厦门岛内不同功能区土壤与灰尘重金属污染的特征及评估
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摘要
以厦门岛内城市表层灰尘和土壤为研究对象,系统考察了不同功能区(商业区、风景区、工业区、居住区)表层灰尘和土壤中典型重金属Cr、Cu、Cd和Zn的质量比水平和分布情况,采用单因子污染指数法和综合污染指数法评价其污染程度,并分析它们的相关性及可能来源。用综合污染指数法得出土壤重金属污染强度从大到小依次为工业区(7.8)、商业区(4.9)、风景区(3.8)、居住区(3.5),灰尘的污染强度顺序为工业区(4.5)、商业区(3.9)、居住区(2.2)、风景区(2.1)。单因子污染指数法结果表明,各功能区土壤及灰尘都受到了重金属污染(Pi>1),且与综合污染指数法得到的污染强度顺序类似,在土壤方面,商业区所有元素,风景区除Cr外,工业区除Pb、Cd外,居住区的Cu、Pb、Zn都达到了重度污染(Pi>3);对于灰尘,商业区和工业区的Cu、Zn均达到了重度污染。相关性分析结果表明,各功能区的元素间无负相关关系,表明各元素间没有显著的抑制关系。从总量上看,土壤比灰尘中重金属质量比更高。最后对比分析了我国其他城市与厦门市的土壤重金属质量比。
This paper aims to investigate and assess the pollution levels and distribution status in-situ of major heavy metals,including Zn,Cr,Cd,Pb and Cu in the topsoil and dust spreading from twenty-five sampling spots located in the different land functional zones of Xiamen,Fujian.Xiamen City as an ecological unit can be divided into four zones,such as,the commercial,residential,industrial and scenic zones.For the research purpose,we have collected samples for analysis from each zone randomly via the multiple-sub-sampling technological principle.And,next,we have done the pretreatment activities for the total 50 samples in a mixed way for solution of aqua regia and hydrofluoric acid to be digested in a microwave dissolver.In the process of analysis,we have managed to determine the pollution content rates of the heavy metals in the samples via an atomic absorption spectrophotometer(AAS) through testing the heavy metal contamination rates with a single factor pollution index method and the Nemerow comprehensive pollution index method.As a result of the above mentioned analysis and examination,it would be possible for us to do the regression analysis and determine their likely-to-be origins in combination with the assessment of the correlativity among the five heavy metals,confirming that the content rates of Zn,Cr,Cd,Pb and Cu at the topsoil level from the commercial,residential,industrial and scenic zones account for 7.8,4.9,3.8 and 3.5,respectively,and those in the dust stand for 4.5,3.9,2.1 and2.2,correspondingly.However,the single factor metal pollution index proves to be mostly greater than 1(Pi> 1),which signifies that almost all the sampling points have been somehow contaminated by the said heavy metals.Taking the top-soil pollution for example,the contamination of all the five heavy metals involve the commercial zone,with the exception of that of Cr in the scenic zone,and the pollution indexes of Cu,Cr,Zn in the industrial zone.What is more,the pollution index rates are all greater than3 in the industrial zone,which means severe contaminations.Besides,in the dust pollution,the commercial and industrial zones prove to be severely contaminated by Cu and Zn over-content rate.In the dust,the commercial and industrial zones have all been suffering from the severe contamination of Cu and Zn.Moreover,the correlation analysis of the data implies certain positive correlation among the elements with no negative correlations,indicating no conspicuous inhibitory action.All in all,the content rates of the aforementioned heavy metals in the topsoil are significantly higher than those in the settled dust.Thus,the data we have gained and shown above on Xiamen Island-city have been made and evaluated through careful comparison with those in other cities.
