与冬季北太平洋大范围海温异常相联系的海气特征
|
摘要
采用1948—2014年NCEP/NCAR大气再分析资料以及延伸重建海温资料,基于大气海洋间不同的主导关系对冬季北太平洋大范围海温异常进行分类,探究其相应的海气结构特征。结果表明:1)大气影响海洋的个例多于海洋影响大气的个例,即在冬季北太平洋大气强迫海洋占主要地位,但也存在海洋对大气的反馈作用。2)对于大气影响海洋而言,SST(Sea Surface Temperature)暖异常区上空主要伴随着东北—西南走向的相当正压高低压异常(东北高西南低),对应东南风异常以及显著的深厚暖异常,表现出相当正压暖/脊结构,冷异常情况与此相反。SST异常为净热通量异常与风速异常共同作用引起。3)对于海洋影响大气而言,在SST暖异常区上空西部为南北向高低压异常(北高南低),东部为低压异常,对应偏东风异常。在SST冷异常区上空为偶极型的南北向高低压异常(南高北低),对应偏西风异常;位势高度异常表现出相当正压结构且较大气影响海洋时相对偏弱,大气暖(冷)温度异常比较浅薄且主要局限于对流层低层。4)海洋温度结构异常主要表现为,在大气影响海洋时海温异常由表层下传,海洋影响大气时为上下一致的温度异常。
In this study, the atmosphere and oceanic features in association with large-scale sea surface temperature( SST) anomalies over the NorthPacific in winter are examined in terms of their dominant roles in local air-sea interactions,by using NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis and Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature from the period of 1948—2014.The statistic results show that a greater number of cases of atmospheric forcing to the ocean are identified, thus indicating that atmospheric forcing to the underlying ocean plays a dominant role in local airsea interaction over the NorthPacific in winter.However, some cases for oceanic forcing to the overlying atmosphere still exist,which is indicative of oceanic feedback.In the cases for atmospheric forcing to the ocean,a dipole pattern of geopotential height anomalies( an anomaly anticyclone in the northeast,while an anomaly cyclone in the southeast), together with southeasterly and deep warm anomalies, lie only over the positive SST anomalies,which is indicative of equivalent barotropic atmospheric structures,while the opposite is true for these large-scale SST anomalies.In the cases for oceanic forcing to the atmosphere,a triple pattern of geopotential height anomalies( an anomaly anticyclone in the northwest,an anomaly cyclone in the southwest,and an anomaly cyclone in the east),along with surface easterly anomalies,are located over the positive SST anomalies.However,a pair of geopotential height anomalies( an anomaly anticyclone in the south,and an anomaly cyclone in the east),along with surface westerly wind anomalies,appear over the negative SST anomalies.Overall, the geopotential height anomalies still have the same equivalent barotropic structure features as the cases of atmospheric forcing to the ocean,yet their values are much smaller and are mainly limited to the lower troposphere.In addition, the ocean temperature anomalies propagate downward when the atmospheric forcing dominates,while they are almost stationary when the oceanic forcing plays an active role.
In this study, the atmosphere and oceanic features in association with large-scale sea surface temperature( SST) anomalies over the NorthPacific in winter are examined in terms of their dominant roles in local air-sea interactions,by using NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis and Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature from the period of 1948—2014.The statistic results show that a greater number of cases of atmospheric forcing to the ocean are identified, thus indicating that atmospheric forcing to the underlying ocean plays a dominant role in local airsea interaction over the NorthPacific in winter.However, some cases for oceanic forcing to the overlying atmosphere still exist,which is indicative of oceanic feedback.In the cases for atmospheric forcing to the ocean,a dipole pattern of geopotential height anomalies( an anomaly anticyclone in the northeast,while an anomaly cyclone in the southeast), together with southeasterly and deep warm anomalies, lie only over the positive SST anomalies,which is indicative of equivalent barotropic atmospheric structures,while the opposite is true for these large-scale SST anomalies.In the cases for oceanic forcing to the atmosphere,a triple pattern of geopotential height anomalies( an anomaly anticyclone in the northwest,an anomaly cyclone in the southwest,and an anomaly cyclone in the east),along with surface easterly anomalies,are located over the positive SST anomalies.However,a pair of geopotential height anomalies( an anomaly anticyclone in the south,and an anomaly cyclone in the east),along with surface westerly wind anomalies,appear over the negative SST anomalies.Overall, the geopotential height anomalies still have the same equivalent barotropic structure features as the cases of atmospheric forcing to the ocean,yet their values are much smaller and are mainly limited to the lower troposphere.In addition, the ocean temperature anomalies propagate downward when the atmospheric forcing dominates,while they are almost stationary when the oceanic forcing plays an active role.
