地膜覆盖对春季咸水灌溉条件下滨海盐渍土水盐动态的影响
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摘要
在河北省沧州市海兴县选取耕层土壤初始含水量有较大差异的两个地块,于春季利用当地高矿化度咸水(10~15 g·L~(-1))进行灌溉和地膜覆盖,以探究地膜覆盖对春季咸水灌溉条件下滨海盐渍土水盐动态的影响。设不灌咸水不覆膜(对照,CK)、不灌咸水覆膜(PM)及3月29日和4月13日灌咸水不覆膜(SE、SL)、灌咸水后覆膜(SE+PM、SL+PM)6个处理探讨不同咸水灌溉和覆膜对土壤水盐动态的影响;另在耕层土壤含水量≥20%(海兴县小山乡)和<20%(海兴县农场)两个地点分别设灌咸水后覆膜(SE+PM)和不灌咸水不覆膜(CK)处理,探讨初始土壤含水量对咸水灌溉下土壤水盐动态的影响。灌水量均为180 mm,灌溉咸水来自排水渠,矿化度分别为12.12 g·L~(-1)和11.53 g·L~(-1),咸水入渗后,播种油葵。结果表明:春季咸水灌溉后覆膜能有效降低耕层土壤盐分,并且该项措施实施的时间越早越好,脱盐深度和脱盐率均较深和较高,本研究中,脱盐效果最优的为SE+PM处理,该处理在油葵收获后0~5 cm脱盐率为58.93%,土壤含盐量由1.15%降至0.51%。此外,脱盐效果也受到土壤初始含水量的影响,耕层土壤含水量<20%时,春季咸水灌溉覆膜处理对土壤盐分的淋洗效果较好,平均脱盐深度大于40 cm,保证了油葵正常生长,油葵出苗率和产量分别为73.9%和920 kg·hm~(-2),至油葵收获时,0~20 cm土层土壤含盐量由灌溉前的1.93%降低至0.32%,脱盐率达84.07%;而当耕层土壤含水量≥20%时,脱盐速度慢、深度浅,至油葵播种时,土壤盐分依然较高,导致油葵出苗率低,最终绝收。本研究通过利用春季高矿化度咸水灌溉和地膜覆盖措施,在春季干旱和土壤严重积盐条件下有效降低了耕层土壤盐分,为作物播种出苗提供适宜的土壤水分条件和低盐环境。
Filed experiments were conducted to study the dynamics of soil moisture and salt under saline water irrigation and plastic film mulching in coastal saline soils in spring in Haixing County,Hebei Province.Two field sites were selected ― Xiaoshan Town with original soil moisture content ≥20% and Haixing Farm with original soil moisture content <20%.A total of 6 treatments were designed for Xiaoshan Town,involved saline water irrigation at March 29 th and April 13 th with and without plastic film mulching,and plastic film mulching only,with no irrigation without plastic film mulching as the control.The treatments in Haixing Farm were CKN(no irrigation without plastic film mulching) and SE+PMN(saline water irrigation with plastic film mulching).The irrigation water was ponded from the drainage ditch along the field with salinity of 12.12 g·L~(-1) and 11.53 g·L~(-1) for Xiaoshan Town and Haixing Farm,respectively.The irrigation amount was 180 mm in both sites.Oil sunflower was planted after irrigation.Results showed that soil salt content in plough layer significantly reduced under saline water irrigation and plastic film mulching.The earlier the application of the treatment,the better the salt leaching effect obtained.Moreover,salt leaching effect was affected by the original soil water content.A better salt leaching effect was observed in Haixing Farm,and the average salt leaching depth was 40 cm.This ensured the normal growth of oil sunflower,with germination rate and yield of 73.9% and 920 kg·hm~(-2),respectively.Soil salt content decreased from 1.93% before irrigation to 0.32% at harvest stage of oil sunflower,with mean salt leaching rate of 84.07%.For the Xiaoshan Town experimental site,however,water was infiltrated through soil macro-pores and it was difficult for salt to leach out from soil micro-pores.Thus water infiltration at the rate of saturated hydraulic conductivity,which led to slow leaching rate and shallower leaching depth of soil salt.High soil salinity was maintained at sowing of oil sunflower limited its' normal growth and therefore no yield was obtained.In the research,soil salinity in plough layer reduced effectively through saline water irrigation and plastic film mulching in spring.This provided a suitable soil water and lower salinity for the normal germination of crops in coastal saline soils.