This paper aims to investigate and assess the pollution levels and distribution status in-situ of major heavy metals,including Zn,Cr,Cd,Pb and Cu in the topsoil and dust spreading from twenty-five sampling spots located in the different land functional zones of Xiamen,Fujian.Xiamen City as an ecological unit can be divided into four zones,such as,the commercial,residential,industrial and scenic zones.For the research purpose,we have collected samples for analysis from each zone randomly via the multiple-sub-sampling technological principle.And,next,we have done the pretreatment activities for the total 50 samples in a mixed way for solution of aqua regia and hydrofluoric acid to be digested in a microwave dissolver.In the process of analysis,we have managed to determine the pollution content rates of the heavy metals in the samples via an atomic absorption spectrophotometer(AAS) through testing the heavy metal contamination rates with a single factor pollution index method and the Nemerow comprehensive pollution index method.As a result of the above mentioned analysis and examination,it would be possible for us to do the regression analysis and determine their likely-to-be origins in combination with the assessment of the correlativity among the five heavy metals,confirming that the content rates of Zn,Cr,Cd,Pb and Cu at the topsoil level from the commercial,residential,industrial and scenic zones account for 7.8,4.9,3.8 and 3.5,respectively,and those in the dust stand for 4.5,3.9,2.1 and2.2,correspondingly.However,the single factor metal pollution index proves to be mostly greater than 1(Pi> 1),which signifies that almost all the sampling points have been somehow contaminated by the said heavy metals.Taking the top-soil pollution for example,the contamination of all the five heavy metals involve the commercial zone,with the exception of that of Cr in the scenic zone,and the pollution indexes of Cu,Cr,Zn in the industrial zone.What is more,the pollution index rates are all greater than3 in the industrial zone,which means severe contaminations.Besides,in the dust pollution,the commercial and industrial zones prove to be severely contaminated by Cu and Zn over-content rate.In the dust,the commercial and industrial zones have all been suffering from the severe contamination of Cu and Zn.Moreover,the correlation analysis of the data implies certain positive correlation among the elements with no negative correlations,indicating no conspicuous inhibitory action.All in all,the content rates of the aforementioned heavy metals in the topsoil are significantly higher than those in the settled dust.Thus,the data we have gained and shown above on Xiamen Island-city have been made and evaluated through careful comparison with those in other cities.
引文
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[13]LIU Tingliang(刘廷良),TAKAMATSU T,SASE H.Study on soil pollution with heavy metals in some Japanese city[J].Research of Environmental Sciences(环境科学研究),1996,9(2):47-51.
[14]China National Environmental Monitoring Centre(中国环境监测总站).Background value of Chinese soil elements(中国土壤元素背景值)[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,1990:87-92.
[15]LIU Peng(刘鹏).Study on distribution characterization and phyto-availability of the heavy metals in pollution area of a copper smelter(铜冶炼厂污染区域土壤重金属分布特性及其植物有效性研究)[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2009.
[16]ZHAO Yu(赵钰),DONG Liming(董黎明),ZHANG Yanping(张艳萍),et al.Speciation analysis and pollution assessment of heavy metals in road dust,soils and plants in Beijing[J].Environmental Science&Technology(环境科学与技术),2013,36(9):169-174.
[17]LIANG Ying(梁英).The distribution characteristics of mercury species in topsoil and dust of Xiamen City,the seawater and sediment of Xiamen western sea area adjacent to SY power plant,and the mangrove ecosystem at Jiulong estuary(厦门市城市土壤与尘土、SY电厂海域及九龙江河口红树林区汞的形态分布特征)[D].Xiamen:Xiamen University,2009:39-40.
[18]ZHANG Yixiu(张一修),WANG Ji(王济),QIN Fanxin(秦樊鑫),et al.Comparison of sources of metals in road-dust and soil in Guiyang[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae(环境科学学报),2012,32(1):204-212.
[19]MA Wanghai(马旺海),CAO Bin(曹斌),YANG Jinfeng(杨进峰),et al.Characteristics of urban heavy metal pollution[J].Journal of South-Central University for Nationalities:Natural Sciences Edition(中南民族大学学报:自然科学版),2008,17(1):66-73.
