海上自主水面船舶航行风险识别
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摘要
为识别海上自主水面船舶(Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship,MASS)的航行风险,构建VBPO-HSET航行风险识别模型,其中VBPO代表航行计划、靠离泊作业、进出港航行和开阔水域航行等4个航行阶段,HSET代表人因、船舶、科技和环境等4类风险。基于该模型通过文献查阅与专家访谈等信息,共识别出MASS航行相关的风险因素66个。以自动化水平III类MASS为研究对象,专家访谈结果表明:开阔水域航行阶段是III类MASS航行高风险阶段,人因是影响III类海上自主船舶的主要因素类型。
A navigational risk identification model VBPO-HSET for MASS(Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships,MASS) navigation is developed. VBPO stands for the four navigational phases, i.e.: voyage planning, V; berth operation, B; port approaching and leaving operation, P; open sea navigation, O; and HSET stands for: human factor, H; ship, S; environment, E; technology, T. A set of 66 risk factors associated with MASS navigation is identified based on published reports and experts interviews. For MASS with the third degree of autonomy, the open sea navigation phase is associated with more risk factors than other phases. The human factor is highly critical for the safety of III MASS with the third degree of autonomy.
A navigational risk identification model VBPO-HSET for MASS(Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships,MASS) navigation is developed. VBPO stands for the four navigational phases, i.e.: voyage planning, V; berth operation, B; port approaching and leaving operation, P; open sea navigation, O; and HSET stands for: human factor, H; ship, S; environment, E; technology, T. A set of 66 risk factors associated with MASS navigation is identified based on published reports and experts interviews. For MASS with the third degree of autonomy, the open sea navigation phase is associated with more risk factors than other phases. The human factor is highly critical for the safety of III MASS with the third degree of autonomy.
引文
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[3] KRETSCHMANN L,RDSETH J,TJORA ?,et al.MUNIN Deliverable 9.2:Qualitative Assessment.MUNIN Report[EB/OL].[2018-6-29].http://www.unmanned-ship.org/munin/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/MUNIN-D9-2-Qualitative-assessment-CML-final.pdf.
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[5] TORKILDSON E N,LI J Y,JOHNSEN S O,et al.Empirical Studies of Methods for Safety and Security Co-Analysis of Autonomous Boat[C]//28th European Safety and Reliability Conference,Trondheim,2018.
[6] WRóBEL K,MONTEWKA J,KUJALA P.Towards the Assessment of Potential Impact of Unmanned Vessels on Maritime Transportation Safety[J].Reliability Engineering and System Safety,2017,165:155-169.
[7] 高宗江,张英俊,孙培廷,等.无人驾驶船舶研究综述[J].大连海事大学学报,2017(2):1-7.
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[22] RDSETH J,TJORA ?.A Risk Based Approach to the Design of Unmanned Ship Control Systems[J].Maritime- Port Technology and Development,2015,153-162.
[23] LAURINEN M.Remote and Autonomous Ships:the Next Steps,AAWA:Advanced Autonomous Waterborne Applications[R].London:Rolls-Royce plc Registered Office,2016.
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[27] BURMEISTER H C,Bruhn W C,R?DSETH ? J,et al.Can Unmanned Ships Improve Navigational Safety?[C].Paris:Transport Research Arena,2014.
[28] WRóBEL K,MONTEWKA J,KUJALA P.System-Theoretic Approach to Safety of Remotely -Controlled Merchant Vessel[J].Ocean Engineering,2018,152:334-345.
[29] THIEME C A,UTNE I B.Safety Performance Monitoring of Autonomous Marine Systems[J].Reliability Engineering and System Safety,2017,159:264-275.
[30] ZHANG R L,FURUSHO M.Conversion Timing of Seafarer’s Decision-Making for Unmanned Ship Navigation[J].International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation,2017,11(3):463-468.
[31] WALTHER L,BURMEISTER H C,BRUHN W.Safe and Efficient Autonomous Navigation with Regards to Weather[C]//13th International Conference on Computer and IT Applications in the Maritime Industries,Redworth,2014.
[32] RDSETH J,BURMEISTER H C.Risk Assessment for an Unmanned Merchant Ship[J].International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation,2015,9(3):357-364.
[33] LAZAKIS I,DIKIS K,MICHALA A L,et al.Advanced Ship Systems Condition Monitoring for Enhanced Inspection Maintenance and Decision-Making in Ship Operations[J].Transportation Research Procedia,2016,14:1679-1688.
