轮作水稻对大棚土壤硝化作用和氮挥发的影响
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摘要
通过大棚茄子—水稻轮作(GER)和大棚茄子—揭膜休闲(GEF)2种栽培模式在大棚茄子栽培期间土壤硝化作用强度、氨挥发速率和土壤水热条件指标动态变化的比较,研究了轮作水稻对大棚土壤硝化作用和氨挥发的影响。结果表明:(1)GER模式在大棚茄子各生育期土壤硝化作用强度都显著高于GEF土壤,苗期最高峰时表土和根际土硝化作用强度分别为56.6,101.4mg/(kg·h),比GEF模式增加了34.8%和42.4%;(2)GER模式在大棚茄子基肥和追肥施用后土壤氨挥发速率都显著低于GEF土壤,累积氨挥发量为1.21kg/hm~2,比GEF模式减少了76.7%;(3)GER模式在大棚茄子各生育期表土和根际土NH4+—N含量都低于GEF土壤,NO3-—N含量高于GEF模式;(4)GER和GEF模式在大棚茄子收获后表土NH4+—N含量分别为30.4,45.9mg/kg,NO3-—N含量分别为265.4,255.5mg/kg,存在明显的氮素累积。夏季轮作水稻缓解了大棚土壤酸化、提高了大棚茄子生长期间土壤pH、温度和含水量,对大棚土壤硝化作用有明显的促进作用,可减少土壤氨挥发损失。但硝化作用强度的增加促进了土壤中硝酸根的累积,存在加剧土壤次生盐渍化和氮损失的风险,应加强轮作周期氮肥合理施用技术研究。
The effects of rice rotation in summer on the nitrification and ammonia volatilization of soil under greenhouse vegetable cultivation were studied based on the comparison of soil nitrification intensity,ammonia volatilization rate and the index about soil hydrothermal condition during greenhouse eggplant cultivation between two different crop rotation systems,greenhouse eggplant-rice rotation(GER)and greenhouse eggplant-summer fallow without plastic covering(GEF).The results showed as follows:(1)The soil nitrification intensity in GER was significantly higher than that in GEF during the different growth period of eggplant.The nitrification intensities of surface soil and rhizosphere soil on the seeding stage in GER were56.6mg/(kg·h)and 101.4mg/(kg·h),with the increases of 34.8% and 42.4% compared with GEF,respectively.(2)The soil ammonia volatilization rate and accumulative ammonia volatilization amount in GER were significantly lower than those in GEF.The gross ammonia volatilization amount of GER was 1.21kg/hm~2,with the decrease of 76.7% compared with GEF.(3)The NH4+-N amounts of surface soil and rhizosphere soil in GER were lower than those in GEF during the different growth period of eggplant,whereas the NO3--N amounts in GER were higher than those in GEF.(4)The NH4+-N amounts of surface soil in GER and GEF after eggplant harvest were 30.4mg/kg and 45.9mg/kg,respectively,while the NO3--N amounts in GER and GEF were 265.4mg/kg and 255.5mg/kg,respectively,indicating the significant accumulation of nitrogen.The rice planting in summer alleviated the soil acidification and increased the pH,temperature and water content of soil during the greenhouse eggplant cultivation period.This also increasedthe nitrification intensity and decreased the loss of ammonia volatilization.However,the increase of nitrification intensity caused soil nitrate accumulation.This might lead to secondary salinization and nitrogen loss in soil.Therefore,the rational application of nitrogen fertilizer should be more concerned during the whole rotation period.
The effects of rice rotation in summer on the nitrification and ammonia volatilization of soil under greenhouse vegetable cultivation were studied based on the comparison of soil nitrification intensity,ammonia volatilization rate and the index about soil hydrothermal condition during greenhouse eggplant cultivation between two different crop rotation systems,greenhouse eggplant-rice rotation(GER)and greenhouse eggplant-summer fallow without plastic covering(GEF).The results showed as follows:(1)The soil nitrification intensity in GER was significantly higher than that in GEF during the different growth period of eggplant.The nitrification intensities of surface soil and rhizosphere soil on the seeding stage in GER were56.6mg/(kg·h)and 101.4mg/(kg·h),with the increases of 34.8% and 42.4% compared with GEF,respectively.(2)The soil ammonia volatilization rate and accumulative ammonia volatilization amount in GER were significantly lower than those in GEF.The gross ammonia volatilization amount of GER was 1.21kg/hm~2,with the decrease of 76.7% compared with GEF.(3)The NH4+-N amounts of surface soil and rhizosphere soil in GER were lower than those in GEF during the different growth period of eggplant,whereas the NO3--N amounts in GER were higher than those in GEF.(4)The NH4+-N amounts of surface soil in GER and GEF after eggplant harvest were 30.4mg/kg and 45.9mg/kg,respectively,while the NO3--N amounts in GER and GEF were 265.4mg/kg and 255.5mg/kg,respectively,indicating the significant accumulation of nitrogen.The rice planting in summer alleviated the soil acidification and increased the pH,temperature and water content of soil during the greenhouse eggplant cultivation period.This also increasedthe nitrification intensity and decreased the loss of ammonia volatilization.However,the increase of nitrification intensity caused soil nitrate accumulation.This might lead to secondary salinization and nitrogen loss in soil.Therefore,the rational application of nitrogen fertilizer should be more concerned during the whole rotation period.