[20]WANG Ying(王莹),CHEN Yucheng(陈玉成),LI Zhangping(李章平).Contamination pattern of heavy metals in Chinese urban soils[J].Environmental Chemistry(环境化学),2012,31(6):763-770.
[21]LIU Yunlong(柳云龙),ZHANG Lijia(章立佳),HAN Xiaofei(韩晓非),et al.Spatial variability and evaluation of soil heavy metal contamination in the urban-transect of Shanghai[J].Environmental Science(环境科学),2012,33(2):599-605.
[22]WU Xinmin(吴新民),LI Lianqing(李恋卿),PAN Genxing(潘根兴),et al.Soil pollution of Cu,Zn,Pb and Cd in different city zones of Nanjing[J].Environmental Science(环境科学),2003,24(3):105-111.
[23]LIU Zhemin(刘哲民).Heavy metals pollution in vegetable fields and its prevention[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment(干旱区资源与环境),2005,19(2):101-104.
[24]JIA Huaqing(贾华清),ZHANG Mingkui(章明奎).Accumulation,release potential and spatial variation of heavy metals in urban soils of Hangzhou City[J].Journal of Zhejiang University:Agriculture&Life Sciences(浙江大学学报:农业与生命科学版),2008,33(6):677-684.
[25]TIAN Yuan(田媛),GUO Xijuan(郭希娟),LIU Xiaolan(刘效兰.).Exploration on the pollution of topsoil heavy metal in the different areas of Beijing[J].Environmental Science&Technology(环境科学与技术),2010,33(12F):83-86.
[26]FALAHI A A.Contamination of environment with heavy metals emitted from automotives[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,1984,8(2):152-161.
[2]CUI Liqiang(崔立强),YAN Jinlong(严金龙),DING Cheng(丁成),et al.Characteristic and assessment of heavy metals pollution in urban surface dust of different functional areas of Yancheng[J].Environmental Pollution&Control(环境污染与防治),2014,36(9):7-12,17.
[3]LINDE M,BENGTSSON H,OBORN I.Concentrations and pools of heavy metals in urban soils in Stockholm,Sweden[J].Water,Air&Soil Pollution:Focus,2001,1(3/4):83-101.
[4]WU Xinmin(吴新民),PAN Genxing(潘根兴).Distribution of heavy metals in urban soils different in functional zone[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica(土壤学报),2005,42(3):513-517.
[5]ZHANG Ganlin(张甘霖).Development and enhancement of city soil investigation—review of the first“City,Industry,Transportation and Mining Soil”international academic conference[J].Soils(土壤),2001(2):111-112.
[6]QIAO Shengying(乔胜英),LI Wangcheng(李望成),HE Fang(何方),et al.Characteristics and controlling factors of heavy metal contents in urban soils in Zhangzhou City,Fujian Province[J].Geochimica(地球化学),2005,34(6):97-104.
[7]JIA Limin(贾丽敏),CHEN Xiuling(陈秀玲),LMin(吕敏).Heavy metal contamination of soils and its evaluation in different greenbelt regions of Zhangzhou City[J].Urban Environment&Urban Ecology(城市环境与城市生态),2013,26(3):7-11.
[8]QIAN Yi(钱翌),ZHAO Shigang(赵世刚).Preliminary evaluation of heavy metal in top soil of different ecological function areas in Qingdao[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin(中国农学通报),2010,26(9):352-356.
[9]ZHANG Yun(张云),ZHANG Yufeng(张宇峰),HU Xin(胡忻).Assessment of heavy metal contamination and source identification of dust deposited on roads collected from different land-use zones in Nanjing[J].Research of Environmental Sciences(环境科学研究),2010,23(11):1376-1381.
[10]ZHANG Ju(张菊).Study on the heavy metal pollution in urban street dust of Shanghai(上海城市街道灰尘重金属污染研究)[D].Shanghai:East China Normal University,2005.