引文
Carton J A,Chepurin G,Cao X,et al.,2000.A simple ocean data assimilation analysis of the global upper ocean 1950-95.PartⅠ:methodology[J].JPhys Oceanogr,30(2):294-309.
Cayan D R,1992a.Latent and sensible heat flux anomalies over the northern oceans:driving the sea surface temperature[J].J Phys Oceanogr,22(8):859-881.
Cayan D R,1992b.Latent and sensible heat flux anomalies over the northern oceans:the connection to monthly atmospheric circulation[J].J Climate,5(4):354-369.
Cayan D R,1992c.Variability of latent and sensible heat fluxes estimated using bulk formulae[J].Atmos Ocean,30(1):1-42.
Chervin R M,Kutzbach J E,Houghton D D,et al.,1980.Response of the NCAR general circulation model to prescribed changes in ocean surface temperature.PartⅡ:midlatitude and subtropical changes[J].J Atmos Sci,37(2):308-332.
Clark N E,1972.Specification of sea surface temperature anomaly patterns in the eastern North Pacific[J].J Phys Oceanogr,2(4):391-404.
Czaja A,Frankignoul C,2002.Observed impact of Atlantic SST anomalies on the North Atlantic Oscillation[J].J Climate,15(6):606-623.
Delw orth T L,1996.North Atlantic interannual variability in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model[J].J Climate,9(10):2356-2375.
Deser C,Timlin M S,1997.Atmosphere-ocean interaction on w eekly timescales in the North Atlantic and Pacific[J].J Climate,10(3):393-408.
Fang J B,Yang X Q,2011.The relative roles of different physical processes in unstable midlatitude ocean-atmosphere interactions[J].J Climate,24(5):1542-1558.
Fang J B,Yang X Q,2016.Structure and dynamics of decadal anomalies in the w intertime midlatitude North Pacific ocean-atmosphere system[J].Climate Dyn,47(5/6):1989-2007.
Ferranti L,M olteni F,Palmer T N,1994.Impact of localized tropical and extratropical SST anomalies in ensembles of seasonal GCM integrations[J].Quart J Roy M eteor Soc,120(520):1613-1645.
Frankignoul C,Hasselmann K,1977.Stochastic climate models,part II application to sea-surface temperature anomalies and thermocline variability[J].Tellus,29(4):289-305.
Frankignoul C,Sennéchael N,2007.Observed influence of North Pacific SST anomalies on the atmospheric circulation[J].J Climate,20(3):592-606.
Gan B,Wu L,2013.Seasonal and long-term coupling betw een w intertime storm tracks and sea surface temperature in the North Pacific[J].J Climate,26(16):6123-6136.
Gan B,Wu L,2015.Feedbacks of sea surface temperature to w intertime storm tracks in the North Atlantic[J].J Climate,28(1):306-323.
Gill A E,1980.Some simple solutions for heat-induced tropical circulation[J].Quart J Roy M eteor Soc,106(449):447-462.
Hayes S,M c Phaden M,Wallace J,1989.The influence of sea-surface temperature on surface w ind in the eastern equatorial Pacific:w eekly to monthly variability[J].J Climate,2(12):1500-1506.
Held I M,1983.Stationary and quasi-stationary eddies in the extratropical troposphere:theory[J].Large-scale Dynamical Processes in the Atmosphere,127-168.
Hense A,Glow ienka-Hense R,von Storch H,et al.,1990.Northern Hemisphere atmospheric response to changes of Atlantic Ocean SST on decadal time scales:a GCM experiment[J].Climate Dyn,4(3):157-174.