[34] RDSETH H,MO B.Maintenance Management for Unmanned Shipping[C]//13th International Conference on Computer and IT Applications in the Maritime Industries,Redworth,2014.
[35] Class N K.Guidelines for Concept Design of Automated Operation/Autonomous Operation of Ships (Provisional Version)[R].Tokoyo:Nippon Kaiji Kyokai Research Institute,2018.
[36] RDSETH J,NORDAHL H E.Definition for Autonomous Merchant Ships[R].Norwegian:Norwegian,Forum for Autonomous Ships (NFAS),2017.
[37] VINNEM J E,UTNE I B.Risk from Cyberattacks on Autonomous Ships[C]//28th European Safety and Reliability Conference,Trondheim,2018.
[38] BURMEISTER H C,BRUHN W C,WALTHER L.Interaction of Harsh Weather Operation and Collision Avoidance in Autonomous Navigation[J].International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation,2015,9(1):31-40.
[39] HONTVEDT M.Professional Vision in Simulated Environments-Examining Professional Maritime Pilots’ Performance of Work Tasks in a Full - Mission Ship Simulator[J].Learning,Culture and Social Interaction,2015,7:71-84.
[2] AHVENJ?RVI S.The Human Element and Autonomous Ships[J].International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation,2016,10(3):517-521.
[3] KRETSCHMANN L,RDSETH J,TJORA ?,et al.MUNIN Deliverable 9.2:Qualitative Assessment.MUNIN Report[EB/OL].[2018-6-29].http://www.unmanned-ship.org/munin/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/MUNIN-D9-2-Qualitative-assessment-CML-final.pdf.
[4] RAMOS M A,UTNE I B,VINNEM J E,et al.Accounting for Human Failure in Autonomous Ship Operations[C]//28th European Safety and Reliability Conference,Trondheim,2018.
[5] TORKILDSON E N,LI J Y,JOHNSEN S O,et al.Empirical Studies of Methods for Safety and Security Co-Analysis of Autonomous Boat[C]//28th European Safety and Reliability Conference,Trondheim,2018.
[6] WRóBEL K,MONTEWKA J,KUJALA P.Towards the Assessment of Potential Impact of Unmanned Vessels on Maritime Transportation Safety[J].Reliability Engineering and System Safety,2017,165:155-169.
[7] 高宗江,张英俊,孙培廷,等.无人驾驶船舶研究综述[J].大连海事大学学报,2017(2):1-7.
[8] 张铎,张仁平.引领国际海上避碰规则全面审议[J].世界海运,2017(2):1-5.
[9] RDSETH J,TJORA ?.A System Architecture for an Unmanned Ship[C]//13th International Conference on Computer and IT Applications in the Maritime Industries,Redworth,2014.
[10] KONGSBERG.Autonomous Ship Project,Key Facts About Yara Birekand[EB/OL].[2015-06-21].https://www.km.kongsberg.com/ks/web/nokbg0240.nsf/AllWeb/4B8113B707A50A4FC125811D00407045 OpenDocumenthttps://www.km.kongsberg.com/ks/web/nokbg0240.nsf/AllWeb/4B8113B707A50A4FC125811D0 0407045 OpenDocument.
[11] HANS A T.The Next Revolt[EB/OL].[2018-04-20] https://www.gcaptain.com/wp- content/uploads/2014/09/ReVolt-Details.pdf
[12] 陈伟炯.面向21世纪的海事控制理论探讨——船舶营运安全的基本要素结构[J].中国航海,1999(1):32-36.
[13] THIEME C A,UTNE I B.A Risk Model for Autonomous Marine Systems and Operation Focusing on Human-Autonomy Collaboration[J].Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,Part O:Journal of Risk and Reliability,2017,231(4):446-464.
[14] MAN Y M,LUNDH M,PORATHE T.Seeking Harmony in Shore-Based Unmanned Ship Handling - From the Perspective of Human Factors,What Is the Difference We Need to Focus on from Being Onboard to Onshore?[C]//Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics AHFE 2014,Kraków,2014.
[15] WAHLSTR?M M,HAKULINEN J,KARVONEN H,et al.Human Factors Challenges in Unmanned Ship Operations - Insights from Other Domains[J].Procedia Manufacturing,2015(3):1038-1045.
[16] HOGG T,GHOSH S.Autonomous Merchant Vessels:Examination of Factors that Impact the Effective Implementation of Unmanned Ships[J].Australian Journal of Maritime and Ocean Affairs,2016,8(3):206-222.
[17] MONTEWKA J,WRóBEL K,HEIKKILA E,et al.Challenges-Solution Proposals and Research Directions in Safety and Risk Assessment of Autonomous Shipping[C]//Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management PSAM 14,Los Angeles,2018.