Filed experiments were conducted to study the dynamics of soil moisture and salt under saline water irrigation and plastic film mulching in coastal saline soils in spring in Haixing County,Hebei Province.Two field sites were selected ― Xiaoshan Town with original soil moisture content ≥20% and Haixing Farm with original soil moisture content <20%.A total of 6 treatments were designed for Xiaoshan Town,involved saline water irrigation at March 29 th and April 13 th with and without plastic film mulching,and plastic film mulching only,with no irrigation without plastic film mulching as the control.The treatments in Haixing Farm were CKN(no irrigation without plastic film mulching) and SE+PMN(saline water irrigation with plastic film mulching).The irrigation water was ponded from the drainage ditch along the field with salinity of 12.12 g·L~(-1) and 11.53 g·L~(-1) for Xiaoshan Town and Haixing Farm,respectively.The irrigation amount was 180 mm in both sites.Oil sunflower was planted after irrigation.Results showed that soil salt content in plough layer significantly reduced under saline water irrigation and plastic film mulching.The earlier the application of the treatment,the better the salt leaching effect obtained.Moreover,salt leaching effect was affected by the original soil water content.A better salt leaching effect was observed in Haixing Farm,and the average salt leaching depth was 40 cm.This ensured the normal growth of oil sunflower,with germination rate and yield of 73.9% and 920 kg·hm~(-2),respectively.Soil salt content decreased from 1.93% before irrigation to 0.32% at harvest stage of oil sunflower,with mean salt leaching rate of 84.07%.For the Xiaoshan Town experimental site,however,water was infiltrated through soil macro-pores and it was difficult for salt to leach out from soil micro-pores.Thus water infiltration at the rate of saturated hydraulic conductivity,which led to slow leaching rate and shallower leaching depth of soil salt.High soil salinity was maintained at sowing of oil sunflower limited its' normal growth and therefore no yield was obtained.In the research,soil salinity in plough layer reduced effectively through saline water irrigation and plastic film mulching in spring.This provided a suitable soil water and lower salinity for the normal germination of crops in coastal saline soils.
引文
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[11]赵耕毛,刘兆普,陈铭达,等.海水养殖废水灌溉条件下SPAC系统中水盐肥通量研究[J].土壤学报,2006,43(6):961–965 Zhao G M,Liu Z P,Chen M D,et al.Study on fluxes of water,salts and nutrients in soil-plant-atmosphere continuum under irrigation with saline aquaculture wastewater[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2006,43(6):961–965
[12]Benyamini Y,Mirlas V,Marish S,et al.A survey of soil salinity and groundwater level control systems in irrigated fields in the Jezre’el Valley,Israel[J].Agricultural Water Management,2005,76(3):181–194
[13]Kass A,Gavrieli I,Yechieli Y,et al.The impact of freshwater and wastewater irrigation on the chemistry of shallow groundwater:A case study from the Israeli Coastal Aquifer[J].Journal of Hydrology,2005,300(1/4):314–331
[14]史培军,顾卫,王静爱,等.海冰资源淡化研究与利用技术开发[J].资源科学,2010,32(3):394–404Shi P J,Gu W,Wang J A,et al.Development of technology for sea ice desalination and utilization of sea ice resources[J].Resources Science,2010,32(3):394–404
[15]郭凯,刘小京.咸水结冰融化过程中水质与水量的变化规律初步研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2013,32(1):56–60Guo K,Liu X J.The primary research on the variation of melted water quality and quantity during saline ice melting[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2013,32(1):56–60
[16]郭凯,陈丽娜,张秀梅,等.不同钠吸附比的咸水结冰融水入渗后滨海盐土的水盐分布[J].中国生态农业学报,2011,19(3):506–510Guo K,Chen L N,Zhang X M,et al.Water and salt distribution in coastal saline soil after infiltration of melt-water of saline water ice with different sodium adsorption ratio[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2011,19(3):506–510