Kalnay E,Kanamitsu M,Kistler R,et al.,1996.The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project[J].Bull Amer M eteor Soc,77(3):437-471.
Kushnir Y,Robinson W,BladéI,et al.,2002.Atmospheric GCM response to extratropical SST anomalies:synthesis and evaluation[J].J Climate,15(16):2233-2256.
Kutzbach J E,Chervin R M,Houghton D D,1977.Response of the NCAR general circulation model to prescribed changes in ocean surface temperature PartⅠ:mid-latitude changes[J].J Atmos Sci,34(8):1200-1213.
Latif M,Barnett T P,1994.Causes of decadal climate variability over the North Pacific and North America[J].Science,266(5185):634-637.
Lau N C,Nath M J,1994.A modeling study of the relative roles of tropical and extratropical SST anomalies in the variability of the global atmosphereocean system[J].J Climate,7(8):1184-1207.
李博,周天军,林鹏飞,等,2011.冬季北太平洋海表面热通量异常和海气相互作用的耦合模式模拟[J].气象学报,69(1):52-63.Li B,Zhou TJ,Lin P F,et al.,2011.The w intertime North Pacific surface heat flux anomaly and air-sea interaction as simulated by the LASG/IAP ocean-atmosphere coupled model FGOALS-s1.0[J].Acta M eteorologica Sinica,69(1):52-63.(in Chinese).
李英,陈联寿,雷小途,2005.Winnie(1997)和Bilis(2000)变性过程的湿位涡分析[J].热带气象学报,21(2):142-152.Li Y,Chen L S,Lei X T,2005.M oisture potential vorticity analysis on the extratropical transition processes of Winnie(1997)and Bilis(2000)[J].J Trop M eteor,21(2):142-152.(in Chinese).
Lindzen R S,Nigam S,1987.On the role of sea surface temperature gradients in forcing low-level w inds and convergence in the tropics[J].J Atmos Sci,44(17):2418-2436.
Liu Q,Wen N,Liu Z,2006.An observational study of the impact of the North Pacific SST on the atmosphere[J].Geophys Res Lett,33(18):273-274.
Liu Z,Wu L,2004.Atmospheric response to North Pacific SST:the role of ocean-atmosphere coupling[J].J Climate,17(9):1859-1882.
马静,徐海明,董昌明,2014.大气对黑潮延伸区中尺度海洋涡旋的响应---冬季暖、冷涡个例[J].大气科学,38(3):438-452.Ma J,Xu H M,Dong C M,2014.Atmospheric response to mesoscale oceanic eddies over the Kuroshio Extension:case analysis of w arm and cold eddies in w inter[J].Chin J Atmos Sci,38(3):438-452.(in Chinese).
马小娇,朱伟军,曾鼎文,等,2015.冬季海温异常影响北太平洋东部型风暴轴的数值试验[J].大气科学学报,38(3):396-406.Ma X J,Zhu WJ,Zeng D W,et al.,2015.A numerical simulation on effect of SSTA on North Pacific eastern-pattern storm track in w inter[J].Trans Atmos Sci,38(3):396-406.(in Chinese).
M atsuno T,1966.Quasi-geostrophic motions in the equatorial area[J].J M eteor Soc Japan,44(1):25-43.
M inobe S,Kuw ano-Yoshida A,Komori N,et al.,2008.Influence of the gulf stream on the troposphere[J].Nature,452(7184):206-209.
M inobe S,M iyashita M,Kuw ano-Yoshida A,et al.,2010.Atmospheric response to the gulf stream:seasonal variations[J].J Climate,23(13):3699-3719.
Nakamura H,Sampe T,Tanimoto Y,et al.,2004.Observed associations among storm tracks,jet streams and midlatitude oceanic fronts[J].Washington Dc American Geophysical Union Geophysical M onograph,147:329-345.
Nonaka M,Xie S P,2003.Covariations of sea surface temperature and w ind over the kuroshio and its extension:Evidence for ocean-to-atmosphere feedback[J].J Climate,16(9):1404-1413.
