沙县苦竹笋外观、营养和食味品质变异的海拔效应
|
摘要
为了探究不同海拔生境苦竹笋品质的差异,为苦竹高品质竹笋高效培育提供理论依据,测定了3个海拔(190±20、380±20、600±20 m)苦竹笋的外观品质、营养品质和食味品质指标。结果表明:随海拔的升高,苦竹笋个体重量、基径、长度和可食率总体上呈下降趋势,中、低海拔显著高于高海拔;竹笋蛋白质、纤维素、木质素含量随海拔的升高先下降后升高,而脂肪和淀粉含量先升高后下降,其中,蛋白质含量低海拔显著高于中、高海拔,纤维素、木质素含量低、中海拔显著低于高海拔,淀粉含量则相反,脂肪含量不同海拔间差异显著;竹笋可溶性糖含量和糖酸比随海拔的升高先升高后下降,单宁、草酸和总酸含量先下降后升高,其中,可溶性糖含量和糖酸比中、低海拔显著高于高海拔,草酸和总酸含量则显著低于高海拔,海拔对竹笋单宁含量影响不显著;总氨基酸、氨基酸组分含量与比例均随海拔的升高先下降后升高,总氨基酸、氨基酸组分含量中海拔显著低于低、高海拔,但芳香类氨基酸比例显著高于低、高海拔,其他氨基酸比例不同海拔间无显著差异。研究表明,海拔对苦竹笋外观、营养和食味品质有较明显的影响,试验区中、低海拔苦竹笋品质较佳。
To clarify the difference of shoot quality from different altitudes and provide theoretical guidance to the management of Pleioblastus amarus forest for producing high-quality shoots,we analyzed the appearance,nutrition,and taste of bamboo shoots from three altitudes( 190±20 m,380±20 m,600 ± 20 m). The results showed that with increasing altitude,individual weight,diameter,length,and edible rate of shoots generally decreased. Those parameters of bamboo shoots from low and middle altitudes were better than that from high altitude. In addition,the contents of protein,cellulose,and lignin in bamboo shoots first decreased and then increased,while fat and starch contents changed in an opposite trend. Protein content in shoots from low altitude was obviously higher than that from middle and high altitudes. The cellulose and lignin content in shoots from low and middle altitudes was lower than that from high altitude,while starch content changed in an opposite trend. The fat content significantly differed among the three altitudes. Moreover,with increasing altitude,soluble sugar content and sugar to acid ratio increased at first and then decreased,while the contents of tannin,oxalic acid,total acids decreased at first and then increased. Soluble sugar content and sugar to acid ratio of shoots from low and middle altitudes were significantly higher than that from high altitude,while oxalic acid and total acid contents of the two formers was obviously lower than that of the latter. There was no significant difference in tannin content among the three altitudes. Moreover,the contents of total amino acids and components and their proportions fell at first and then rose. The contents of total amino acids and components of shoots from middle altitude were lower than those from low and high altitudes,while the proportion of aromatic amino acid was higher. Our results indicate that altitude greatly influences shoot appearance,nutrition and taste,and that the shoots from low and middle altitudes have more favorable quality.
To clarify the difference of shoot quality from different altitudes and provide theoretical guidance to the management of Pleioblastus amarus forest for producing high-quality shoots,we analyzed the appearance,nutrition,and taste of bamboo shoots from three altitudes( 190±20 m,380±20 m,600 ± 20 m). The results showed that with increasing altitude,individual weight,diameter,length,and edible rate of shoots generally decreased. Those parameters of bamboo shoots from low and middle altitudes were better than that from high altitude. In addition,the contents of protein,cellulose,and lignin in bamboo shoots first decreased and then increased,while fat and starch contents changed in an opposite trend. Protein content in shoots from low altitude was obviously higher than that from middle and high altitudes. The cellulose and lignin content in shoots from low and middle altitudes was lower than that from high altitude,while starch content changed in an opposite trend. The fat content significantly differed among the three altitudes. Moreover,with increasing altitude,soluble sugar content and sugar to acid ratio increased at first and then decreased,while the contents of tannin,oxalic acid,total acids decreased at first and then increased. Soluble sugar content and sugar to acid ratio of shoots from low and middle altitudes were significantly higher than that from high altitude,while oxalic acid and total acid contents of the two formers was obviously lower than that of the latter. There was no significant difference in tannin content among the three altitudes. Moreover,the contents of total amino acids and components and their proportions fell at first and then rose. The contents of total amino acids and components of shoots from middle altitude were lower than those from low and high altitudes,while the proportion of aromatic amino acid was higher. Our results indicate that altitude greatly influences shoot appearance,nutrition and taste,and that the shoots from low and middle altitudes have more favorable quality.
