油污海洋环境恢复的法律问题
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摘要
让遭受石油污染的海洋环境恢复原状,已经成为各国法律公认的原则。为了使这一原则得到贯彻,我国应当在参照发达国家经验的基础上,进一步细化相关的规则。为此,我国应当在相关立法中明确规定恢复环境的责任机构;在较严重的海洋油污事件发生后,应当由责任机构出具关于污染状况和损害程度的评估报告,同时,还要制定恢复海洋环境的方案。鉴于油污海洋环境恢复问题在技术上的复杂性,我国应当吸收发达国家在这一领域形成的技术规则,其中包括:采纳"基线条件"概念;解决好"原生性恢复"和"赔偿性恢复"的关系;对海洋环境损害赔偿金进行科学和合理的计算等。
To rehabilitate oil-polluted ocean environment to its original status has become a recognized legal principle by many countries. To implement this principle China shall elaborate relevant rules by referring to the experience of developed countries. Hence China shall in the legislation stipulate the responsible person of environment restoration. Each time when a severe ocean oil pollution happened,the responsible person shall produce a report on the pollution status and damage extent,and formulate a restoration measure. Given the technical complexity of oil-polluted ocean environment restoration,China shall assimilate technical rules in this field enacted by developed countries which includes adopting the"baseline condition"concept,balancing the relation between"original restoration"and "compensatory restoration",and calculating the damages of ocean environment restoration in a scientific and reasonable manner.
To rehabilitate oil-polluted ocean environment to its original status has become a recognized legal principle by many countries. To implement this principle China shall elaborate relevant rules by referring to the experience of developed countries. Hence China shall in the legislation stipulate the responsible person of environment restoration. Each time when a severe ocean oil pollution happened,the responsible person shall produce a report on the pollution status and damage extent,and formulate a restoration measure. Given the technical complexity of oil-polluted ocean environment restoration,China shall assimilate technical rules in this field enacted by developed countries which includes adopting the"baseline condition"concept,balancing the relation between"original restoration"and "compensatory restoration",and calculating the damages of ocean environment restoration in a scientific and reasonable manner.
引文
[1]Linda B.Burlington,Advances in Natural Resource Damages[OL].http:∥www.lawseminars.com/materials/06NRDWA pre/nrdwa%20m%20oconnor_a.pdf p.1.(accessed 31 Jul.2018)
(1)全称为《关于对环境损害进行预防和补救之责任的第2004/35/CE号指令》(Directive 2004/35/CE on Environmental Liability with Regard to the Prevention and Remedying of Environmental Damage)。该法律由欧洲议会和欧洲理事会(European Parliament and Council)于2004年通过。
(2)Edward. H. P. Brans,Liability for Damage to Public Natural Resources under the 2004 EC Environmental Liability Directive,Standing and Assessment of Damages,ENV I REV 7(2005),p. 101.
(3)43 C. F. R.§11. 14(e).这是美国《联邦条例法典》(the Code of Federal Regulations)的索引号
(4)见该《条例》第49条和第54条。
(1)该判决书的编号为“(2014)鲁民四终字第193号”。
(2)见该《条例》第49条和第54条。
(3)Arts 6(2)(c),(3)and(8).
(4)Adam Vann and Robert Meltz,The 2010 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill:Natural Resource Damage Assessment under the Oil Pollution Act,Congressional Research Service,文章来源:https:∥fas. org/sgp/crs/misc/R41972. pdf,p. 3.(accessed 31 Jul. 2018)该文是美国“国会研究服务局”的报告(CRS Report),是为国会成员和委员会撰写的。
(5)具体地说,将原属环境保护部的职责,原属发改委的“应对气候变化和减排”职责,原属国土资源部的“监督防止地下水污染”职责,原属水利部的“流域水环境保护”职责,原属农业部的“农业面源污染治理职责”,原属国家海洋局的“海洋环境保护职责”,统一划归生态环境部。原来的环境保护部不再保留。
(1)15 C. F. R.§990. 42.
(2)15 C. F. R.§990. 52.
(3)Brans,supra note,p. 100.
(4)Annex II,para. 3. 2. 2.
(5)Annex II,para. 1. 3. 1.
(6)Commonwealth of P. R. v. SS Zoe Colocotroni,628 F. 2d 652(1st Cir. 1980),at 662.
(7)Annex II,para. 3. 2. 1.
(1)15 C. F. R.§990. 53(a)(2).
(2)15 C. F. R.§990. 14(c).
(3)61 Fed. Reg.(1996)at 443-4.
(4)Adam Vann and Robert Meltz,supra note,p. 6.