Okajima S,Nakamura H,Nishii K,et al.,2014.Assessing the importance of prominent w arm SST anomalies over the midlatitude North Pacific in forcing large-scale atmospheric anomalies during 2011 summer and autumn[J].J Climate,27(11),3889-3903.
Palmer T,Sun Z B,1985.A modelling and observational study of the relationship betw een sea surface temperature in the North-West Atlantic and the atmospheric general circulation[J].Quart J Roy M eteor Soc,111(470):947-975.
Peng S,Whitaker J S,1999.M echanisms determining the atmospheric response to midlatitude SST anomalies[J].J Climate,12(5):1393-1408.
邱爽,2013.冬季北太平洋中纬度大气对热源和涡度强迫的响应[D].南京:南京大学.Qiu S,2013.The response of midlatitude atmosphere to heat and vorticity forcing over North Pacific in w inter[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University.(in Chinese).
Qiu S,Fang J B,Yang X Q,2014.M id-latitude atmospheric responses to heat and vorticity forcing using a linear baroclinic model[J].J M eteor Sci,34(2):149-161.
Sasaki Y N,M inobe S,Asai T,et al.,2012.Influence of the Kuroshio in the East China Sea on the early summer(Baiu)rain[J].J Climate,25(19):6627-6645.
Smith T M,Reynolds R W,Peterson T C,et al.,2008.Improvements to NOAA's historical merged land-ocean surface temperature analysis(1880-2006)[J].J Climate,21(10):2283-2296.
Tanimoto Y,Nakamura H,Kagimoto T,et al.,2003.An active role of extratropical sea surface temperature anomalies in determining anomalous turbulent heat flux[J].J Geophys Res Oceans,108(C10).doi:10.1029/2002JC001750.
Ting M,1991.The stationary w ave response to a midlatitude SST anomaly in an idealized GCM[J].J Atmos Sci,48(10):1249-1275.
Vimont D J,Wallace J M,Battisti D S,2003.The seasonal footprinting mechanism in the Pacific:implications for ENSO[J].J Climate,16(16):668-2675.
Wallace J M,M itchell T,Deser C,1989.The influence of sea-surface temperature on surface w ind in the eastern equatorial Pacific:seasonal and interannual variability[J].J Climate,2(12):1492-1499.
Wu R,Kirtman B P,Pegion K,2006.Local air-sea relationship in observations and model simulations[J].J Climate,19(19):4914-4932.
Wu R,Kinter J L,2010.Atmosphere-ocean relationship in the midlatitude North Pacific:Seasonal dependence and east-w est contrast[J].J Geophys Res Atmos,115(D6).doi:10.1029/2009JD012579.
Xu H,Xu M,Xie S P,et al.,2011.Deep atmospheric response to the spring Kuroshio over the East China Sea[J].J Climate,24(18):4959-4972.
徐海明,王琳玮,何金海,2008.卫星资料揭示的春季黑潮海区海洋对大气的影响及其机制研究[J].科学通报,53(4):463-470.Xu H M,Wang L W,He J H,2008.Observed oceanic feedback to the atmosphere over the Kuroshio Extension during spring time and its possible mechanism[J].Chin Sci Bull,53(12):1905-1912.(in Chinese).
徐蜜蜜,徐海明,朱素行,2010.春季我国东部海洋温度锋区对大气的强迫作用及其机制研究[J].大气科学,34(6):1071-1087.Xu M M,Xu HM,Zhu S X,2010.Ocean-to-atmosphere forcing in the vicinity of the sea surface temperature front in East China Sea during spring time and its possible mechanisms[J].Chin J Atmos Sci,34(6):1071-1087.(in Chinese).
徐蜜蜜,徐海明,朱素行,等,2012.我国东部海洋温度锋区对大气的强迫作用---季节变化[J].大气科学,36(3):590-606.Xu M M,Xu H M,Zhu S X,et al.,2010.Ocean-to-atmosphere forcing in the vicinity of the sea surface temperature front in East China Sea-Seasonal variations[J].Chin J Atmos Sci,36(3):590-606.(in Chinese).