引文
方伟,林新春,洪平,等.2005.苦竹生长发育规律研究.浙江林学院学报,22(1):1-5.
高培军,郑郁善,陈礼光,等.2003.苦竹地下竹鞭结构生长规律调查.福建林业科技,30(1):5-8.
苟光前,丁雨龙,杨柳,等.2010.寒竹属3个种竹笋营养成分的分析.中国蔬菜,(16):79-81.
郭芳.2014.苦竹的化学成分及生物活性研究(硕士学位论文).杭州:浙江农林大学.
郭泺,夏北成,刘蔚秋.2006.地形因子对森林景观格局多尺度效应分析.生态学杂志,25(8):900-904.
郭子武,江志标,陈双林,等.2015.覆土栽培对高节竹笋品质的影响.广西植物,35(4):515-519.
韩发,贲桂发.1997.青藏高原不同海拔矮嵩草蛋白质、脂肪和淀粉含量的变异.植物生态学报,21(2):97-104.
洪伟,林存炎,吴承祯,等.2007.毛竹笋品质的区域分异性分析.福建林学院学报,27(4):289-293.
黄成林,杨永峰.2006.苦竹竹笋主要营养成分和微量元素的研究.竹子研究汇刊,25(3):32-35,50.
蒋俊明,费世民,李吉跃,等.2007.苦竹各器官主要营养元素分布及采伐的养分输出.四川林业科技,28(2):15-19.
蒋欣梅,王金华,于锡宏,等.2017.不同海拔高度对老山芹营养成分及形态的影响.东北农业大学学报,48(5):21-27.
李凯辉,胡玉昆,王鑫,等.2007.不同海拔梯度高寒草地地上生物量与环境因子关系.应用生态学报,18(9):2019-2024.
林华,陈双林,郭子武,等.2017.苦竹叶片性状及其异速生长关系的密度效应.林业科学研究,30(4):617-623.
林新春,黄必恒,孙培金,等.2007.苦竹林立竹密度和施肥效应研究.林业科技,32(4):19-22.
罗文文,高琛稀,张东,等.2014.不同海拔环境因子对富士苹果叶片和果实品质的影响.应用生态学报,25(8):2243-2250.
毛如志,张国涛,杜飞,等.2016.大香格里拉河谷区海拔梯度变化与‘玫瑰蜜’葡萄品质形成的关系.果树学报,33(3):283-297.
莫润宏,汤富彬,丁明,等.2012.氨基酸分析仪法测定竹笋中游离氨基酸.化学通报,75(12):1126-1131.
王丹林,郭庆学,王小蓉,等.2017.海拔对岷山大熊猫主食竹营养成分和氨基酸含量的影响.生态学报,37(19):6440-6447.
王国玉,马师,苟光前.2014.斑苦竹竹笋营养成分的分析.贵州大学学报:自然科学版,31(6):42-44.
王海霞,彭九生,曾庆南,等.2012.江西毛竹笋营养品质区域分异性研究.竹子研究汇刊,31(4):22-25.
王玉万,徐文玉.1987.木质纤维素固体基质发酵物中半纤维素、纤维素和木素的定量分析程序.微生物学通报,14(2):81-84.
邢廷杰,王勇,邓武军,等.2010.蛋白质,纤维素和单宁酸对东方田鼠摄食的影响.生态学报,30(4):941-948.
杨奕,董文渊,邱月群,等.2015.筇竹笋生长过程中营养成分的变化.东北林业大学学报,43(1):80-82,87.
袁金玲,熊登高,胡炳堂,等.2008.珍稀保护竹种筇竹笋营养成分的研究.林业科学研究,21(6):773-777.
俞乐,彭新湘,杨崇,等.2002.反相高效液相色谱法测定植物组织及根分泌物中草酸.分析化学,30(9):1119-1122.
张慧文,马剑英,孙伟,等.2010.不同海拔天山云杉叶功能性状及其与土壤因子的关系.生态学报,30(21):5747-5758.
张运达,王凤琴,姚一萍.1993.海拔、纬度、温度对向日葵脂肪及脂肪酸、蛋白质及氨基酸含量的影响.中国油料,(1):63-64.
