海洋生态系统内在价值评估方法初探——以厦门湾为例
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摘要
海洋和海岸带生态系统价值的科学评估对海洋与海岸带开发决策起着重要的支撑作用.目前盛行的生态系统服务价值评估是从生态系统对人类的效用的角度衡量生态系统的价值,而缺乏从生态系统自身的角度进行客观评估.首先分析了生态系统内在价值的内涵,提出基于能值和ecoexergy两种系统生态学方法的价值评估框架,建立了一套海洋生态系统内在价值较为有效的评估方法.该框架先通过能值计算将生态系统的生物成分、非生物成分及物种多样性转换为能值货币价值,再通过eco-exergy来体现生态系统的结构与功能过程,并转换为eco-exergy货币价值.最后将该评估框架应用于厦门湾海洋生态系统内在价值的评估.结果显示,2010年厦门湾海洋生态系统的本底内在价值为1.16×1011CNY,全年创造内在价值为9.24×1010CNY,总计2.09×1011CNY,远高于生态系统服务价值7.27×109CNY和厦门海洋产业GDP 2.47×1010CNY.
Scientific evaluation on the ecosystems of marine and coastal zones plays an important role in supporting the strategic decision-making in marine and coastal zone management.So far the most popular methods for ecosystem valuation are ecosystem services valuation which base on the utility of ecosystems to human being.And there are no any approaches and methods that focus on the evaluation based on ecosystems themselves.In this paper,the definition of ecosystem intrinsic value was identified.The approach and methods for the objective evaluation of marine ecosystem intrinsic value were developed based on emergy and eco-exergy analysis,and then applied to Xiamen Bay.Emergy valuation was applied to intrinsic valuation of components and species diversity of marine ecosystems.Then eco-exergy analysis was used to measure the structures and functions of ecosystems.The results showed that,in 2010,marine ecosystem intrinsic value in Xiamen Bay was 2.09 × 1011 CNY,including 1.16 × 1011 of emergy and 9.24 × 1010 of eco-exergy,which is much higher than 7.27 × 109 CNY of the value of ecosystem service and 2.47 × 1010 CNY of GDP of Xiamen Marine Industry in 2010.
Scientific evaluation on the ecosystems of marine and coastal zones plays an important role in supporting the strategic decision-making in marine and coastal zone management.So far the most popular methods for ecosystem valuation are ecosystem services valuation which base on the utility of ecosystems to human being.And there are no any approaches and methods that focus on the evaluation based on ecosystems themselves.In this paper,the definition of ecosystem intrinsic value was identified.The approach and methods for the objective evaluation of marine ecosystem intrinsic value were developed based on emergy and eco-exergy analysis,and then applied to Xiamen Bay.Emergy valuation was applied to intrinsic valuation of components and species diversity of marine ecosystems.Then eco-exergy analysis was used to measure the structures and functions of ecosystems.The results showed that,in 2010,marine ecosystem intrinsic value in Xiamen Bay was 2.09 × 1011 CNY,including 1.16 × 1011 of emergy and 9.24 × 1010 of eco-exergy,which is much higher than 7.27 × 109 CNY of the value of ecosystem service and 2.47 × 1010 CNY of GDP of Xiamen Marine Industry in 2010.
引文
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[32]张珞平,江毓武,陈伟琪,等.福建省海湾数模与环境研究——厦门湾[M].北京:海洋出版社,2009.
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[35]陈洁.盐城自然保护区湿地生态系统能值分析[D].广州:华南农业大学,2003.
[36]由文辉,卢波,王培潮.环境温度和食物种类对乌龟幼仔生长和消化的影响[J].动物学研究,1993,14(2):136-142.
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[39]余兴光,刘正华,马致远.九龙江河口生态环境状况与生态系统管理[M].北京:海洋出版社,2012.
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[41]金亮.九龙江口秋茄红树林生态系统的碳吸存与碳平衡[D].厦门:厦门大学,2012.
[42]黄良敏,谢仰杰,张雅芝,等.厦门海域渔业资源现存量评析[J].集美大学学报:自然科学版,2010,15(2):81-87.
[43]郑天凌,王斐,徐美珠,等.台湾海峡海域细菌产量,生物量及其在微食物环中的作用[J].海洋与湖泊,2002,33(4):415-423.
[44]孙秀武,林彩,黄海宁,等.夏季台湾海峡及邻近海域总有机碳含量的分布特征和影响因素[J].台湾海峡,2012,31(1):12-19.