张学洪,俞永强,刘辉,1998,冬季北太平洋海表热通量异常和海气相互作用[J].大气科学,22(4):512-521.Zhang X H,Yu Y Q,Liu H,1998.Wintertime North Pacific surface heat flux anomaly and air-sea interaction in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model[J].Chin J Atmos Sci,22(4):512-521.(in Chinese).
Zhou G,Latif M,Greatbatch R J,et al.,2015.Atmospheric response to the North Pacific enabled by daily sea surface temperature variability[J].Geophys Res Lett,42(18):7732-7739.
Cayan D R,1992a.Latent and sensible heat flux anomalies over the northern oceans:driving the sea surface temperature[J].J Phys Oceanogr,22(8):859-881.
Cayan D R,1992b.Latent and sensible heat flux anomalies over the northern oceans:the connection to monthly atmospheric circulation[J].J Climate,5(4):354-369.
Cayan D R,1992c.Variability of latent and sensible heat fluxes estimated using bulk formulae[J].Atmos Ocean,30(1):1-42.
Chervin R M,Kutzbach J E,Houghton D D,et al.,1980.Response of the NCAR general circulation model to prescribed changes in ocean surface temperature.PartⅡ:midlatitude and subtropical changes[J].J Atmos Sci,37(2):308-332.
Clark N E,1972.Specification of sea surface temperature anomaly patterns in the eastern North Pacific[J].J Phys Oceanogr,2(4):391-404.
Czaja A,Frankignoul C,2002.Observed impact of Atlantic SST anomalies on the North Atlantic Oscillation[J].J Climate,15(6):606-623.
Delw orth T L,1996.North Atlantic interannual variability in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model[J].J Climate,9(10):2356-2375.
Deser C,Timlin M S,1997.Atmosphere-ocean interaction on w eekly timescales in the North Atlantic and Pacific[J].J Climate,10(3):393-408.
Fang J B,Yang X Q,2011.The relative roles of different physical processes in unstable midlatitude ocean-atmosphere interactions[J].J Climate,24(5):1542-1558.
Fang J B,Yang X Q,2016.Structure and dynamics of decadal anomalies in the w intertime midlatitude North Pacific ocean-atmosphere system[J].Climate Dyn,47(5/6):1989-2007.
Ferranti L,M olteni F,Palmer T N,1994.Impact of localized tropical and extratropical SST anomalies in ensembles of seasonal GCM integrations[J].Quart J Roy M eteor Soc,120(520):1613-1645.
Frankignoul C,Hasselmann K,1977.Stochastic climate models,part II application to sea-surface temperature anomalies and thermocline variability[J].Tellus,29(4):289-305.
Frankignoul C,Sennéchael N,2007.Observed influence of North Pacific SST anomalies on the atmospheric circulation[J].J Climate,20(3):592-606.
Gan B,Wu L,2013.Seasonal and long-term coupling betw een w intertime storm tracks and sea surface temperature in the North Pacific[J].J Climate,26(16):6123-6136.
Gan B,Wu L,2015.Feedbacks of sea surface temperature to w intertime storm tracks in the North Atlantic[J].J Climate,28(1):306-323.
Gill A E,1980.Some simple solutions for heat-induced tropical circulation[J].Quart J Roy M eteor Soc,106(449):447-462.
Hayes S,M c Phaden M,Wallace J,1989.The influence of sea-surface temperature on surface w ind in the eastern equatorial Pacific:w eekly to monthly variability[J].J Climate,2(12):1500-1506.
Held I M,1983.Stationary and quasi-stationary eddies in the extratropical troposphere:theory[J].Large-scale Dynamical Processes in the Atmosphere,127-168.
Hense A,Glow ienka-Hense R,von Storch H,et al.,1990.Northern Hemisphere atmospheric response to changes of Atlantic Ocean SST on decadal time scales:a GCM experiment[J].Climate Dyn,4(3):157-174.
Kalnay E,Kanamitsu M,Kistler R,et al.,1996.The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project[J].Bull Amer M eteor Soc,77(3):437-471.
Kushnir Y,Robinson W,BladéI,et al.,2002.Atmospheric GCM response to extratropical SST anomalies:synthesis and evaluation[J].J Climate,15(16):2233-2256.
