuowen weili汉语母语和二语书面表现的对比分析---以小学高年级中国学生和大学高年级越南学生的同题汉语作文为例[The contrastive analysis of the writing performance in Chinese as L1and L2:Based on the Chinese compositions on the same topic among Chinese senior elementary students and Vietnam senior university students].Huawen Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu华文教学与研究[TCSOL Studies]2012.2:39-46.
Cao,Xiuling(曹秀玲),Suying Yang(杨素英),Yueyuan Huang(黄月圆),Liqun Gao(高立群),&Xiliang Cui(崔希亮).2006.Hanyu zuowei di’er yuyan huatiju xide yanjiu汉语作为第二语言话题句习得研究[The L2acquisition of Chinese topic constructions].Shijie Hanyu Jiaoxue世界汉语教学[Chinese Teaching in the World]2006.3:86-102.
Chao,Yuenren.1968.A Grammar of Spoken Chinese.Berkeley,Los Angeles:University of California Press.
Chu,Chauncey C.1998.A Discourse Grammar of Mandarin Chinese.New York:Peter Lang.
Crossley,Scott A.,&Danielle S.McNamara.2014.Does writing development equal writing quality?A computational investigation of syntactic complexity in L2learners.Journal of Second Language Writing26:66-79.
Field,Andy.2009.Discovering Statistics Using SPSS(3rd ed.).London:SAGE Publications.
Guo,Zhigang(郭志刚).2012.Shehui Tongji Fenxi Fangfa:SPSS Ruanjian Yingyong社会统计分析方法---SPSS软件应用[Methods of Social Statistical Analysis:SPSS Software Application].Beijing:Zhongguo Renmin Daxue Chubanshe北京:中国人民大学出版社[Beijing:China Renmin University Press].
Hunt,Kellogg W.1965.Grammatical structures written at three grade levels.NCTE Research Report No.3,176-189.National Council of Teachers of English.
Hunt,Kellogg W.1966.Recent measures in syntactic development.Elementary English 43.7:732-739.
Hunt,Kellogg W.1976.Study correlates age with grammatical complexity.Linguistic Reporter 18.7:3.
Jiang,Wenying.2013.Measurements of development in L2written production:The case of L2Chinese.Applied Linguistic 34.1:1-24.
Jin,Honggang.2007.Syntactic maturity in second language writings:A case of Chinese as a foreign language(CFL).Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association 42.1:27-54.
Li,Charles N.,&Sandra A.Thompson.1976.Subject and topic:A new typology of language.Subject and Topic,ed by Charles N.Li,457-489.New York:Academic Press.
Li,Wendan.2005.TopicChainsinChinese:A Discourse Analysis and Application in Language Teaching.Deutsche:Lincom Enropa.
Lu,Xiaofei.2011.A corpus-based evaluation of syntactic complexity measures as indices of college-level ESL writers’language development.TESOL Quarterly45.1:36-62.
Lu,Xiaofei(陆小飞),&Qi Xu(许琪).2016.Eryu jufa fuzadu fenxiqi jiqi zai eryu xiezuo yanjiuzhong de yingyong二语句法复杂度分析器及其在二语写作研究中的应用[L2syntactic complexity analyzer and its application in L2writing research].Waiyu Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu外语教学与研究[Foreign Language Teaching and Research]2016.3:409-420.
Ortega,Lourdes.2003.Syntactic complexity measures and their relationship to L2proficiency:A research synthesis of college-level L2writing.Applied Linguistics 24.4:492-518.
Shi,Jiawei(施家炜).2002.Hanguo liuxuesheng hanyu jushi xide de ge’an yanjiu韩国留学生汉语句式习得的个案研究[A case study of the acquisition of Chinese sentence patterns by Korean learners].Shijie Hanyu Jiaoxue世界汉语教学[Chinese Teaching in the World]2002.4:34-42.
Tsao,Fengfu.1990.Sentence and Clause Structure in Chinese:A Functional Perspective.Taiwan:Student Book.
Wolfe-Quintero,Kate,Shunji Inagaki,&Hae Young Kim.1998.Second Language Development in Writing:Measures of Fluency,Accuracy and Complexity.Honolulu:University of Hawaii at Manoa,Second Language Teaching and Curriculum Center.
Wu,Jifeng(吴继峰).2016.Yingyu muyuzhe hanyu shumianyu jufa fuzaxing yanjiu英语母语者汉语书面语句法复杂性研究[The grammatical complexity in English native speakers’Chinese writing].Yuyan Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu语言教学与研究[Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies]2016.4:27-35.
Wu,Jifeng(吴继峰).2018.Yuyan qubiexing tezheng dui yingyu muyuzhe hanyu eryu xiezuo zhiliang pinggu de yingxiang语言区别性特征对英语母语者汉语二语写作质量评估的影响[The effect of language distinguishing features on the evaluation of English native speakers’written Chinese quality].Yuyan Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu语言教学与研究[Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies]2018.2:11-20.
Yuan,Fangyuan.2009.Measuring learner language in L2Chinese in fluency,accuracy and complexity.Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association 44.3:109-130.
[1]本研究采用字数作为T单位长度的统计单位,原因有二:第一,Jiang(2013)的研究发现,在汉语中用字、词作为T单位长度的统计单位,二者没有显著差异;第二,字数更便于统计,也更客观。