(5)其全称是:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration。
(6)该事故是指2010年4月20日夜间发生在美国近海墨西哥湾马康多油井(Macondo well)的事故。当时正在作业的“深水地平线”钻井平台发生井喷、爆炸和起火,大约36小时后沉入墨西哥湾。该事故导致11人死亡,并使大量原油流入墨西哥湾。这是美国历史上最严重的石油泄漏事故。
(7)Adam Vann and Robert Meltz,supra note,p. 5.
(8)Brans,supra note,p. 101.
(9)Annex II,para. 3. 1. 1.
(10)(Adam Vann and Robert Meltz,supra note,p. 7.
(11)此人是国家海洋和大气管理署的“损害评估资深法律顾问”(Senior Counselor for Damage Assessment)。
(1)这里的“原生性的救济”所指的,是完全的自然恢复。
(2)para. l(b)of Annex II.
(3)Brans,supra note,p. 108.
(4)Linda B. Burlington,supra note,p. 11.
(5)Id.
(6)Id. p. 1.
(7)para. l(c)of Annex II.
(1)这里所指的主要是关于船舶造成海洋油污的公约。其中最重要的是船舶油污公约体系中的《1992年关于石油污染损害民事责任的国际公约》(International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage,1992)和《1992年关于设立石油污染损害赔偿国际基金的国际公约》(The International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage,1992)。
(2)Edward. H. P. Brans,supra note,p. 107.
(3)其全称为《1992年国际石油污染赔偿基金索赔手册》(International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund 1992 Claims Manual),以下简称Claims Manual。
(4)Claims Manual,1. 4. 1.
(5)33 U. S. C.§2706(a).
(6)33 U. S. C.§2706(d)(1)(A).
(7)33 U. S. C.§2706(d)(1)(B).
(8)33 U. S. C.§2706(d)(1)(C).
(9)Masamichi Hasebe,The International Liability and Compensation Regime,p. 1.此人是1992年国际石油污染赔偿基金(International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund 1992)的法律顾问(Legal Counsel)。这篇论文发表于2004年9月28日至10月2日在牙买加蒙特哥湾(Montego Bay)召开的“第11届关于加勒比海环境计划行动方案的政府间会议”(11th Intergovernmental Meeting on the Action Plan for the CEP)。文章来源:http:∥www. pcs. gr. jp/doc/esymposium/2006/2006_hasebe_e. pdf(accessed 31 Jul. 2018),p. 9.
(10)Id.
(11)Commonwealth of P. R. v. SS Zoe Colocotroni,628 F. 2d 652(1st Cir. 1980).
(1)C. A. Ulibarri&K. F. Wellman,U. S. Dep’t of Energy,Natural Resource Valuation:A Primer on Concepts and Techniques 7(July 1997).文章来源:http:∥www. environmentalmanager. org/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/valuation_primer_from_doe. pdf(2018-07-31)
(2)Kenneth O. Corley&Ann Al-Bahish,Understanding Natural Resource Damages,p. 2-19.该文最初由洛基山矿业法基金会(the Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Foundation)发表于2013年,载于第59届洛基山矿业法协会(the 59th Annual Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Institute)发表的论文集。文章来源:https:∥www. rmmlf. org/publications/digital-library/understandingnatural-resource-damages(2018-07-31)
(3)即大量地种植红树林,使该地区恢复到污染之前的状态,然后就其成本进行赔偿。
(4)Kenneth O. Corley&Ann Al-Bahish,supra note,p. 2-21——2-22.
(5)Id.
(6)Id. p. 2-22.
(7)Id. p. 2-24——2-25.
(8)Id. p. 2-25.
(1)Id.
(1)全称为《关于对环境损害进行预防和补救之责任的第2004/35/CE号指令》(Directive 2004/35/CE on Environmental Liability with Regard to the Prevention and Remedying of Environmental Damage)。该法律由欧洲议会和欧洲理事会(European Parliament and Council)于2004年通过。
(2)Edward. H. P. Brans,Liability for Damage to Public Natural Resources under the 2004 EC Environmental Liability Directive,Standing and Assessment of Damages,ENV I REV 7(2005),p. 101.
(3)43 C. F. R.§11. 14(e).这是美国《联邦条例法典》(the Code of Federal Regulations)的索引号
(4)见该《条例》第49条和第54条。
(1)该判决书的编号为“(2014)鲁民四终字第193号”。
(2)见该《条例》第49条和第54条。
(3)Arts 6(2)(c),(3)and(8).