[17]赵永敢,王婧,李玉义,等.秸秆隔层与地覆膜盖有效抑制潜水蒸发和土壤返盐[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(23):109–117Zhao Y G,Wang J,Li Y Y,et al.Reducing evaporation from phreatic water and soil resalinization by using straw interlayer and plastic mulch[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2013,29(23):109–117
[18]郑力群,陈铭达,刘兆普,等.地面覆盖对盐渍土水热盐运动及作物生长的影响[J].土壤通报,2003,34(2):93–97Deng L Q,Chen M D,Liu Z P,et al.Effects of different ground covers on soil physical properties and crop growth on saline-alkaline soil[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2003,34(2):93–97
[19]刘金涛,李晓鹏,陈喜,等.间歇降雨中土壤含水量分布及其对入渗的影响[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(5):96–100Liu J T,Li X P,Chen X,et al.Distribution characteristics of initial soil water content in profile during hiatus rainfall-infiltration events and its effects on infiltration[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,23(5):96–100
[20]马东豪,王全九,苏莹,等.微咸水入渗土壤水盐运移特征分析[J].灌溉排水学报,2006,25(1):62–66Ma D H,Wang Q J,Su Y,et al.Analysis of the characteristics of soil water and salt movement in saline water infiltration[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2006,25(1):62–66
[21]吴忠东,王全九.入渗水矿化度对土壤入渗特征和离子迁移特性的影响[J].农业机械学报,2010,41(7):64–69Wu Z D,Wang Q J.Effect on both soil infiltration characteristics and ion mobility features by mineralization degree of infiltration water[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2010,41(7):64–69
[22]马学喜,李生宇,徐新文,等.咸水灌溉对三种柽柳幼苗成活和生长状况的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2016,30(1):185–190Ma X X,Li S Y,Xu X W,et al.Effects of different mineralized irrigation water on seedling survival and growth of three species of Tamarix in Taklimakan desert[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2016,30(1):185–190
[23]杨军,邵玉翠,高伟,等.微咸水灌溉对土壤盐分和作物产量的影响研究[J].水土保持通报,2013,33(2):17–20Yang J,Shao Y C,Gao W,et al.Effects of saline water irrigation on soil salinity and crop yield[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,33(2):17–20
[2]郭凯,张秀梅,李向军,等.冬季咸水结冰灌溉对滨海盐碱地的改良效果研究[J].资源科学,2010,32(3):431–435Guo K,Zhang X M,Li X J,et al.Effect of freezing saline water irrigation in winter on the reclamation of coastal saline soil[J].Resources Science,2010,32(3):431–435
[3]王全九,徐益敏,王金栋,等.咸水与微咸水在农业灌溉中的应用[J].灌溉排水,2002,21(4):73–77Wang Q J,Xu Y M,Wang J D,et al.Application of saline and slight saline water for farmland irrigation[J].Irrigation and Drainage,2002,21(4):73–77
[4]张余良,陆文龙,张伟,等.长期微咸水灌溉对耕地土壤理化性状的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(4):969–973Zhang Y L,Lu W L,Zhang W,et al.Effects of long term brackish water irrigation on characteristics of agrarian soil[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2006,25(4):969–973
[5]王卫光,张仁铎,王修贵.咸水灌溉下土壤水盐变化的试验研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2004,23(3):1–4Wang W G,Zhang R D,Wang X G.Water and salt transport on saline water irrigation[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2004,23(3):1–4
[6]吴忠东,王卫华,张照录,等.咸淡组合淋洗对土壤水盐分布特征的影响[J].排灌机械工程学报,2014,32(12):1085–1090Wu Z D,Wang W H,Zhang Z L,et al.Effect of infiltrated by fresh and saline water alternately on water-salt distribution properties[J].Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machinery Engineering,2014,32(12):1085–1090
[7]阮明艳.咸水灌溉的应用及发展措施[J].新疆农垦经济,2006,(4):66–68Ruan M Y.The application of salt water and its developing measures[J].Xinjiang State Farms Economy,2006,(4):66–68
[8]李红,李庆朝.微咸水灌溉对小麦、玉米及土壤盐分的影响[J].山东农业大学学报:自然科学版,2007,38(1):72–74Li H,Li Q C.Effects of brackish water irrigation on wheat,maize and soil salt[J].Journal of Shandong Agricultural University:Natural Science,2007,38(1):72–74
[9]陈秀玲,郭永辰.咸水灌溉技术[J].农田水利与小水电,1993,(7):7–10Chen X L,Guo Y C.Salt water irrigation technology[J].China Rural Water and Hydropower,1993,(7):7–10