[18] UNCTAD.Review of Maritime Transport 2018[R].New York:United Nations Publications,2018.
[19] PORATHE T,PRISON J,MAN Y M.Situation Awareness in Remote Control Centres for Unmanned Ship[C]//Proceedings of Human Factors in Ship Design & Operation,London,2014.
[20] PORATHE T,HOEM ?,RDSETH J,et al.At Least as Safe as Manned Shipping?Autonomous Shipping,Safety and “Human Error”[C]//28th European Safety and Reliability Conference,Trondheim,2018.
[21] PORATHE T.Remote Monitoring and Control of Unmanned Vessels — the MUNIN Shore Control Centre[C]//13th International Conference on Computer and IT Applications in the Maritime Industries,Redworth,2014.
[22] RDSETH J,TJORA ?.A Risk Based Approach to the Design of Unmanned Ship Control Systems[J].Maritime- Port Technology and Development,2015,153-162.
[23] LAURINEN M.Remote and Autonomous Ships:the Next Steps,AAWA:Advanced Autonomous Waterborne Applications[R].London:Rolls-Royce plc Registered Office,2016.
[24] RAMOS M A,UTNEA I B,MOSLEH A,et al.On Factors Affecting Autonomous Ships Operators Performance in a Shore Control Center[C]//Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management PSAM 14,Los Angeles,2018.
[25] MAN Y M,LUNDH M,PORATHE T,et al.From Desk to Field - Human Factor Issues in Remote Monitoring and Controlling of Autonomous Unmanned Vessels[J].Procedia Manufacturing,2015,3:2674-2681.
[26] BURMEISTER H C,BRUHN W C,R?DSETH ? J,et al.Autonomous Unmanned Merchant Vessel and its Contribution Towards the E-Navigation Implementation:the MUNIN Perspective[J].International Journal of E-Navigation and Maritime Economy,2014(1):1-13.
[27] BURMEISTER H C,Bruhn W C,R?DSETH ? J,et al.Can Unmanned Ships Improve Navigational Safety?[C].Paris:Transport Research Arena,2014.
[28] WRóBEL K,MONTEWKA J,KUJALA P.System-Theoretic Approach to Safety of Remotely -Controlled Merchant Vessel[J].Ocean Engineering,2018,152:334-345.
[29] THIEME C A,UTNE I B.Safety Performance Monitoring of Autonomous Marine Systems[J].Reliability Engineering and System Safety,2017,159:264-275.
[30] ZHANG R L,FURUSHO M.Conversion Timing of Seafarer’s Decision-Making for Unmanned Ship Navigation[J].International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation,2017,11(3):463-468.
[31] WALTHER L,BURMEISTER H C,BRUHN W.Safe and Efficient Autonomous Navigation with Regards to Weather[C]//13th International Conference on Computer and IT Applications in the Maritime Industries,Redworth,2014.
[32] RDSETH J,BURMEISTER H C.Risk Assessment for an Unmanned Merchant Ship[J].International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation,2015,9(3):357-364.
[33] LAZAKIS I,DIKIS K,MICHALA A L,et al.Advanced Ship Systems Condition Monitoring for Enhanced Inspection Maintenance and Decision-Making in Ship Operations[J].Transportation Research Procedia,2016,14:1679-1688.
[34] RDSETH H,MO B.Maintenance Management for Unmanned Shipping[C]//13th International Conference on Computer and IT Applications in the Maritime Industries,Redworth,2014.
[35] Class N K.Guidelines for Concept Design of Automated Operation/Autonomous Operation of Ships (Provisional Version)[R].Tokoyo:Nippon Kaiji Kyokai Research Institute,2018.
[36] RDSETH J,NORDAHL H E.Definition for Autonomous Merchant Ships[R].Norwegian:Norwegian,Forum for Autonomous Ships (NFAS),2017.
[37] VINNEM J E,UTNE I B.Risk from Cyberattacks on Autonomous Ships[C]//28th European Safety and Reliability Conference,Trondheim,2018.
[38] BURMEISTER H C,BRUHN W C,WALTHER L.Interaction of Harsh Weather Operation and Collision Avoidance in Autonomous Navigation[J].International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation,2015,9(1):31-40.
[39] HONTVEDT M.Professional Vision in Simulated Environments-Examining Professional Maritime Pilots’ Performance of Work Tasks in a Full - Mission Ship Simulator[J].Learning,Culture and Social Interaction,2015,7:71-84.