Kutzbach J E,Chervin R M,Houghton D D,1977.Response of the NCAR general circulation model to prescribed changes in ocean surface temperature PartⅠ:mid-latitude changes[J].J Atmos Sci,34(8):1200-1213.
Latif M,Barnett T P,1994.Causes of decadal climate variability over the North Pacific and North America[J].Science,266(5185):634-637.
Lau N C,Nath M J,1994.A modeling study of the relative roles of tropical and extratropical SST anomalies in the variability of the global atmosphereocean system[J].J Climate,7(8):1184-1207.
李博,周天军,林鹏飞,等,2011.冬季北太平洋海表面热通量异常和海气相互作用的耦合模式模拟[J].气象学报,69(1):52-63.Li B,Zhou TJ,Lin P F,et al.,2011.The w intertime North Pacific surface heat flux anomaly and air-sea interaction as simulated by the LASG/IAP ocean-atmosphere coupled model FGOALS-s1.0[J].Acta M eteorologica Sinica,69(1):52-63.(in Chinese).
李英,陈联寿,雷小途,2005.Winnie(1997)和Bilis(2000)变性过程的湿位涡分析[J].热带气象学报,21(2):142-152.Li Y,Chen L S,Lei X T,2005.M oisture potential vorticity analysis on the extratropical transition processes of Winnie(1997)and Bilis(2000)[J].J Trop M eteor,21(2):142-152.(in Chinese).
Lindzen R S,Nigam S,1987.On the role of sea surface temperature gradients in forcing low-level w inds and convergence in the tropics[J].J Atmos Sci,44(17):2418-2436.
Liu Q,Wen N,Liu Z,2006.An observational study of the impact of the North Pacific SST on the atmosphere[J].Geophys Res Lett,33(18):273-274.
Liu Z,Wu L,2004.Atmospheric response to North Pacific SST:the role of ocean-atmosphere coupling[J].J Climate,17(9):1859-1882.
马静,徐海明,董昌明,2014.大气对黑潮延伸区中尺度海洋涡旋的响应---冬季暖、冷涡个例[J].大气科学,38(3):438-452.Ma J,Xu H M,Dong C M,2014.Atmospheric response to mesoscale oceanic eddies over the Kuroshio Extension:case analysis of w arm and cold eddies in w inter[J].Chin J Atmos Sci,38(3):438-452.(in Chinese).
马小娇,朱伟军,曾鼎文,等,2015.冬季海温异常影响北太平洋东部型风暴轴的数值试验[J].大气科学学报,38(3):396-406.Ma X J,Zhu WJ,Zeng D W,et al.,2015.A numerical simulation on effect of SSTA on North Pacific eastern-pattern storm track in w inter[J].Trans Atmos Sci,38(3):396-406.(in Chinese).
M atsuno T,1966.Quasi-geostrophic motions in the equatorial area[J].J M eteor Soc Japan,44(1):25-43.
M inobe S,Kuw ano-Yoshida A,Komori N,et al.,2008.Influence of the gulf stream on the troposphere[J].Nature,452(7184):206-209.
M inobe S,M iyashita M,Kuw ano-Yoshida A,et al.,2010.Atmospheric response to the gulf stream:seasonal variations[J].J Climate,23(13):3699-3719.
Nakamura H,Sampe T,Tanimoto Y,et al.,2004.Observed associations among storm tracks,jet streams and midlatitude oceanic fronts[J].Washington Dc American Geophysical Union Geophysical M onograph,147:329-345.
Nonaka M,Xie S P,2003.Covariations of sea surface temperature and w ind over the kuroshio and its extension:Evidence for ocean-to-atmosphere feedback[J].J Climate,16(9):1404-1413.
Okajima S,Nakamura H,Nishii K,et al.,2014.Assessing the importance of prominent w arm SST anomalies over the midlatitude North Pacific in forcing large-scale atmospheric anomalies during 2011 summer and autumn[J].J Climate,27(11),3889-3903.
Palmer T,Sun Z B,1985.A modelling and observational study of the relationship betw een sea surface temperature in the North-West Atlantic and the atmospheric general circulation[J].Quart J Roy M eteor Soc,111(470):947-975.