[10]吴忠东,王全九.入渗水矿化度对土壤入渗特征和离子迁移特性的影响[J].农业机械学报,2010,41(7):64–69Wu Z D,Wang Q J.Effect on both soil infiltration characteristics and ion mobility features by mineralization degree of infiltration water[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2010,41(7):64–69
[11]赵耕毛,刘兆普,陈铭达,等.海水养殖废水灌溉条件下SPAC系统中水盐肥通量研究[J].土壤学报,2006,43(6):961–965 Zhao G M,Liu Z P,Chen M D,et al.Study on fluxes of water,salts and nutrients in soil-plant-atmosphere continuum under irrigation with saline aquaculture wastewater[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2006,43(6):961–965
[12]Benyamini Y,Mirlas V,Marish S,et al.A survey of soil salinity and groundwater level control systems in irrigated fields in the Jezre’el Valley,Israel[J].Agricultural Water Management,2005,76(3):181–194
[13]Kass A,Gavrieli I,Yechieli Y,et al.The impact of freshwater and wastewater irrigation on the chemistry of shallow groundwater:A case study from the Israeli Coastal Aquifer[J].Journal of Hydrology,2005,300(1/4):314–331
[14]史培军,顾卫,王静爱,等.海冰资源淡化研究与利用技术开发[J].资源科学,2010,32(3):394–404Shi P J,Gu W,Wang J A,et al.Development of technology for sea ice desalination and utilization of sea ice resources[J].Resources Science,2010,32(3):394–404
[15]郭凯,刘小京.咸水结冰融化过程中水质与水量的变化规律初步研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2013,32(1):56–60Guo K,Liu X J.The primary research on the variation of melted water quality and quantity during saline ice melting[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2013,32(1):56–60
[16]郭凯,陈丽娜,张秀梅,等.不同钠吸附比的咸水结冰融水入渗后滨海盐土的水盐分布[J].中国生态农业学报,2011,19(3):506–510Guo K,Chen L N,Zhang X M,et al.Water and salt distribution in coastal saline soil after infiltration of melt-water of saline water ice with different sodium adsorption ratio[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2011,19(3):506–510
[17]赵永敢,王婧,李玉义,等.秸秆隔层与地覆膜盖有效抑制潜水蒸发和土壤返盐[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(23):109–117Zhao Y G,Wang J,Li Y Y,et al.Reducing evaporation from phreatic water and soil resalinization by using straw interlayer and plastic mulch[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2013,29(23):109–117
[18]郑力群,陈铭达,刘兆普,等.地面覆盖对盐渍土水热盐运动及作物生长的影响[J].土壤通报,2003,34(2):93–97Deng L Q,Chen M D,Liu Z P,et al.Effects of different ground covers on soil physical properties and crop growth on saline-alkaline soil[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2003,34(2):93–97
[19]刘金涛,李晓鹏,陈喜,等.间歇降雨中土壤含水量分布及其对入渗的影响[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(5):96–100Liu J T,Li X P,Chen X,et al.Distribution characteristics of initial soil water content in profile during hiatus rainfall-infiltration events and its effects on infiltration[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,23(5):96–100
[20]马东豪,王全九,苏莹,等.微咸水入渗土壤水盐运移特征分析[J].灌溉排水学报,2006,25(1):62–66Ma D H,Wang Q J,Su Y,et al.Analysis of the characteristics of soil water and salt movement in saline water infiltration[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2006,25(1):62–66
[21]吴忠东,王全九.入渗水矿化度对土壤入渗特征和离子迁移特性的影响[J].农业机械学报,2010,41(7):64–69Wu Z D,Wang Q J.Effect on both soil infiltration characteristics and ion mobility features by mineralization degree of infiltration water[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2010,41(7):64–69
[22]马学喜,李生宇,徐新文,等.咸水灌溉对三种柽柳幼苗成活和生长状况的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2016,30(1):185–190Ma X X,Li S Y,Xu X W,et al.Effects of different mineralized irrigation water on seedling survival and growth of three species of Tamarix in Taklimakan desert[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2016,30(1):185–190
[23]杨军,邵玉翠,高伟,等.微咸水灌溉对土壤盐分和作物产量的影响研究[J].水土保持通报,2013,33(2):17–20Yang J,Shao Y C,Gao W,et al.Effects of saline water irrigation on soil salinity and crop yield[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,33(2):17–20