引文
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[15]Shen W S,Lin X G,Shi W M,et al.Higher rates of nitrogen fertilization decrease soil enzyme activities,microbial functional diversity and nitrification capacity in a Chinese polytunnel greenhouse vegetable land[J].Plant&Soil,2010,337(1):137-150.
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[17]申卫收,林先贵,张华勇,等.不同栽培条件下蔬菜塑料大棚土壤氮磷生物转化特征[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(2):199-204.
[18]Chang H L,Chang O H,Sang Y K,et al.Reduction of phosphorus release by liming from temporary flooded rice rotational system in greenhouse upland soil[J].Ecological Engineering,2011,37(8):1239-1243.
[19]Agehara S,Warncke D D.Soil moisture and temperature effects on nitrogen release from organic nitrogen sources[J].Soilence Society of America Journal,2005,69(6):1844-1855.
[20]Chen Q H,Feng Y,Zhang Q C,et al.Short-term responses of nitrogen mineralization and microbial community to moisture regimes in greenhouse vegetable soils[J].Pedosphere,2012,22(2):263-272.
[21]徐培智,解开治,陈建生,等.一季中晚稻的稻菜轮作模式对土壤酶活性及可培养微生物群落的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(5):923-928.
[22]薛建福,濮超,张冉,等.农作措施对中国稻田氧化亚氮排放影响的研究进展[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(11):1-9.
[2]贺纪正,张丽梅.土壤氮素转化的关键微生物过程及机制[J].微生物学通报,2013,40(1):98-108.
[3]过燕琴,高志亮,张令,等.设施和露天栽培下有机菜地土壤氮素矿化和硝化作用的比较研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(12):2436-2442.
[4]施振香,柳云龙,尹骏,等.上海城郊不同农业用地类型土壤硝化和反硝化作用[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(6):99-102.
[5]闵红,张丹,绳金房,等.大棚蔬菜轮/连作系统土壤肥力与微生物因子综合评价[J].微生物学通报,2011,38(11):1673-1678.
[6]Shen W S,Lin X G,Gao N,et al.Land use intensification affects soil microbial populations,functional diversity and related suppressiveness of cucumber Fusarium wilt in China’s Yangtze river delta[J].Plant&Soil,2008,306(1):117-127.
[7]Yao H Y,Campbell C D,Qiao X R.Soil pH controls nitrification and carbon substrate utilization more than urea or charcoal in some highly acidic soils[J].Biology&Fertility of Soils,2011,47(5):515-522.
[8]杜春梅,顿圆圆,董锡文,等.蔬菜大棚使用年限对土壤电导率及功能微生物数量的影响[J].河南农业科学,2014,43(5):69-71.
[9]蒋朝晖.氮肥施用对大棚内土壤氮素转化及主要气态污染物释放的影响[D].长沙:湖南农业大学,2013.
[10]潘瑞瑞,刘野,江解增,等.淹水栽培时间对土壤盐分及养分的影响[J].北方园艺,2015(21):178-182.
[11]袁建玉,周增辉,张娜,等.设施蔬菜水旱轮作前后耕作层土壤盐分和pH值的变化[J].江苏农业科学,2014,42(3):301-303.
[12]王强,徐建明,姜丽娜,等.平衡施肥对大棚茄子—水稻轮作土壤中作物生产和土壤养分的影响[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2012,38(2):197-203.
[13]王朝辉,刘学军,巨晓棠,等.田间土壤氨挥发的原位测定—通气法[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2002,8(2):205-209.
[14]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].第1版.北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000:12-194.
[15]Shen W S,Lin X G,Shi W M,et al.Higher rates of nitrogen fertilization decrease soil enzyme activities,microbial functional diversity and nitrification capacity in a Chinese polytunnel greenhouse vegetable land[J].Plant&Soil,2010,337(1):137-150.
[16]孙波,郑宪清,胡锋,等.水热条件与土壤性质对农田土壤硝化作用的影响[J].环境科学,2009,30(1):207-213.
[17]申卫收,林先贵,张华勇,等.不同栽培条件下蔬菜塑料大棚土壤氮磷生物转化特征[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(2):199-204.
[18]Chang H L,Chang O H,Sang Y K,et al.Reduction of phosphorus release by liming from temporary flooded rice rotational system in greenhouse upland soil[J].Ecological Engineering,2011,37(8):1239-1243.
[19]Agehara S,Warncke D D.Soil moisture and temperature effects on nitrogen release from organic nitrogen sources[J].Soilence Society of America Journal,2005,69(6):1844-1855.
[20]Chen Q H,Feng Y,Zhang Q C,et al.Short-term responses of nitrogen mineralization and microbial community to moisture regimes in greenhouse vegetable soils[J].Pedosphere,2012,22(2):263-272.
[21]徐培智,解开治,陈建生,等.一季中晚稻的稻菜轮作模式对土壤酶活性及可培养微生物群落的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(5):923-928.
[22]薛建福,濮超,张冉,等.农作措施对中国稻田氧化亚氮排放影响的研究进展[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(11):1-9.