郑蓉,郑维鹏,方伟,等.2010.绿竹笋形态性状与营养成分的产地差异分析.浙江林学院学报,27(6):845-850.
郑容妹,郑郁善,丁闽锋,等.2003.苦竹生物量模型的研究.福建林学院学报,23(1):61-64.
赵树田,张士青.2007.草酸代谢酶的研究进展.上海交通大学学报:医学版,27(10):1274-1277.
中华人民共和国卫生部.2010.GB/T 5009.5-2010食品中蛋白质的测定.北京:中国标准出版社.
中华人民共和国卫生部.2003.GB/T 5009.6-2003食品中脂肪的测定.北京:中国标准出版社.
中华人民共和国农业部.2007.NY/T 1278-2007蔬菜及其制品中可溶性糖的测定.北京:中国标准出版社.
中华人民共和国农业部.2008.NY/T 1600-2008水果、蔬菜及其制品中单宁含量的测定.北京:中国标准出版社.
中华人民共和国卫生部.2008.GB/T 12456-2008食品中总酸的测定.北京:中国标准出版社.
邹跃国.2010.海拔对毛竹林经济性状的影响研究.世界竹藤通讯,8(2):11-13,15.
朱教君,刘足根.2004.森林干扰生态研究.应用生态学报,15(10):1703-1710.
朱元洪,孙羲,洪顺山.1991.施肥和土壤养分对毛竹笋营养成分的影响.土壤学报,28(1):40-48.
Guo ZW,Chen SL,Xiao JH.2011.Organochlorine pesticide residues in bamboo shoot.Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,91:593-596.
K9rner C.2007.The use of altitude in ecological research.Trends in Ecology and Evolution,22:569-574.
Lapornik B,Prosek M,Wondra AG.2005.Comparison of extracts prepared from plant by-products using different solvents and extraction time.Journal of Food Engineering,71:214-222.
Rahbek C.2005.The role of spatial scale and the perception of large-scale species-richness patterns.Ecology Letters,8:224-239.
Read QD,Moorhead LC,Swenson NG,et al.2014.Convergent effects of elevation on functional leaf traits within and among species.Functional Ecology,28:37-45.
Soethe N,Lehmann J,Engels C.2008.Nutrient availability at different altitudes in a tropical montane forest in Ecuador.Journal of Tropical Ecology,24:397-406.
Wall SBV.2001.The evolutionary ecology of nut dispersal.The Botanical Review,67:74-117.
高培军,郑郁善,陈礼光,等.2003.苦竹地下竹鞭结构生长规律调查.福建林业科技,30(1):5-8.
苟光前,丁雨龙,杨柳,等.2010.寒竹属3个种竹笋营养成分的分析.中国蔬菜,(16):79-81.
郭芳.2014.苦竹的化学成分及生物活性研究(硕士学位论文).杭州:浙江农林大学.
郭泺,夏北成,刘蔚秋.2006.地形因子对森林景观格局多尺度效应分析.生态学杂志,25(8):900-904.
郭子武,江志标,陈双林,等.2015.覆土栽培对高节竹笋品质的影响.广西植物,35(4):515-519.
韩发,贲桂发.1997.青藏高原不同海拔矮嵩草蛋白质、脂肪和淀粉含量的变异.植物生态学报,21(2):97-104.
洪伟,林存炎,吴承祯,等.2007.毛竹笋品质的区域分异性分析.福建林学院学报,27(4):289-293.
黄成林,杨永峰.2006.苦竹竹笋主要营养成分和微量元素的研究.竹子研究汇刊,25(3):32-35,50.
蒋俊明,费世民,李吉跃,等.2007.苦竹各器官主要营养元素分布及采伐的养分输出.四川林业科技,28(2):15-19.
蒋欣梅,王金华,于锡宏,等.2017.不同海拔高度对老山芹营养成分及形态的影响.东北农业大学学报,48(5):21-27.
李凯辉,胡玉昆,王鑫,等.2007.不同海拔梯度高寒草地地上生物量与环境因子关系.应用生态学报,18(9):2019-2024.
林华,陈双林,郭子武,等.2017.苦竹叶片性状及其异速生长关系的密度效应.林业科学研究,30(4):617-623.
林新春,黄必恒,孙培金,等.2007.苦竹林立竹密度和施肥效应研究.林业科技,32(4):19-22.
罗文文,高琛稀,张东,等.2014.不同海拔环境因子对富士苹果叶片和果实品质的影响.应用生态学报,25(8):2243-2250.
