突发性水污染事件风险传导研究
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摘要
分析水污染事件风险传导要素和过程,推进突发性水污染事件的理论研究。突发性水污染事件的风险传导链中存在风险源、风险传导载体、风险传导节点、风险传导信号和风险传导受害者等5大要素,传导过程包括从风险源到风险传导(危害性)发生的过程和从风险传导(危害性)发生到风险传导(危害性)消失的过程。突发性水污染事件持续时间长、危害严重,需要加大监管与处理力度,从源头遏制突发性水污染事件的发生。突发水污染事件后,应及时采取人工干预措施,缩短污染事件持续时间、降低危害程度。
Sudden water pollution events bring serious damage to the ecological environment and put humans at risk because they arise without warning and are usually large in scale. In this study, we analyzed the risk elements and processes of water pollution incidents based on the statistical analysis of sudden water pollution events occurring in China from 2011 to 2015. The study will advance the theory of and response to sudden water pollution incidents. There are five major elements in the risk propagation chain: risk source, risk propagation, risk nodes, risk signals and risk victims. The risk source can be either natural or man-made and water propagates the risk. The risk nodes occur when the pollutant concentration exceeds an environmental standard. The risk signals can be explicit or implicit. The risk victim refers to all organisms affected by the pollution. During the process of risk propagation, the risk signal is the risk victim and, under the right circumstances, the risk victim becomes a new risk source. The risk propagates from risk source to a water body(not causing violation of an environmental standard) and the risk is propagated along the waterway. The final stage is the decline and disappearance of the risk. Sudden water pollution incidents can be long in duration and cause seriously harm. It is necessary to increase supervision and improve wastewater treatment to minimize the occurrence of sudden water pollution incidents by eliminating the source. After a sudden water pollution incident occurs, intervention measures should be taken as soon as possible to decrease the severity of pollution incidents and reduce the degree of harm.
Sudden water pollution events bring serious damage to the ecological environment and put humans at risk because they arise without warning and are usually large in scale. In this study, we analyzed the risk elements and processes of water pollution incidents based on the statistical analysis of sudden water pollution events occurring in China from 2011 to 2015. The study will advance the theory of and response to sudden water pollution incidents. There are five major elements in the risk propagation chain: risk source, risk propagation, risk nodes, risk signals and risk victims. The risk source can be either natural or man-made and water propagates the risk. The risk nodes occur when the pollutant concentration exceeds an environmental standard. The risk signals can be explicit or implicit. The risk victim refers to all organisms affected by the pollution. During the process of risk propagation, the risk signal is the risk victim and, under the right circumstances, the risk victim becomes a new risk source. The risk propagates from risk source to a water body(not causing violation of an environmental standard) and the risk is propagated along the waterway. The final stage is the decline and disappearance of the risk. Sudden water pollution incidents can be long in duration and cause seriously harm. It is necessary to increase supervision and improve wastewater treatment to minimize the occurrence of sudden water pollution incidents by eliminating the source. After a sudden water pollution incident occurs, intervention measures should be taken as soon as possible to decrease the severity of pollution incidents and reduce the degree of harm.
引文
戴胜利,段新,2018.突发性水污染事件污染传导机理研究——以松花江水污染事件为例[J].环境科学与管理,43(5):28-32.
胡承芳,肖潇,2012.突发性水污染监测预警系统设计研究[J].人民长江,43(8):71-75.
李二平,侯嵩,孙胜杰,等,2010.水质风险评价在跨界水污染预警体系中的应用[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,42(6):963-966.
刘仁涛,姜继平,史斌,等,2017.突发水污染应急处置技术方案动态生成模型及决策支持软件系统[J].环境科学学报,37(2):763-770.
唐行鹏,刘宝玲,尤宏,等,2013.流域突发性水污染事故风险分区方法研究[J].安全与环境学报,13(1):276-280.
万幼清,胡强,2015.产业集群协同创新的风险传导路径研究[J].管理世界,(9):178-179.
万玉山,李娜,王明新,等,2013.突发性水污染事件生态补偿研究[J].中国农村水利水电,(4):17-19.
