生物体内甜菜碱脂的研究进展
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摘要
甜菜碱脂是一类极性膜脂,自然界中发现的有3类,分布于不同类别的生物中,其中最广泛分布于藻类以及部分低等植物中,有着多种功能,最主要的作用是作为膜脂参与生物的生命活动,对光合作用、植物抗逆以及藻类生物燃料的开发具有重要意义。不同生物体中的甜菜碱脂类别、含量以及分布均有差异,对甜菜碱脂的结构、化学鉴定、细胞内定位、理化性质、生物合成及其分子生物学机理等多方面进行综述,并指出目前研究中仍需解决的问题、可以拓展的方向,以便于对甜菜碱脂进行更为深入地研究。
Betaine lipids,as one type of polar membrane lipids,have a total of three types in nature. They are distributed in various organisms,especially in algae and some of the lower plants,with a variety functions participating in biological activity as membrane lipids and playing an important role in photosynthesis,plant stress resistance and the development of algae biofuel. In addition,the type,content and distribution of betaine lipids depend on organisms. This paper described the structure,chemical identification,intracellular localization,physicochemical properties,biosynthesis and molecular biology of betaine lipids,meanwhile points out outstanding problems and further development in present study that aims to make an intensive study of betaine lipids.
Betaine lipids,as one type of polar membrane lipids,have a total of three types in nature. They are distributed in various organisms,especially in algae and some of the lower plants,with a variety functions participating in biological activity as membrane lipids and playing an important role in photosynthesis,plant stress resistance and the development of algae biofuel. In addition,the type,content and distribution of betaine lipids depend on organisms. This paper described the structure,chemical identification,intracellular localization,physicochemical properties,biosynthesis and molecular biology of betaine lipids,meanwhile points out outstanding problems and further development in present study that aims to make an intensive study of betaine lipids.
引文
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[2]Kunzler K,Eichenberger W.Betaine lipids and zwitterionic phospholipids in plants and fungi[J].Phytochem,1997,46:883-892.
[3]Sato N.Betaine lipids.[J].Bot Mag Tokyo,1992,105:185-197.
[4]Riekhof W R,Naik S,Bertrand H,et al.Phosphate starvation in fungi induces the replacement of phosphatidylcholine with the phosphorus-free betaine lipid diacylglyceryl-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine[J].Eukaryotic Cell,2014,13:749-757.
[5]冯福应.海洋小球藻Chlorella sp.甘油脂及脂肪酸、光合色素特征的研究.[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院(植物研究所),2003.
[6]Sato N,Murata N.Transition of lipid phase in aqueous dispersions of diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserine.[J].Biochim Biophys Acta,1991,1082:108-111.
[7]Geiger O,Rohrs V,Weissenmayer B,et al.The regulator gene phoB mediates phosphate stress-controlled synthesis of the membrane lipid diacylglyceryl-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine in Rhizobium(Sinorhizobium)meliloti[J].Mol Microbiol,1999,32:63-73.
[8]Manninen P,Laakso P,Kallio H.Separation of gamma and alpha linolenic acid containing triacylglycerols to capillary supercritical fluid chromatography[J].Lipids,1995,30:665-671.
[9]Leblond J D,Dahmen A S,Dodson V J,et al.Characterization of the betaine lipids,diacylglyceryl-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine(DGTS)and diaclyglycerylhydroxymethyl-N,N,N-trimethyl-β-alanine(DGTA),in brown-and green-pigmented raphidophytes.[J].Algolog Studies,2013,142:17-28.
[10]Kind T,Meissen J K,Yang D,et al.Qualitative analysis of algal secretions with multiple mass spectrometric platforms[J].J of Chromat A,2012,1244:139-147.
[11]Haigh W G,Yoder T F,Ericson L,et al.The characterisation and cyclic production of a highly unsaturated homoserine lipid in Chlorella minutissima[J].Biochim et Biophysi Acta,1996,1299:183-190.
[12]Popendorf K J,Fredricks H F,Van Mooy B A S.Molecular ion-independent quantification of polar glycerolipid classes in marine plankton using triple quadrupole MS[J].Lipids,2013,48:185-195.
[13]Heinzelmann S M,Bale N J,Hopmans E C,et al.Critical assessment of glyco-and phospholipid separation by using silica chromatography.[J].Appl Environ Microbiol,2014,80:360-365.
[14]Mendiola-Morgenthaler L,Eichenberger W,Boschetti A.Isolation of chloroplast envelopes from Chlamydomonas.Lipid and polypeptide composition.[J].Plant Sci,1985,41:97-104.
[15]Vogel G,Eichenberger W.Betaine lipids in lower plants.Biosynthesis of DGTS and DGTA in Ochromonas danica(Chrysophyceae)and the possible role of DGTS in lipid metabolism[J].Plant Cell Physiol,1992,33:427-436.
[16]Eichenberger W,Gribi C.Lipids of Pavlova lutheri:cellular site and metabolic role of DGCC[J].Phytochem,1997,45:1561-1567.
