基于MCT耦合器的WRF-POM区域海气耦合模式构建及应用
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摘要
为研究区域海气耦合模式在中尺度海气相互过程中的应用,利用MPI(ModelCouplingToolkit)并行通信技术,构建了基于MCT耦合器的WRF-POM并行区域海气耦合模式,并利用该模式对台风"凤凰"进行了一系列的数值模拟试验。试验结果表明:该耦合模式可以实现稳定高效的并行计算,并较好地再现了台风"凤凰"的活动过程;相对单一的大气模式,耦合模式可以更加准确地模拟出台风"凤凰"的路径和强度,其中不使用"Bogus方案"的耦合试验模拟效果最好,其路径平均绝对误差相对控制试验和使用"Bogus方案"耦合试验分别减小了20.1%和72.5%,强度的平均均方根误差则分别减小了41.4%和17.9%;耦合模式还能较好地再现表层海洋对大气的响应特征:台风大风使得表层流速显著增大,强烈的"抽吸夹卷"效应使得低层较冷海水上翻,海表温度降低,混合层深度增加。
The objective of this paper was to study the application of a regional air-sea coupled model to mesoscale air-sea interactions. Based on the MCT(Model Coupling Toolkit)parallel communication technology(MPI), this paper developed the Weather Research and Forecasting Model/Princeton Ocean Model(WRF-POM) regional air-sea coupled model via the MCT coupler and used this model to carry out a series of numerical simulations on Typhoon "FungWong". The experimental results showed that the coupled model ran stably and efficiently. It also well-simulated Typhoon "Fung-Wong." Compared with the single atmospheric model(WRF), the coupled equations more accurately simulated typhoon track and intensity. Compared with both the control experiment and the coupled experiment that used the "Bogus Schemes", the coupled experiment that did not use the "Bogus Schemes" performed best. Its mean absolute error for storm path was reduced by 20.1% and 72.5% compared with the control and "Bogus Schemes" coupled experiments, respectively, and its average root mean square error for intensity was reduced by 41.4% and 17.9%, respectively. The coupled model could also accurately simulate the feedback systems between the top ocean layer and the atmosphere. For example, model output reflected strong typhoon winds increasing the velocity of the sea surface current, and demonstrated deepening of the mixed-layer and surface cooling through upwelling.
The objective of this paper was to study the application of a regional air-sea coupled model to mesoscale air-sea interactions. Based on the MCT(Model Coupling Toolkit)parallel communication technology(MPI), this paper developed the Weather Research and Forecasting Model/Princeton Ocean Model(WRF-POM) regional air-sea coupled model via the MCT coupler and used this model to carry out a series of numerical simulations on Typhoon "FungWong". The experimental results showed that the coupled model ran stably and efficiently. It also well-simulated Typhoon "Fung-Wong." Compared with the single atmospheric model(WRF), the coupled equations more accurately simulated typhoon track and intensity. Compared with both the control experiment and the coupled experiment that used the "Bogus Schemes", the coupled experiment that did not use the "Bogus Schemes" performed best. Its mean absolute error for storm path was reduced by 20.1% and 72.5% compared with the control and "Bogus Schemes" coupled experiments, respectively, and its average root mean square error for intensity was reduced by 41.4% and 17.9%, respectively. The coupled model could also accurately simulate the feedback systems between the top ocean layer and the atmosphere. For example, model output reflected strong typhoon winds increasing the velocity of the sea surface current, and demonstrated deepening of the mixed-layer and surface cooling through upwelling.
引文
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[19]蒋小平,刘春霞,莫海涛,等.海气相互作用对台风结构的影响[J].热带气象学报,2010,26(1):55-59.Jiang Xiaoping,Liu chunxia,Mo Haitao,et al.The impact of air-sea interactions on typhoon structure[J].Journal of tropical meteorology,2010,26(1):55-59.
[20]杨成荫.航空短期区域气候预测系统中的模式架构及卫星信息同化研究[D].南京:解放军理工大学,2013.Yang Chenying.The model framework and satellite information assimilation in regional aviation short-term climate prediction system[D].Nanjing:PLA University of Science and Technology,2013.
[21]Wang Guomin,Wang Shiwen,Li Jianjun.A bogus typhoon scheme and its application to a movable nested mesh model[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,1996,13(1):103-114.
[22]安玉柱,王彦磊,张韧.上层海洋温盐结构对台风的响应[R].南京:解放军理工大学气象海洋学院,2014.An Yuzhu,Wang Yanlei,Zhangren.Upper ocean temperature and salinity structure response to typhoon[R].Nanjing:College of Meteorology and Oceanography,PLA University of Science and Technology,2014.
[23]Zedler S E,Kanschat G,Korty R,et al.A new approach for the determination of the drag coefficient from the upper ocean response to a tropical cyclone:a feasibility study[J].Journal of Oceanography,2012,68(2):227-241.
[24]Kelly K A,Qiu B.Heat flux estimates for the western North Atlantic.I:As similation of satellite data into a mixed layer model[J].J Phys Oceanogr,1995,25:2334-2360.
[2]徐建霞,孙照渤,雷兆崇.用海-气耦合模式作季风季节平均环流的数值试验[J].南京气象学院学报,1992,15:332-341.Xu Jianxia,Sun Zhaobo,Lei Zhaochong.A numeical experiment on the monsoon circulation using a coupled ocean-atmosphere model[J].Journal of Nanjin Institute of Meteorology,1992,15:332-341.
[3]彭世球,刘段灵,孙照渤,等.区域海气耦合模式研究进展[J].中国科学:地球科学,2012,42(9):1301-1316.Peng Shiqiu,Liu Duanlin,Sun Zhaobo,et al.Recent advances in regional air-sea coupled models[J].Sci China Earth Sci,2012,42(9):1301-1316.