王庆改,赵晓宏,吴文军,等,2008.汉江中下游突发性水污染事故污染物运移扩散模型[J].水科学进展,19(4):500-504.
徐小钰,朱记伟,李占斌,等,2015.国内外突发性水污染事件研究综述[J].中国农村水利水电,(6):1-5,11.
杨海东,肖宜,王卓民,等,2014.突发性水污染事件溯源方法[J].水科学进展,25(1):122-129.
张楚天,杨勇,杨中华,等,2013.江河突发性水污染事故动态模拟与预警——以长江武汉段为例[J].长江流域资源与环境,22(10):1363-1368.
张羽翔,孙世军,崔朋,2017.辽源市拦河闸水源地突发环境事件应急管理数字化研究[J].东北师大学报(自然科学版),49(2):157-162.
朱正威,吴佳,黄杰,2016.复杂适应性视角下的政府风险治理——以兰州水污染事件为例[J].江苏行政学院学报,(3):103-112.
J M Deroux,C Gonzalez,P Le Cloirec,et al,1997.Long-term extractable compounds screening in surface water to prevent accidental organic pollution[J].Science of the Total Environment.203(3):261-274.
Micanik Tomas,Sajer Jiri,Kotatko Ales,2012.Mixing zones designation as a tool for management decision making in the case of the hazardous substances releases into the water environment[J].12th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geo Conference and EXPO-Modern Management of Mine Producing ,Geology and Environmental Protection,(5):579-586.
Nikolas P Ventikos,Harilaos N Psarafist,2004.Spill accident modeling:a critical survey of event of the event-decision network in the context of IMO′formal safety assessment[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,(107):59-66.
胡承芳,肖潇,2012.突发性水污染监测预警系统设计研究[J].人民长江,43(8):71-75.
李二平,侯嵩,孙胜杰,等,2010.水质风险评价在跨界水污染预警体系中的应用[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,42(6):963-966.
刘仁涛,姜继平,史斌,等,2017.突发水污染应急处置技术方案动态生成模型及决策支持软件系统[J].环境科学学报,37(2):763-770.
唐行鹏,刘宝玲,尤宏,等,2013.流域突发性水污染事故风险分区方法研究[J].安全与环境学报,13(1):276-280.
万幼清,胡强,2015.产业集群协同创新的风险传导路径研究[J].管理世界,(9):178-179.
万玉山,李娜,王明新,等,2013.突发性水污染事件生态补偿研究[J].中国农村水利水电,(4):17-19.
王庆改,赵晓宏,吴文军,等,2008.汉江中下游突发性水污染事故污染物运移扩散模型[J].水科学进展,19(4):500-504.
徐小钰,朱记伟,李占斌,等,2015.国内外突发性水污染事件研究综述[J].中国农村水利水电,(6):1-5,11.
杨海东,肖宜,王卓民,等,2014.突发性水污染事件溯源方法[J].水科学进展,25(1):122-129.
张楚天,杨勇,杨中华,等,2013.江河突发性水污染事故动态模拟与预警——以长江武汉段为例[J].长江流域资源与环境,22(10):1363-1368.
张羽翔,孙世军,崔朋,2017.辽源市拦河闸水源地突发环境事件应急管理数字化研究[J].东北师大学报(自然科学版),49(2):157-162.
朱正威,吴佳,黄杰,2016.复杂适应性视角下的政府风险治理——以兰州水污染事件为例[J].江苏行政学院学报,(3):103-112.
J M Deroux,C Gonzalez,P Le Cloirec,et al,1997.Long-term extractable compounds screening in surface water to prevent accidental organic pollution[J].Science of the Total Environment.203(3):261-274.
Micanik Tomas,Sajer Jiri,Kotatko Ales,2012.Mixing zones designation as a tool for management decision making in the case of the hazardous substances releases into the water environment[J].12th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geo Conference and EXPO-Modern Management of Mine Producing ,Geology and Environmental Protection,(5):579-586.
Nikolas P Ventikos,Harilaos N Psarafist,2004.Spill accident modeling:a critical survey of event of the event-decision network in the context of IMO′formal safety assessment[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,(107):59-66.