[17]Moore T S,Du Z,Chen Z.Membrane lipid biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.In vitro biosynthesis of diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserine[J].Plant Phys,2001,125:423-429.
[18]Sato N.Dual role of methionine in the biosynthesis of diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserine in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii[J].Plant Physiol,1988,86:931-934.
[19]Sato N.Lipid in Cryptomonas CR-1.Ⅱ.Biosynthesis of betaine lipids and galactolipids[J].Plant Cell Physiol,1991,32:845-851.
[20]Schlapfer P,Eichenberger W.Evidence for the involvement of diacylglyceryl(N,N,N-trimethyl)homoserine in the desaturation of oleic and linoleic acids in Chlamydomonas reinhardi(Chlorophyceae)[J].Plant Sci Lett,1983,32:243-252.
[21]Klug R M,Benning C.Two enzymes of diacylglyceryl-O-4'-(N,N,N-trimethyl)homoserine biosynthesis are encoded by bta A and bta B in the purple bacterium Rhizobium meliloti[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci,2001,98(10):5910-5915.
[22]Riekhof W R,Andre C,Benning C.Two enzymes,BtaA and BtaB,are sufficient for betaine lipid biosynthesis in bacteria[J].Arch Biochem Biophys,2005,441:96-105.
[23]Khozin-Goldberg I,Cohen Z.Unraveling algal lipid metabolism:recent advances in gene identification[J].Biochimie,2011,93:91-100.
[24]Riekhof W R,Sears B B,Benning C.Annotation of genes involved in glycerolipid biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii:discovery of the betaine lipid synthase BTA1Cr[J].Eukaryotic Cell,2005,4:242-252.
[25]Armada I,Hachero-Cruzado I,Mazuelos N,et al.Differences in betaine lipids and fatty acids between Pseudoisochrysis paradoxa VLP and Diacronema vlkianum VLP isolates(Haptophyta)[J].Phytochem,2013,95:224-233.
[26]Laloknam S,Tanaka K,Buaboocha T,et al.Halotolerant cyanobacterium Aphanothece halophytica contains a betaine transporter actine at alkaline p H and high salinity[J].Appl Environ Microbiol,2006,72:6018-6026.
[27]Nakanishi K,Deuchi K.Culture of a high-chlorophyll-producing and halotolerant Chlorella vulgaris[J].J Biosci Bioeng,2014,117:617-619.
[28]Rossel P E,Elvert M,Ramette A,et al.Factors controlling the distribution of anaerobic methanotrophic communities in marine environments:evidence from intact polar membrane lipids[J].Geochi et Cosmochi Acta,2011,75:164-184.
[29]Banskota A H,Stefanova R,Sperker S,et al.New diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserines from the marine microalga Nannochloropsis granulata and their nitric oxide inhibitory activity[J].J Appl Phycol,2013,25:1513-1521.
[30]Obata T,Fernie A R,Nunes-Nesi A.The central carbon and energy metabolism of marine diatoms[J].Metabolites,2013,3:325-346.
[31]Liu B,Benning C.Lipid metabolism in microalgae distinguishes itself[J].Plant Biotech,2013,24:300-309.
[32]Poulson-Ellestad K L,Jones C M,Roy J,et al.Metabolomics and proteomics reveal impacts of chemically mediated competition on marine plankton.Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences of the United States of America,2014,doi:10.1073/pnas.1402130111.
[33]Roche S A,Leblond J D.Betaine lipids in chlorarachniophytes[J].Phycological Res,2010,58:298-305.
[2]Kunzler K,Eichenberger W.Betaine lipids and zwitterionic phospholipids in plants and fungi[J].Phytochem,1997,46:883-892.
[3]Sato N.Betaine lipids.[J].Bot Mag Tokyo,1992,105:185-197.
[4]Riekhof W R,Naik S,Bertrand H,et al.Phosphate starvation in fungi induces the replacement of phosphatidylcholine with the phosphorus-free betaine lipid diacylglyceryl-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine[J].Eukaryotic Cell,2014,13:749-757.
[5]冯福应.海洋小球藻Chlorella sp.甘油脂及脂肪酸、光合色素特征的研究.[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院(植物研究所),2003.
[6]Sato N,Murata N.Transition of lipid phase in aqueous dispersions of diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserine.[J].Biochim Biophys Acta,1991,1082:108-111.
[7]Geiger O,Rohrs V,Weissenmayer B,et al.The regulator gene phoB mediates phosphate stress-controlled synthesis of the membrane lipid diacylglyceryl-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine in Rhizobium(Sinorhizobium)meliloti[J].Mol Microbiol,1999,32:63-73.
[8]Manninen P,Laakso P,Kallio H.Separation of gamma and alpha linolenic acid containing triacylglycerols to capillary supercritical fluid chromatography[J].Lipids,1995,30:665-671.
[9]Leblond J D,Dahmen A S,Dodson V J,et al.Characterization of the betaine lipids,diacylglyceryl-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine(DGTS)and diaclyglycerylhydroxymethyl-N,N,N-trimethyl-β-alanine(DGTA),in brown-and green-pigmented raphidophytes.[J].Algolog Studies,2013,142:17-28.