[11]SHI Guitao(史贵涛),CHEN Zhenlou(陈振楼),XU Shiyuan(许世远),et al.Characteristics of heavy metal pollution in soil and dust of urban parks in Shanghai[J].Environmental Science(环境科学),2007,28(2):238-242.
[12]LIN Xiao(林啸),LIU Min(刘敏),HOU Lijun(侯立军),et al.Soil and surface dust heavy metal pollution state and assessment in Shanghai City[J].China Environmental Science(中国环境科学),2007,27(5):613-618.
[13]LIU Tingliang(刘廷良),TAKAMATSU T,SASE H.Study on soil pollution with heavy metals in some Japanese city[J].Research of Environmental Sciences(环境科学研究),1996,9(2):47-51.
[14]China National Environmental Monitoring Centre(中国环境监测总站).Background value of Chinese soil elements(中国土壤元素背景值)[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,1990:87-92.
[15]LIU Peng(刘鹏).Study on distribution characterization and phyto-availability of the heavy metals in pollution area of a copper smelter(铜冶炼厂污染区域土壤重金属分布特性及其植物有效性研究)[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2009.
[16]ZHAO Yu(赵钰),DONG Liming(董黎明),ZHANG Yanping(张艳萍),et al.Speciation analysis and pollution assessment of heavy metals in road dust,soils and plants in Beijing[J].Environmental Science&Technology(环境科学与技术),2013,36(9):169-174.
[17]LIANG Ying(梁英).The distribution characteristics of mercury species in topsoil and dust of Xiamen City,the seawater and sediment of Xiamen western sea area adjacent to SY power plant,and the mangrove ecosystem at Jiulong estuary(厦门市城市土壤与尘土、SY电厂海域及九龙江河口红树林区汞的形态分布特征)[D].Xiamen:Xiamen University,2009:39-40.
[18]ZHANG Yixiu(张一修),WANG Ji(王济),QIN Fanxin(秦樊鑫),et al.Comparison of sources of metals in road-dust and soil in Guiyang[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae(环境科学学报),2012,32(1):204-212.
[19]MA Wanghai(马旺海),CAO Bin(曹斌),YANG Jinfeng(杨进峰),et al.Characteristics of urban heavy metal pollution[J].Journal of South-Central University for Nationalities:Natural Sciences Edition(中南民族大学学报:自然科学版),2008,17(1):66-73.
[20]WANG Ying(王莹),CHEN Yucheng(陈玉成),LI Zhangping(李章平).Contamination pattern of heavy metals in Chinese urban soils[J].Environmental Chemistry(环境化学),2012,31(6):763-770.
[21]LIU Yunlong(柳云龙),ZHANG Lijia(章立佳),HAN Xiaofei(韩晓非),et al.Spatial variability and evaluation of soil heavy metal contamination in the urban-transect of Shanghai[J].Environmental Science(环境科学),2012,33(2):599-605.
[22]WU Xinmin(吴新民),LI Lianqing(李恋卿),PAN Genxing(潘根兴),et al.Soil pollution of Cu,Zn,Pb and Cd in different city zones of Nanjing[J].Environmental Science(环境科学),2003,24(3):105-111.
[23]LIU Zhemin(刘哲民).Heavy metals pollution in vegetable fields and its prevention[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment(干旱区资源与环境),2005,19(2):101-104.
[24]JIA Huaqing(贾华清),ZHANG Mingkui(章明奎).Accumulation,release potential and spatial variation of heavy metals in urban soils of Hangzhou City[J].Journal of Zhejiang University:Agriculture&Life Sciences(浙江大学学报:农业与生命科学版),2008,33(6):677-684.
[25]TIAN Yuan(田媛),GUO Xijuan(郭希娟),LIU Xiaolan(刘效兰.).Exploration on the pollution of topsoil heavy metal in the different areas of Beijing[J].Environmental Science&Technology(环境科学与技术),2010,33(12F):83-86.
[26]FALAHI A A.Contamination of environment with heavy metals emitted from automotives[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,1984,8(2):152-161.