(4)Adam Vann and Robert Meltz,The 2010 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill:Natural Resource Damage Assessment under the Oil Pollution Act,Congressional Research Service,文章来源:https:∥fas. org/sgp/crs/misc/R41972. pdf,p. 3.(accessed 31 Jul. 2018)该文是美国“国会研究服务局”的报告(CRS Report),是为国会成员和委员会撰写的。
(5)具体地说,将原属环境保护部的职责,原属发改委的“应对气候变化和减排”职责,原属国土资源部的“监督防止地下水污染”职责,原属水利部的“流域水环境保护”职责,原属农业部的“农业面源污染治理职责”,原属国家海洋局的“海洋环境保护职责”,统一划归生态环境部。原来的环境保护部不再保留。
(1)15 C. F. R.§990. 42.
(2)15 C. F. R.§990. 52.
(3)Brans,supra note,p. 100.
(4)Annex II,para. 3. 2. 2.
(5)Annex II,para. 1. 3. 1.
(6)Commonwealth of P. R. v. SS Zoe Colocotroni,628 F. 2d 652(1st Cir. 1980),at 662.
(7)Annex II,para. 3. 2. 1.
(1)15 C. F. R.§990. 53(a)(2).
(2)15 C. F. R.§990. 14(c).
(3)61 Fed. Reg.(1996)at 443-4.
(4)Adam Vann and Robert Meltz,supra note,p. 6.
(5)其全称是:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration。
(6)该事故是指2010年4月20日夜间发生在美国近海墨西哥湾马康多油井(Macondo well)的事故。当时正在作业的“深水地平线”钻井平台发生井喷、爆炸和起火,大约36小时后沉入墨西哥湾。该事故导致11人死亡,并使大量原油流入墨西哥湾。这是美国历史上最严重的石油泄漏事故。
(7)Adam Vann and Robert Meltz,supra note,p. 5.
(8)Brans,supra note,p. 101.
(9)Annex II,para. 3. 1. 1.
(10)(Adam Vann and Robert Meltz,supra note,p. 7.
(11)此人是国家海洋和大气管理署的“损害评估资深法律顾问”(Senior Counselor for Damage Assessment)。
(1)这里的“原生性的救济”所指的,是完全的自然恢复。
(2)para. l(b)of Annex II.
(3)Brans,supra note,p. 108.
(4)Linda B. Burlington,supra note,p. 11.
(5)Id.
(6)Id. p. 1.
(7)para. l(c)of Annex II.
(1)这里所指的主要是关于船舶造成海洋油污的公约。其中最重要的是船舶油污公约体系中的《1992年关于石油污染损害民事责任的国际公约》(International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage,1992)和《1992年关于设立石油污染损害赔偿国际基金的国际公约》(The International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage,1992)。
(2)Edward. H. P. Brans,supra note,p. 107.
(3)其全称为《1992年国际石油污染赔偿基金索赔手册》(International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund 1992 Claims Manual),以下简称Claims Manual。
(4)Claims Manual,1. 4. 1.
(5)33 U. S. C.§2706(a).
(6)33 U. S. C.§2706(d)(1)(A).
(7)33 U. S. C.§2706(d)(1)(B).
(8)33 U. S. C.§2706(d)(1)(C).
(9)Masamichi Hasebe,The International Liability and Compensation Regime,p. 1.此人是1992年国际石油污染赔偿基金(International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund 1992)的法律顾问(Legal Counsel)。这篇论文发表于2004年9月28日至10月2日在牙买加蒙特哥湾(Montego Bay)召开的“第11届关于加勒比海环境计划行动方案的政府间会议”(11th Intergovernmental Meeting on the Action Plan for the CEP)。文章来源:http:∥www. pcs. gr. jp/doc/esymposium/2006/2006_hasebe_e. pdf(accessed 31 Jul. 2018),p. 9.
(10)Id.
(11)Commonwealth of P. R. v. SS Zoe Colocotroni,628 F. 2d 652(1st Cir. 1980).
(1)C. A. Ulibarri&K. F. Wellman,U. S. Dep’t of Energy,Natural Resource Valuation:A Primer on Concepts and Techniques 7(July 1997).文章来源:http:∥www. environmentalmanager. org/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/valuation_primer_from_doe. pdf(2018-07-31)
(2)Kenneth O. Corley&Ann Al-Bahish,Understanding Natural Resource Damages,p. 2-19.该文最初由洛基山矿业法基金会(the Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Foundation)发表于2013年,载于第59届洛基山矿业法协会(the 59th Annual Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Institute)发表的论文集。文章来源:https:∥www. rmmlf. org/publications/digital-library/understandingnatural-resource-damages(2018-07-31)
(3)即大量地种植红树林,使该地区恢复到污染之前的状态,然后就其成本进行赔偿。
(4)Kenneth O. Corley&Ann Al-Bahish,supra note,p. 2-21——2-22.
(5)Id.
(6)Id. p. 2-22.
(7)Id. p. 2-24——2-25.
(8)Id. p. 2-25.
(1)Id.