[45]孟范平,李睿倩.基于能值分析的滨海湿地生态系统服务价值定量化研究进展[J].长江流域资源与环境,2011,20(1):74-80.
[46]张一帆.海岸带区域决策中的海洋环境质量评价方法研究[D].厦门:厦门大学,2012.
[47]陈作志,邱永松.南海北部生态系统食物网结构、能量流动及系统特征[J].生态学报,2010,30(18):4 855-4 865.
[48]王雪辉,杜飞雁,邱永松,等.大亚湾海域生态系统模型研究I:能量流动模型初探[J].南方水产,2005,1(3):1-8.
[49]Jrgensen S E,Ladegaard N,Debeljak M,et al.Calculations of exergy for organisms[J].Ecological Modelling,2005,185(2):165-175.
[50]林鹏,胡宏友,郑文教,等.深圳福田白骨壤红树林生物量和能量研究[J].林业科学,1998,34(1):18-24.
[51]Silow E A,Mokry A V,Jrgensen S E.Eco-exergy use for ecosystem health assessment[J/OL].(2011-06-17)[2014-01-20].http://leme.u-paris10.fr/exergy/files/17_06_11/Silow A.pdf.
[52]Wallace K J.Classification of ecosystem services:problems and solutions[J].Biological Conservation,2007,139(3/4):235-246.
[53]蔡燕如.海湾海岸带主体功能区划生态补偿研究[D].厦门:厦门大学,2013.
[54]厦门市地方志编纂委员会办公室.厦门年鉴[M].北京:中华书局,2011.
[2]李文华.生态系统服务功能价值评估的理论,方法与应用[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2008.
[3]TEEB.The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity:ecological and economic foundations[M].Earthscan,London and Washington:TEEB,2010.
[4]Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.Ecosystems and human well-being:a framework for assessment[M].Washington D C:Island Press,2003.
[5]National Research Council.Valuing ecosystem services:toward better environmental decision-making[M].Washington D C:National Academies Press,2005.
[6]张德昭.深度的人文关怀:环境伦理学的内在价值范畴研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2006.
[7]蓝盛芳,钦佩,陆宏芳.生态经济系统能值分析[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2002.
[8]赵晟,洪华生,张珞平,等.中国红树林生态系统服务的能值价值[J].资源科学,2007,29(1):147-154.
[9]钦佩,黄玉山.从能值分析的方法来看米埔自然保护区的生态功能[J].自然杂志,1999,21(2):104-106.
[10]Lei K,Wang Z.Emergy synthesis and simulation for Macao[J].Energy,2008,33(4):613-625.
[11]Zhang L X,Chen B,Yang Z F,et al.Comparison of typical mega cities in China using emergy synthesis[J].Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation,2009,14(6):2 827-2 836.
[12]万树文,钦佩,朱洪光,等.盐城自然保护区两种人工湿地模式评价[J].生态学报,2000,20(5):759-765.
[13]Lu H,Campbell D,Chen J,et al.Conservation and economic viability of nature reserves:an emergy evaluation of the Yancheng Biosphere Reserve[J].Biological Conservation,2007,139(3/4):415-438.
[14]李晴新,冯剑丰,朱琳.生态能质(eco-exergy)在水生生态系统建模和评价中的应用[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(2):376-383.
[15]Zhang J,Gurkan Z,Jrgensen S E.Application of eco-exergy for assessment of ecosystem health and development of structurally dynamic models[J].Ecological Modelling,2010,221(4):693-702.
[16]Xu F.Exergy and structural exergy as ecological indicators for the development state of the Lake Chaohu ecosystem[J].Ecological Modelling,1997,99(1):41-49.
[17]章飞军.长江河口大型底栖动物生态学研究中Exergy理论的应用[D].上海:华东师范大学,2007.
[18]Jrgensen S.Application of exergy and specific exergy as ecological indicators of coastal areas[J].Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management,2000,3(3):419-430.
[19]Jrgensen S E.Ecosystem services,sustainability and thermodynamic indicators[J].Ecological Complexity,2010,7(3):311-313.
[20]卢风.“内在价值”概念再检讨[J].道德与文明,2012(5):16-20.
[21]O'neill J.The varieties of intrisic value[J].Monist,1992,75(2):119-133.
[22]Sandler R.Intrinsic value,ecology,and conservation[J].Nature Education Knowledge,2012,3(10):4.
[23]王海明.自然内在价值论[J].中国人民大学学报,2002(6):36-43.
[24]沈国英,施并章.海洋生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,2002.
