浅析硬边界的内涵
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摘要
硬边界不仅指边界线所处的地理位置比较险峻,而且还指跨越边界线的难度较大。在边界线已经划定的背景下,硬边界所具有的内涵是不断变化的。系统梳理硬边界的内涵,有助于我们更加深刻的认识边界的"硬"属性。硬边界的内涵主要表现为边界线的位置具有难以逾越的自然属性、边界线附近具有浓郁的军事氛围、边界制度较为严格和边界管控的智能化水平高等。由于边界的内涵具有明显的时代特点,因此不同历史背景下,硬边界的主要内涵有所不同。理解和研究硬边界的内涵必须将其放在特定的历史背景下进行。
Hard border not only refers to the geographical location where the border line is relatively steep,but also refers to the difficulty of crossing the border. In the context of the delimitation of the border,the connotation of hard border is constantly changing. The systematic analysis of the connotation of hard boundaries helps to understand more deeply the "hard" properties of the border. on the basis of the brief analysis of the concept of hard border,the connotations of hard border have following contents:the boundary line has the insurmountable natural features,the boundary area id full of military atmosphere,the border system is more strict and the border control more smart. Because the border has obvious characteristics of the times,the main connotations of the hard border is different in different historical backgrounds. It is necessary to understand and study the hard border connotations in a specific historical background.
Hard border not only refers to the geographical location where the border line is relatively steep,but also refers to the difficulty of crossing the border. In the context of the delimitation of the border,the connotation of hard border is constantly changing. The systematic analysis of the connotation of hard boundaries helps to understand more deeply the "hard" properties of the border. on the basis of the brief analysis of the concept of hard border,the connotations of hard border have following contents:the boundary line has the insurmountable natural features,the boundary area id full of military atmosphere,the border system is more strict and the border control more smart. Because the border has obvious characteristics of the times,the main connotations of the hard border is different in different historical backgrounds. It is necessary to understand and study the hard border connotations in a specific historical background.
引文
(1)Kenichi Ohmae,The Borderless World:Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy,New York:Harper Business,1990,p.81.
(2)张金岭:《欧洲一体化中民族国家的外在边界》,《云南社会科学》2014年第5期,第100—105页。
(3)Chris Rumford,“Introduction,Theorizing Borders”,European Journal of Social Theory,Vol.9,No.2,2006,pp.155-169.
(4)Lord Curzon of Kedleston,Frontiers,Oxford:The Clarendon Press,1908,p.10.
(5)James Anderson and Liam O' Dowd,“Borders,Border Regions and Territoriality:Contradictory Meanings,Changing Significance”,Regional Studies,Vol.33,No.7,1999,pp.593-604.
(6)Lord Curzon of Kedleston,Frontiers,Oxford:The Clarendon Press,1908,p.10.
(7)Malcolm Anderson and Eberhard Bort,The Frontiers of the European Union,New York:Palgrave Publishers Ltd,2001,p.22.
(8)Victor Prescott and Gillian D.Triggs,International Frontiers and Boundaries,Law,Politics and Geography,Boston:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,2008,p.7.
(9)Lord Curzon of Kedleston,Frontiers,Oxford:The Clarendon Press,1908,p.10.
(10)James Anderson and Liam O'Dowd,“Borders,Border Regions and Territoriality:Contradictory Meanings,Changing Significance,” Regional Studies,Vol.33.No.7,1999,pp.593- 604.
(11)Lord Curzon of Kedleston,Frontiers,Oxford:The Clarendon Press,1908,p.11.
(12)Thomas M.Wilson and Hastings Donnan,Border Identities Nation and State at International Frontiers,Oxford City:Cambridge University Press,1998,p.10.
(13)李崇禄:《伊朗、伊拉克边界冲突纪事》,《世界知识》1980年第20期,第12—13页。
(14)Gerard Delanty,“Borders in a Changing Europe:Dynamics of Openness and Closure”,Comparative European Politics,Vol.4,2006,p.188,pp.183-202.
(15)黄振民:《铁幕已经打开—拆除奥匈边境铁丝网》,《世界知识》1989年第18期,第20—21页。
(16)Gerard Delanty,“Borders in a Changing Europe:Dynamics of Openness and Closure”,Comparative European Politics,2006,Vol.4,p.188,pp.183-202.
(17)Sergio Carrera,“Towards a Common European Border Service?”,CEPS Working Document,No.331,2010,p.9.