Peng S,Whitaker J S,1999.M echanisms determining the atmospheric response to midlatitude SST anomalies[J].J Climate,12(5):1393-1408.
邱爽,2013.冬季北太平洋中纬度大气对热源和涡度强迫的响应[D].南京:南京大学.Qiu S,2013.The response of midlatitude atmosphere to heat and vorticity forcing over North Pacific in w inter[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University.(in Chinese).
Qiu S,Fang J B,Yang X Q,2014.M id-latitude atmospheric responses to heat and vorticity forcing using a linear baroclinic model[J].J M eteor Sci,34(2):149-161.
Sasaki Y N,M inobe S,Asai T,et al.,2012.Influence of the Kuroshio in the East China Sea on the early summer(Baiu)rain[J].J Climate,25(19):6627-6645.
Smith T M,Reynolds R W,Peterson T C,et al.,2008.Improvements to NOAA's historical merged land-ocean surface temperature analysis(1880-2006)[J].J Climate,21(10):2283-2296.
Tanimoto Y,Nakamura H,Kagimoto T,et al.,2003.An active role of extratropical sea surface temperature anomalies in determining anomalous turbulent heat flux[J].J Geophys Res Oceans,108(C10).doi:10.1029/2002JC001750.
Ting M,1991.The stationary w ave response to a midlatitude SST anomaly in an idealized GCM[J].J Atmos Sci,48(10):1249-1275.
Vimont D J,Wallace J M,Battisti D S,2003.The seasonal footprinting mechanism in the Pacific:implications for ENSO[J].J Climate,16(16):668-2675.
Wallace J M,M itchell T,Deser C,1989.The influence of sea-surface temperature on surface w ind in the eastern equatorial Pacific:seasonal and interannual variability[J].J Climate,2(12):1492-1499.
Wu R,Kirtman B P,Pegion K,2006.Local air-sea relationship in observations and model simulations[J].J Climate,19(19):4914-4932.
Wu R,Kinter J L,2010.Atmosphere-ocean relationship in the midlatitude North Pacific:Seasonal dependence and east-w est contrast[J].J Geophys Res Atmos,115(D6).doi:10.1029/2009JD012579.
Xu H,Xu M,Xie S P,et al.,2011.Deep atmospheric response to the spring Kuroshio over the East China Sea[J].J Climate,24(18):4959-4972.
徐海明,王琳玮,何金海,2008.卫星资料揭示的春季黑潮海区海洋对大气的影响及其机制研究[J].科学通报,53(4):463-470.Xu H M,Wang L W,He J H,2008.Observed oceanic feedback to the atmosphere over the Kuroshio Extension during spring time and its possible mechanism[J].Chin Sci Bull,53(12):1905-1912.(in Chinese).
徐蜜蜜,徐海明,朱素行,2010.春季我国东部海洋温度锋区对大气的强迫作用及其机制研究[J].大气科学,34(6):1071-1087.Xu M M,Xu HM,Zhu S X,2010.Ocean-to-atmosphere forcing in the vicinity of the sea surface temperature front in East China Sea during spring time and its possible mechanisms[J].Chin J Atmos Sci,34(6):1071-1087.(in Chinese).
徐蜜蜜,徐海明,朱素行,等,2012.我国东部海洋温度锋区对大气的强迫作用---季节变化[J].大气科学,36(3):590-606.Xu M M,Xu H M,Zhu S X,et al.,2010.Ocean-to-atmosphere forcing in the vicinity of the sea surface temperature front in East China Sea-Seasonal variations[J].Chin J Atmos Sci,36(3):590-606.(in Chinese).
张学洪,俞永强,刘辉,1998,冬季北太平洋海表热通量异常和海气相互作用[J].大气科学,22(4):512-521.Zhang X H,Yu Y Q,Liu H,1998.Wintertime North Pacific surface heat flux anomaly and air-sea interaction in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model[J].Chin J Atmos Sci,22(4):512-521.(in Chinese).
Zhou G,Latif M,Greatbatch R J,et al.,2015.Atmospheric response to the North Pacific enabled by daily sea surface temperature variability[J].Geophys Res Lett,42(18):7732-7739.