[4]Hodur R M.The naval research laboratory’s coupled ocean/atmosphere mesoscale prediction system[J].Mon weather rev,1997,125:1414-1430.
[5]Lars R S,Kerry A E.The ocean’s effect on the intensity of tropical cyclones:results from a simple coupled atmosphere-ocean model[J].J Atoms Sci,1998,56:642-651.
[6]Seo H,Miller A J,Roads J O.The scripts coupled ocean-atmosphere regional(SCOAR)model with applications in the Eastern Pacific sector[J].J Clim,2007,20:381-402.
[7]Li Y,Xue H,Bane J M.Air-sea interactions during the passage of a winter storm over the Gulf Stream:A threedimensional coupled atmosphere-ocean model study[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans,2002,107(C11):21-1-21-13.
[8]Warner J C,Armstrong B,He R,et al.Development of a coupled ocean-atmosphere-wave-sediment transport(coawst)modeling system[J].Oocean modelling,2010,35(3):230-244.
[9]Warner J C,Geyer W R,Lerczak J A.Numerical modeling of an estuary:A comprehensive skill assessment[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans,2005,110(C5):297-314.
[10]黄立文,吴国雄,宇如聪.中尺度海-气相互作用对台风暴雨过程的影响[J].气象学报,2005,63(4):455-467.Huang Liwen,Wu Guoxiong,Yu Rucong.The effects ofmesoscale air-sea interaction on heavy rain in two typhoon processes[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2005,63(4):455-467.
[11]蒋小平,刘春霞,齐义泉.用一个海-气耦合模式对台风Krovanh的模拟[J].大气科学,2009,33:99-108.Jiang Xiaoping,Liu Chunxia,Qi Yiquan,et al.The impact of air-sea interactions on typhoon structure[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),2009,33:99-108.
[12]刘磊,费建芳,黄小刚,等.大气-海浪-海流耦合模式的建立和一次台风过程的初步试验[J].物理学报,2012,61(14):523-531.Liu Lei,Fei Jianfang,Huang Xiaogang,et al.The development of atmosphere-current-wave fully coupled model and its application during a typhoon process[J].Acta Phys,2012,61(14):523-531.
[13]符晓单,李洪平.MPI环境下基于边界校正方法的海洋模型的并行化[J].海洋科学,2015,39(5):62-67.Fu Xiaodan,Li Hongping.A boundary correction method for the parallelization of ocean model under MPI environment[J].Marine Science,2015,39(5):62-67.
[14]邓建.中尺度海-气-浪耦合模式系统的研究与应用[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2007.Deng Jian.The research and application of a mesoscale scale air-sea-wave coupled model system[D].Wuhan:Wuhan university of technology,2007.
[15]曾庆存,周广庆,浦一芬,等.地球系统动力学模式及模拟研究[J].大气科学,2008,32(4):653-690.Zeng Qingcun,Zhou Guangqing,Pu Yifen,et al.Research on the earth system dynamic model and some related numerical simulat ions[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2008,32(4):653-690.
[16]关皓,周林,薛彦广,等.南海中尺度大气-海流-海浪耦合模式的建立及应用[J].热带气象学报,2012,28(2):211-218.Guan Hao,Zhou Lin,Xue Yanguang,et al.An applied study on the atmosphere-ocean-wave coupled model in the south china sea[J].Journal of tropical meteorology,2012,28(2):211-218.
[17]刘磊,费建芳,马占宏,等.区域台风-海洋耦合模式的构建及应用研究[J].大气科学,2017,41(1):178-188.Liu Lei,Fei Jianfang,Ma Zhanhong,et al.Construction and application of a regional typhoon-ocean coupled model[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),2017,41(1):178-188.
[18]关皓,周林,王汉杰,等.南海中尺度大气-海浪耦合模式及其对该区一次强台风过程的模拟研究[J].气象学报,2008,66(3):342-350.Guan Hao,Zhou Lin,Wang Hanjie,et al.A mesoscale atmosphere-ocean wave coupling model and numerical simulations on a strong typhoon process in South China Sea[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2008,66(3):342-350.
[19]蒋小平,刘春霞,莫海涛,等.海气相互作用对台风结构的影响[J].热带气象学报,2010,26(1):55-59.Jiang Xiaoping,Liu chunxia,Mo Haitao,et al.The impact of air-sea interactions on typhoon structure[J].Journal of tropical meteorology,2010,26(1):55-59.
[20]杨成荫.航空短期区域气候预测系统中的模式架构及卫星信息同化研究[D].南京:解放军理工大学,2013.Yang Chenying.The model framework and satellite information assimilation in regional aviation short-term climate prediction system[D].Nanjing:PLA University of Science and Technology,2013.
[21]Wang Guomin,Wang Shiwen,Li Jianjun.A bogus typhoon scheme and its application to a movable nested mesh model[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,1996,13(1):103-114.
[22]安玉柱,王彦磊,张韧.上层海洋温盐结构对台风的响应[R].南京:解放军理工大学气象海洋学院,2014.An Yuzhu,Wang Yanlei,Zhangren.Upper ocean temperature and salinity structure response to typhoon[R].Nanjing:College of Meteorology and Oceanography,PLA University of Science and Technology,2014.
[23]Zedler S E,Kanschat G,Korty R,et al.A new approach for the determination of the drag coefficient from the upper ocean response to a tropical cyclone:a feasibility study[J].Journal of Oceanography,2012,68(2):227-241.
[24]Kelly K A,Qiu B.Heat flux estimates for the western North Atlantic.I:As similation of satellite data into a mixed layer model[J].J Phys Oceanogr,1995,25:2334-2360.