(18)Derek Lutterbeck,“Policing Migration in the Mediterranean”,Mediterranean Politics,Vol.11,No.1,2006,p.64,pp.59-82.
(19)According to the same Amnesty International report,“The Italian Navy assets available to OMN include:one amphibious ship LPD,which has the overall command of the operation,and has on board medical facilities and (mezzi da sbarco e gommoni a chiglia rigida);two Maestrale frigates,each with a AB-212 helicopter on board;twopatrol vessels Costellazioni/Comandanti and Minerva type,which can have on board a AB-212 helicopter;two EH-101 (MPH) heavy helicopters,on board the amphibious ship,or stationed in Lampedusa/Pantelleria/Catania as required;one P180 aircraft,with Forward Looking InfraRed - FLIR technology,at Pratica di Mare;one LRMP Breguet Atlantic in Sigonella;the radar network of the navy which can receive commercial vessels signals (through Automatic Identification System - AIS technology).”
(20)Reece Jones and Corey Johnson,“Border Militarization and the Re-articulation of Sovereignty”,Royal Geographical Society,2016,p.1.
(21)向党:《试论我国护照制度的形成与发展》,《公安大学学报》1996年第4期,第10—12页。
(22)Gerard Delanty,“Borders in a Changing Europe:Dynamics of Openness and Closure”,Comparative European Politics,Vol.4,2006,p.189,pp.183-202.
(23)张惠德:《西方主要国家签证制度特点论析》,《湖北警官学院学报》2012年第10期,第63—68页。
(24)Mircea Brie,“European Enlargement and New Frontiers of Central and Eastern Europe”,Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai - Studia Europaea,2014,p.123.pp.113-130.
(25)P.Minderhoud and N.Trimikliniotis (eds.),Rethinking the Free Movement of Workers:The European Challenges Ahead,Nijmegen:Wolf Legal Publishers,2009,p.141.
(26)P.Minderhoud and N.Trimikliniotis (eds.),Rethinking the Free Movement of Workers:The European Challenges Ahead,Nijmegen:Wolf Legal Publishers,2009,p.141.
(27)Georges A Tanguay and Marie-Christine Therrien,The Smart Border Accord and Shengen Agreement:A Comparative Analysis of Security Policies,Montreal:Scientific Series,2010,p.1.
(28)Dennis Broeders,“The New Digital Borders of Europe EU Databases and the Surveillance of Irregular Migrants”,International Sociology,2007,Vol.22,No.1,pp.71-92.
(29)王斌:《印度声称要“完全关闭”印巴边界》,《中国国防报》2016年10月14日第4版。
(30)James Anderson and Liam O' Dowd,Borders,“Border Regions and Territoriality:Contradictory Meanings,Changing Significance”,Regional Studies,Vol.33.No.7,1999,pp.593-604.
(31)Reece Jones and Corey Johnson,“Border Militarization and the Re-articulation of Sovereignty”,Transaction of the Institute of British Geographer,Vol.41,Issue 2,2016,pp.187-200.
(32)Reece Jones and Corey Johnson,“Border Militarization and the Re-articulation of Sovereignty”,Transaction of the Institute of British Geographer,Vol.41,Issue 2,2016,pp.187-200.
(2)张金岭:《欧洲一体化中民族国家的外在边界》,《云南社会科学》2014年第5期,第100—105页。
(3)Chris Rumford,“Introduction,Theorizing Borders”,European Journal of Social Theory,Vol.9,No.2,2006,pp.155-169.
(4)Lord Curzon of Kedleston,Frontiers,Oxford:The Clarendon Press,1908,p.10.
(5)James Anderson and Liam O' Dowd,“Borders,Border Regions and Territoriality:Contradictory Meanings,Changing Significance”,Regional Studies,Vol.33,No.7,1999,pp.593-604.
(6)Lord Curzon of Kedleston,Frontiers,Oxford:The Clarendon Press,1908,p.10.
(7)Malcolm Anderson and Eberhard Bort,The Frontiers of the European Union,New York:Palgrave Publishers Ltd,2001,p.22.
(8)Victor Prescott and Gillian D.Triggs,International Frontiers and Boundaries,Law,Politics and Geography,Boston:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,2008,p.7.
(9)Lord Curzon of Kedleston,Frontiers,Oxford:The Clarendon Press,1908,p.10.