毛如志,张国涛,杜飞,等.2016.大香格里拉河谷区海拔梯度变化与‘玫瑰蜜’葡萄品质形成的关系.果树学报,33(3):283-297.
莫润宏,汤富彬,丁明,等.2012.氨基酸分析仪法测定竹笋中游离氨基酸.化学通报,75(12):1126-1131.
王丹林,郭庆学,王小蓉,等.2017.海拔对岷山大熊猫主食竹营养成分和氨基酸含量的影响.生态学报,37(19):6440-6447.
王国玉,马师,苟光前.2014.斑苦竹竹笋营养成分的分析.贵州大学学报:自然科学版,31(6):42-44.
王海霞,彭九生,曾庆南,等.2012.江西毛竹笋营养品质区域分异性研究.竹子研究汇刊,31(4):22-25.
王玉万,徐文玉.1987.木质纤维素固体基质发酵物中半纤维素、纤维素和木素的定量分析程序.微生物学通报,14(2):81-84.
邢廷杰,王勇,邓武军,等.2010.蛋白质,纤维素和单宁酸对东方田鼠摄食的影响.生态学报,30(4):941-948.
杨奕,董文渊,邱月群,等.2015.筇竹笋生长过程中营养成分的变化.东北林业大学学报,43(1):80-82,87.
袁金玲,熊登高,胡炳堂,等.2008.珍稀保护竹种筇竹笋营养成分的研究.林业科学研究,21(6):773-777.
俞乐,彭新湘,杨崇,等.2002.反相高效液相色谱法测定植物组织及根分泌物中草酸.分析化学,30(9):1119-1122.
张慧文,马剑英,孙伟,等.2010.不同海拔天山云杉叶功能性状及其与土壤因子的关系.生态学报,30(21):5747-5758.
张运达,王凤琴,姚一萍.1993.海拔、纬度、温度对向日葵脂肪及脂肪酸、蛋白质及氨基酸含量的影响.中国油料,(1):63-64.
郑蓉,郑维鹏,方伟,等.2010.绿竹笋形态性状与营养成分的产地差异分析.浙江林学院学报,27(6):845-850.
郑容妹,郑郁善,丁闽锋,等.2003.苦竹生物量模型的研究.福建林学院学报,23(1):61-64.
赵树田,张士青.2007.草酸代谢酶的研究进展.上海交通大学学报:医学版,27(10):1274-1277.
中华人民共和国卫生部.2010.GB/T 5009.5-2010食品中蛋白质的测定.北京:中国标准出版社.
中华人民共和国卫生部.2003.GB/T 5009.6-2003食品中脂肪的测定.北京:中国标准出版社.
中华人民共和国农业部.2007.NY/T 1278-2007蔬菜及其制品中可溶性糖的测定.北京:中国标准出版社.
中华人民共和国农业部.2008.NY/T 1600-2008水果、蔬菜及其制品中单宁含量的测定.北京:中国标准出版社.
中华人民共和国卫生部.2008.GB/T 12456-2008食品中总酸的测定.北京:中国标准出版社.
邹跃国.2010.海拔对毛竹林经济性状的影响研究.世界竹藤通讯,8(2):11-13,15.
朱教君,刘足根.2004.森林干扰生态研究.应用生态学报,15(10):1703-1710.
朱元洪,孙羲,洪顺山.1991.施肥和土壤养分对毛竹笋营养成分的影响.土壤学报,28(1):40-48.
Guo ZW,Chen SL,Xiao JH.2011.Organochlorine pesticide residues in bamboo shoot.Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,91:593-596.
K9rner C.2007.The use of altitude in ecological research.Trends in Ecology and Evolution,22:569-574.
Lapornik B,Prosek M,Wondra AG.2005.Comparison of extracts prepared from plant by-products using different solvents and extraction time.Journal of Food Engineering,71:214-222.
Rahbek C.2005.The role of spatial scale and the perception of large-scale species-richness patterns.Ecology Letters,8:224-239.
Read QD,Moorhead LC,Swenson NG,et al.2014.Convergent effects of elevation on functional leaf traits within and among species.Functional Ecology,28:37-45.
Soethe N,Lehmann J,Engels C.2008.Nutrient availability at different altitudes in a tropical montane forest in Ecuador.Journal of Tropical Ecology,24:397-406.
Wall SBV.2001.The evolutionary ecology of nut dispersal.The Botanical Review,67:74-117.