[10]Kind T,Meissen J K,Yang D,et al.Qualitative analysis of algal secretions with multiple mass spectrometric platforms[J].J of Chromat A,2012,1244:139-147.
[11]Haigh W G,Yoder T F,Ericson L,et al.The characterisation and cyclic production of a highly unsaturated homoserine lipid in Chlorella minutissima[J].Biochim et Biophysi Acta,1996,1299:183-190.
[12]Popendorf K J,Fredricks H F,Van Mooy B A S.Molecular ion-independent quantification of polar glycerolipid classes in marine plankton using triple quadrupole MS[J].Lipids,2013,48:185-195.
[13]Heinzelmann S M,Bale N J,Hopmans E C,et al.Critical assessment of glyco-and phospholipid separation by using silica chromatography.[J].Appl Environ Microbiol,2014,80:360-365.
[14]Mendiola-Morgenthaler L,Eichenberger W,Boschetti A.Isolation of chloroplast envelopes from Chlamydomonas.Lipid and polypeptide composition.[J].Plant Sci,1985,41:97-104.
[15]Vogel G,Eichenberger W.Betaine lipids in lower plants.Biosynthesis of DGTS and DGTA in Ochromonas danica(Chrysophyceae)and the possible role of DGTS in lipid metabolism[J].Plant Cell Physiol,1992,33:427-436.
[16]Eichenberger W,Gribi C.Lipids of Pavlova lutheri:cellular site and metabolic role of DGCC[J].Phytochem,1997,45:1561-1567.
[17]Moore T S,Du Z,Chen Z.Membrane lipid biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.In vitro biosynthesis of diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserine[J].Plant Phys,2001,125:423-429.
[18]Sato N.Dual role of methionine in the biosynthesis of diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserine in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii[J].Plant Physiol,1988,86:931-934.
[19]Sato N.Lipid in Cryptomonas CR-1.Ⅱ.Biosynthesis of betaine lipids and galactolipids[J].Plant Cell Physiol,1991,32:845-851.
[20]Schlapfer P,Eichenberger W.Evidence for the involvement of diacylglyceryl(N,N,N-trimethyl)homoserine in the desaturation of oleic and linoleic acids in Chlamydomonas reinhardi(Chlorophyceae)[J].Plant Sci Lett,1983,32:243-252.
[21]Klug R M,Benning C.Two enzymes of diacylglyceryl-O-4'-(N,N,N-trimethyl)homoserine biosynthesis are encoded by bta A and bta B in the purple bacterium Rhizobium meliloti[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci,2001,98(10):5910-5915.
[22]Riekhof W R,Andre C,Benning C.Two enzymes,BtaA and BtaB,are sufficient for betaine lipid biosynthesis in bacteria[J].Arch Biochem Biophys,2005,441:96-105.
[23]Khozin-Goldberg I,Cohen Z.Unraveling algal lipid metabolism:recent advances in gene identification[J].Biochimie,2011,93:91-100.
[24]Riekhof W R,Sears B B,Benning C.Annotation of genes involved in glycerolipid biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii:discovery of the betaine lipid synthase BTA1Cr[J].Eukaryotic Cell,2005,4:242-252.
[25]Armada I,Hachero-Cruzado I,Mazuelos N,et al.Differences in betaine lipids and fatty acids between Pseudoisochrysis paradoxa VLP and Diacronema vlkianum VLP isolates(Haptophyta)[J].Phytochem,2013,95:224-233.
[26]Laloknam S,Tanaka K,Buaboocha T,et al.Halotolerant cyanobacterium Aphanothece halophytica contains a betaine transporter actine at alkaline p H and high salinity[J].Appl Environ Microbiol,2006,72:6018-6026.
[27]Nakanishi K,Deuchi K.Culture of a high-chlorophyll-producing and halotolerant Chlorella vulgaris[J].J Biosci Bioeng,2014,117:617-619.
[28]Rossel P E,Elvert M,Ramette A,et al.Factors controlling the distribution of anaerobic methanotrophic communities in marine environments:evidence from intact polar membrane lipids[J].Geochi et Cosmochi Acta,2011,75:164-184.
[29]Banskota A H,Stefanova R,Sperker S,et al.New diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserines from the marine microalga Nannochloropsis granulata and their nitric oxide inhibitory activity[J].J Appl Phycol,2013,25:1513-1521.
[30]Obata T,Fernie A R,Nunes-Nesi A.The central carbon and energy metabolism of marine diatoms[J].Metabolites,2013,3:325-346.
[31]Liu B,Benning C.Lipid metabolism in microalgae distinguishes itself[J].Plant Biotech,2013,24:300-309.
[32]Poulson-Ellestad K L,Jones C M,Roy J,et al.Metabolomics and proteomics reveal impacts of chemically mediated competition on marine plankton.Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences of the United States of America,2014,doi:10.1073/pnas.1402130111.
[33]Roche S A,Leblond J D.Betaine lipids in chlorarachniophytes[J].Phycological Res,2010,58:298-305.