(10)James Anderson and Liam O'Dowd,“Borders,Border Regions and Territoriality:Contradictory Meanings,Changing Significance,” Regional Studies,Vol.33.No.7,1999,pp.593- 604.
(11)Lord Curzon of Kedleston,Frontiers,Oxford:The Clarendon Press,1908,p.11.
(12)Thomas M.Wilson and Hastings Donnan,Border Identities Nation and State at International Frontiers,Oxford City:Cambridge University Press,1998,p.10.
(13)李崇禄:《伊朗、伊拉克边界冲突纪事》,《世界知识》1980年第20期,第12—13页。
(14)Gerard Delanty,“Borders in a Changing Europe:Dynamics of Openness and Closure”,Comparative European Politics,Vol.4,2006,p.188,pp.183-202.
(15)黄振民:《铁幕已经打开—拆除奥匈边境铁丝网》,《世界知识》1989年第18期,第20—21页。
(16)Gerard Delanty,“Borders in a Changing Europe:Dynamics of Openness and Closure”,Comparative European Politics,2006,Vol.4,p.188,pp.183-202.
(17)Sergio Carrera,“Towards a Common European Border Service?”,CEPS Working Document,No.331,2010,p.9.
(18)Derek Lutterbeck,“Policing Migration in the Mediterranean”,Mediterranean Politics,Vol.11,No.1,2006,p.64,pp.59-82.
(19)According to the same Amnesty International report,“The Italian Navy assets available to OMN include:one amphibious ship LPD,which has the overall command of the operation,and has on board medical facilities and (mezzi da sbarco e gommoni a chiglia rigida);two Maestrale frigates,each with a AB-212 helicopter on board;twopatrol vessels Costellazioni/Comandanti and Minerva type,which can have on board a AB-212 helicopter;two EH-101 (MPH) heavy helicopters,on board the amphibious ship,or stationed in Lampedusa/Pantelleria/Catania as required;one P180 aircraft,with Forward Looking InfraRed - FLIR technology,at Pratica di Mare;one LRMP Breguet Atlantic in Sigonella;the radar network of the navy which can receive commercial vessels signals (through Automatic Identification System - AIS technology).”
(20)Reece Jones and Corey Johnson,“Border Militarization and the Re-articulation of Sovereignty”,Royal Geographical Society,2016,p.1.
(21)向党:《试论我国护照制度的形成与发展》,《公安大学学报》1996年第4期,第10—12页。
(22)Gerard Delanty,“Borders in a Changing Europe:Dynamics of Openness and Closure”,Comparative European Politics,Vol.4,2006,p.189,pp.183-202.
(23)张惠德:《西方主要国家签证制度特点论析》,《湖北警官学院学报》2012年第10期,第63—68页。
(24)Mircea Brie,“European Enlargement and New Frontiers of Central and Eastern Europe”,Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai - Studia Europaea,2014,p.123.pp.113-130.
(25)P.Minderhoud and N.Trimikliniotis (eds.),Rethinking the Free Movement of Workers:The European Challenges Ahead,Nijmegen:Wolf Legal Publishers,2009,p.141.
(26)P.Minderhoud and N.Trimikliniotis (eds.),Rethinking the Free Movement of Workers:The European Challenges Ahead,Nijmegen:Wolf Legal Publishers,2009,p.141.
(27)Georges A Tanguay and Marie-Christine Therrien,The Smart Border Accord and Shengen Agreement:A Comparative Analysis of Security Policies,Montreal:Scientific Series,2010,p.1.
(28)Dennis Broeders,“The New Digital Borders of Europe EU Databases and the Surveillance of Irregular Migrants”,International Sociology,2007,Vol.22,No.1,pp.71-92.
(29)王斌:《印度声称要“完全关闭”印巴边界》,《中国国防报》2016年10月14日第4版。
(30)James Anderson and Liam O' Dowd,Borders,“Border Regions and Territoriality:Contradictory Meanings,Changing Significance”,Regional Studies,Vol.33.No.7,1999,pp.593-604.
(31)Reece Jones and Corey Johnson,“Border Militarization and the Re-articulation of Sovereignty”,Transaction of the Institute of British Geographer,Vol.41,Issue 2,2016,pp.187-200.
(32)Reece Jones and Corey Johnson,“Border Militarization and the Re-articulation of Sovereignty”,Transaction of the Institute of British Geographer,Vol.41,Issue 2,2016,pp.187-200.