[25]Jrgensen S E.Ecosystem ecology[M].北京:科学出版社,2011.
[26]彭本荣,洪华生.海岸带生态系统服务价值评估:理论与应用研究[M].北京:海洋出版社,2006.
[27]Odum H T.Self-organization,transformity,and information[J].Science,1988,242(4 882):1 132-1 139.
[28]Brown M,Bardi E.Handbook of emergy evaluation folio 3:emergy of ecosystems[M].Gainesville:Center for Environmental Policy,University of Florida,Gainesville,2001.
[29]Jrgensen S E,Nors Nielsen S.Application of exergy as thermodynamic indicator in ecology[J].Energy,2007,32(5):673-685.
[30]Jrgensen S E.系统生态学导论[M].陆健健,译.北京:高等教育出版社,2013.
[31]黄春秀.海岸带区域决策中生态系统健康评价研究[D].厦门:厦门大学,2012.
[32]张珞平,江毓武,陈伟琪,等.福建省海湾数模与环境研究——厦门湾[M].北京:海洋出版社,2009.
[33]黄宗国.厦门湾物种多样性[M].北京:海洋出版社,2006.
[34]闫静,张彩云,骆炎民,等.福建九龙江口红树林变化的遥感监测[J].厦门大学学报:自然科学版,2012,51(3):426-433.
[35]陈洁.盐城自然保护区湿地生态系统能值分析[D].广州:华南农业大学,2003.
[36]由文辉,卢波,王培潮.环境温度和食物种类对乌龟幼仔生长和消化的影响[J].动物学研究,1993,14(2):136-142.
[37]聂丹丹,张波,金显仕.黄海中南部浮游动物春季和秋季生化成分及能值分析[J].渔业科学进展,2009,30(1):8-14.
[38]周细平,蔡立哲,梁俊彦,等.厦门海域大型底栖动物次级生产力的初步研究[J].厦门大学学报:自然科学版,2008,47(6):902-906.
[39]余兴光,刘正华,马致远.九龙江河口生态环境状况与生态系统管理[M].北京:海洋出版社,2012.
[40]张玉红,王彦国,林荣澄,等.厦门东海域和安海湾小型底栖动物的密度和生物量[J].台湾海峡,2009,28(3):386-391.
[41]金亮.九龙江口秋茄红树林生态系统的碳吸存与碳平衡[D].厦门:厦门大学,2012.
[42]黄良敏,谢仰杰,张雅芝,等.厦门海域渔业资源现存量评析[J].集美大学学报:自然科学版,2010,15(2):81-87.
[43]郑天凌,王斐,徐美珠,等.台湾海峡海域细菌产量,生物量及其在微食物环中的作用[J].海洋与湖泊,2002,33(4):415-423.
[44]孙秀武,林彩,黄海宁,等.夏季台湾海峡及邻近海域总有机碳含量的分布特征和影响因素[J].台湾海峡,2012,31(1):12-19.
[45]孟范平,李睿倩.基于能值分析的滨海湿地生态系统服务价值定量化研究进展[J].长江流域资源与环境,2011,20(1):74-80.
[46]张一帆.海岸带区域决策中的海洋环境质量评价方法研究[D].厦门:厦门大学,2012.
[47]陈作志,邱永松.南海北部生态系统食物网结构、能量流动及系统特征[J].生态学报,2010,30(18):4 855-4 865.
[48]王雪辉,杜飞雁,邱永松,等.大亚湾海域生态系统模型研究I:能量流动模型初探[J].南方水产,2005,1(3):1-8.
[49]Jrgensen S E,Ladegaard N,Debeljak M,et al.Calculations of exergy for organisms[J].Ecological Modelling,2005,185(2):165-175.
[50]林鹏,胡宏友,郑文教,等.深圳福田白骨壤红树林生物量和能量研究[J].林业科学,1998,34(1):18-24.
[51]Silow E A,Mokry A V,Jrgensen S E.Eco-exergy use for ecosystem health assessment[J/OL].(2011-06-17)[2014-01-20].http://leme.u-paris10.fr/exergy/files/17_06_11/Silow A.pdf.
[52]Wallace K J.Classification of ecosystem services:problems and solutions[J].Biological Conservation,2007,139(3/4):235-246.
[53]蔡燕如.海湾海岸带主体功能区划生态补偿研究[D].厦门:厦门大学,2013.
[54]厦门市地方志编纂委员会办公室.厦门年鉴[M].北京:中华书局,2011.